Santrauka Temos aktualumas. Populiariausias Lietuvoje naudojamas būdas stipruminėms grunto savybėms nustatyti yra statinis zondavimas. Tuo tarpu dinaminis zondavimas naudojamas labai retai, dažniausiai tik ten kur neįmanoma atlikti.statinio zondavimo. Tokia situacija susidarė dėl to, kad Lietuvoje nėra metodikos pamatų skaičiavimams pagal qd (dinaminio zondavimo) reikšmes ir projektuotojai nelabai supranta dinaminio zondavimo privalumų. Esant tokiai padėčiai dauguma inžinerinių geologinių tyrimų įmonių qd reikšmes verčia į statinio zondavimo reikšmes qc, nors perėjimo koeficientų iš qd į qc nėra nurodyta jokiuose inžinerinių tyrinėjimų bei statybos reglamentuose ir žininuose. Dėl to inžinerinės geologijos specialistai dažniausiai naudoja savo pačių išvestus koeficientus. Taigi šiame darbe, atliktų tyrimų dėka, bus bandoma pritaikyti optimaliausius perėjimo koeficientus iš qd ir qc. Norint nustatyti šiuos koeficientus, buvo gilintasi į perėjimo iš dinaminio zondavimo rezultatų į statinio zondavim rezultatus problemas. Darbo tikslas – suteikti informaciją inžinieriams geologams apie dviejų inžinerinių geologinių lauko tyrimų metodų efektyvumą. Uždaviniai: - išbandyti statinį ir dinaminį zondavimą konkrečioje teritorijoje, - palyginti gautus rezultatus, - surasti perėjimo koeficientus iš qd į qc. Pirmoje darbo dalyje autorius aprašo tyrimo objekto inžinerinės geologinės sąlygas Antroje dalyje STATINIO IR DINAMINIO ZONDAVIMO REZULTATŲ GRUNTŲ ANALIZĖ Trečioje dalyje gautų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Relevance of the topic. The most popular method of the determination of soil resistance is the static probing test. Meanwhile, the dynamic probing test is applied very rarely, mainly in places where the static probing test may not be used. Such situation has occurred because of the lack of methodology base for calculations according to qd (dynamic probing) values in Lithuania, while the designers do not perceive the advantages of dynamic probing. In the present situation, most of the engineering geology testing companies translate qd values into static probing values qc, though coefficients of conversion from qd to qc are not given in any engineering survey or construction regulations or references. Therefore, experts of engineering geology mostly use their own derived coefficients. Thus, through performed tests, the most optimal coefficients of conversion from qd to qc shall be applied in this paper. In order to determine these coefficients, problems of conversion from dynamic probing results to static probing results were analysed. The goal of the paper is to provide information for engineers geologists on the efficiency of two methods of engineering geologic field tests. Tasks: - Testing of static and dynamic probing in a specific territory; - Comparison of received results; - Finding of coefficients of conversion from qd to qc. The first part of the paper describes the engineering geologic conditions of the testing object. The second part analyses the results of... [to full text]

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2017-04-27T20:07:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizCarlosdeFigueiredo.pdf: 6500104 bytes, checksum: 3e4e8d6a24a6dc8b5f300aaef47e2c43 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Nunes da Silva(patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2017-04-30T14:42:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizCarlosdeFigueiredo.pdf: 6500104 bytes, checksum: 3e4e8d6a24a6dc8b5f300aaef47e2c43 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-30T14:42:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizCarlosdeFigueiredo.pdf: 6500104 bytes, checksum: 3e4e8d6a24a6dc8b5f300aaef47e2c43 (MD5) / Esta tese de doutorado aborda a medição de energia com instrumentação dinâmica para o penetrômetro leve conhecido como Dynamic Probing Light ou DPL e cujos ensaios são guiados pela International Reference Test procedure for dynamic probing (DP). Report of the ISSMFE Technical Committee on Penetration Testing of Soils – TC 16 with Reference Test Procedures - ISSMFE (1989). A região central do planalto brasileiro, apresenta extensas áreas com solos de baixa resistência à penetração dinâmica do SPT que resulta no aumento da incerteza para a estimative de carga, baseada nesse penetrômetro dinâmico. A presença no cenário da investigação geotécnica do DPL não se constitui em novidade, mas ainda não se conhece os parâmetros oriundos da medição de energia para esse penetrômetro leve. A medição da energia transferida às hastes do DPL foi feita com o uso de células de carga e acelerômetros. As células de carga foram instaladas em dois pontos: no topo e próximo do cone do DPL. Baseado na Equação da onda, foi empregado o método que considera os registros de força e velocidade no mesmo domínio do tempo, denominado EFV. A eficiência da energia do DPL foi considerada em relação à penetração permanente do cone do DPL. A medida da eficiência de energia conduziu a uma formulação da força dinâmica por penetração permanente do DPL, associada ao comprimento da haste penetrada no solo. Por fim, é apresentado um exemplo prático de aplicação da medida de energia do DPL para a engenharia com a formulação de um método para o cálculo da capacidade carga para estaca. O método tem por base a força dinâmica absorvida pelo solo, considerando o comprimento máximo de haste do DPL em 10 metros de profundidade. / This PhD thesis deals with energy measurement with dynamic instrumentation for the light penetrometer known as Dynamic Probing Light or DPL and whose tests are guided by the International Reference Test Procedure for Dynamic Probing (DP). Report of the ISSMFE Technical Committee on Penetration Testing of Soils - TC 16 with Reference Test Procedures - ISSMFE (1989). The central region of the Brazilian plateau presents extensive areas with soils of low resistance to the dynamic penetration of the SPT that results in the increase of the uncertainty for the estimative of load, based on these dynamic penetrometer. The presence in the DPL geotechnical research scenario is not new, but the parameters of energy measurement for this light penetrometer are not yet known. The energy transferred to the DPL rods was measured using load cells and accelerometers. The load cells were installed at two points: at the top and near the DPL cone. Based on the wave equation, the method that considers force and velocity records in the same time domain, called EFV, was used. The energy efficiency of the DPL was considered in relation to the permanent penetration of the DPL cone. The measurement of the energy efficiency led to a formulation of the dynamic force by permanent penetration of the DPL, associated to the length of the rod penetrated in the soil. Finally, a practical example of application of the DPL energy measure for engineering is presented with the formulation of a method for the calculation of the load capacity for cuttings. The method is based on the dynamic force absorbed by the soil, considering the maximum stem length of the DPL in 10 meters of depth.

Geotekniska undersökningar används för att få en uppfattning om markförhållanden. Ett exempel på en geoteknisk undersökningsmetod är standard penetration test (SPT). Denna metod kombinerar dynamisk sondering med provtagning och används för att kunna härleda bärförmåga i en jord. Metoden uppstod i början av 1900-talet och utrustningen korrigerades fram till 1930-talet. Sedan dess har utvecklingen av metoden i princip stått still. Det finns ingen internationell standard för SPT idag och metoden kan därför skilja sig i olika delar av världen. Sonderingen utförs i botten av ett förborrat borrhål med en öppen provtagare. Serier om maximalt 450 millimeter kan tas samtidigt och intervallet mellan serierna rekommenderas till 0,75–1,5 meter. SPT är en välanvänd metod internationellt sett, medan användandet i Sverige är begränsat. En av de mer frekvent använda dynamiska sonderingsmetoderna som används i Sverige är hejarsondering med frifallshejare och fast dyna (HfA). Metoden utvecklades från den traditionella hejarsonderingsmetoden under 1960-talet och sedan HfA standardiserades på 1970-talet har metoden knappt utvecklats. Idag finns metoden i den europeiska standarden under namnet DPSH-A med tillägg i en svensk bilaga. HfA använder sig av en konspets som slås ned av en fallande hammare. HfA kan användas om fasta jordlager söks men även för att härleda jordparametrar som friktionsvinkel och elasticitetsmodul. Syftet med rapporten är att se om metoderna SPT och HfA relaterar till varandra. Undersökningar med respektive metod har genomförts i fyra områden, Luleå hamn, Gammelstad, Aitik respektive Kristineberg. Avståndet mellan sonderingspunkterna för de två metoderna i Luleå hamn, Gammelstad och Kristineberg är ungefär en meter, medan avståndet i Aitik varierar mellan 10–30 meter. För att avgöra vilken jordart sonderingarna utförts i har okulär jordartsbedömning gjorts på provtagning från SPT för områdena Luleå hamn, Aitik och Kristineberg. För proverna från Gammelstad har siktningslaboration utförts. Rekommendationer för att korrigera uppmätt antal slag för SPT tar hänsyn till olika faktorer beroende på vart metoden geografiskt sett används. Enligt den europeiska standarden ska metoden korrigeras för energiförhållandet i testutrustningen, längden på borrstål samt vertikalspänning orsakat av överbelastning av jord. Housing and Building Research Institute rekommenderar att uppmätt antal slag även korrigeras för borrhålets diameter och provtagartyp. Enligt U.S. Department of Transportation ska antalet slag endast korrigeras för energiförhållandet i testutrustningen och för vertikalspänning orsakat av överbelastning av jord. För att beräkna friktionsvinkel utifrån SPT-resultat kan åtta ekvationer användas. Elastisitetsmodul kan beräknas med två ekvationer. För HfA rekommenderas en ekvation för korrigering, en för beräkning av friktionsvinkel och en för beräkning av elasticitetsmodul. Tidigare gjorda jämförelser tyder på att det kan finnas ett samband mellan metoderna. Även resultatet från denna rapport tyder på att det kan vara möjligt att hitta ett samband, även om metoderna skiljer sig i vissa lägen. Elasticitetsmodulen skiljer sig kraftigt mellan HfA och SPT, men även för de två ekvationerna som presenterats för SPT. Friktionsvinkeln för SPT ger en stor spridning och den beräknade friktionsvinkeln för HfA hamnar kring medelvärdet för SPT. / Geotechnical investigations are mainly used to get an idea the condition of the subsurface. An example of a geotechnical investigation method is the standard penetration test (SPT). This method combines dynamic sounding with sampling and can be used to deduce the bearing capacity of a soil. SPT was invented in the beginning of the 20:th century and corrections of the method was done until the 1930s. Since then, the development of the method has been at a standstill. Today there is no international standard for SPT, and the execution does therefore vary across the globe. SPT is performed with an open sampler at the bottom of a predrilled borehole. Series of a maximum of 450 millimeters can be taken at the same time and the interval between the series is recommended to 0,75-1,5 meters. SPT is commonly used internationally, but the usage of the method in Sweden is limited. A commonly used dynamic sounding method is the Swedish dynamic probing (HfA). This method was developed in the 1960s. The development of the method has been on a standstill since it was standardized in the 1970. Today, the method goes by the category DPSH-A supplemented by a Swedish appendix in the European standard. HfA uses a conical tip which is blown down by a falling hammer. HfA is used in the search for solid soil layers but can also be used to deduce soil parameters such as angle of friction and elasticity modulus. The aim with this master thesis is to determine if SPT and HfA relates to one another. Investigations has been performed in four areas, Luleå harbour, Gammelstad, Aitik and Kristineberg. The distance between the probing points for SPT and HfA at Luleå harbour, Gammelstad and Kristineberg is about one meter. The distance in Aitik varies between 10 to 30 meters. Ocular soil type assessment was performed for the soil samples in Luleå harbour, Aitik and Kristineberg and sieving was performed for the samples taken in Gammelstad. Recommendations for correction of the number of blows for SPT takes different factors into consideration depending on where the test is performed. According to the European standard, the energy efficiency of the equipment, length of the rods and the overburden pressure should be corrected for. Housing and Building Research Institute recommends adding on corrections for the borehole diameter and the type of sampler. Correction should only be done for the energy efficiency of the equipment and the overburden pressure according to U.S. Department of Transportation. There is a total of ten equations available to determine the angle of friction based on results from SPT, while there are two equations available to determine the elasticity modulus. On the other hand, there is only one equation for correction, one to determine angle of friction and one to determine the elasticity modulus for HfA. Previous comparisons of these two methods shows that there is a possibility to find a relation between the methods. The result from this report also indicates that there may be possible to find a relation between the methods, even if they do differ in some cases. The elasticity modulus does vary a lot between the two methods, but also between the two equations found for SPT. The angle of friction for SPT shows a large variation but the calculated angle of friction for HfA ends up around the mean value for the equations for SPT.

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The object of the thesis is soils that occur within the territory of Lithuania and may be used as basis for building foundations. The thesis studies the interpretation of the results of Dynamic Penetration Test (DPT) and Cone Penetration Test (CPT) of soils, reliability of direct (number of blows (Nx)) and de-rivative (dynamic point resistance (qd)) DPT parameters, analyses the result influencing factors and interrelation between DPT and CPT parameters. The data analysis has been performed by means of mathematical methods of statistics, also using analytical and empirical solutions. Having examined calculation data it was determined that the indirect parameter of Dy-namic Penetration Test – dynamic point resistance (qd) should not be used due to calculation de-faults and replaced with the direct parameter – number of blows (Nx). The analysis of DPT re-sults influencing factors shows that the lateral overburden pressure together with friction of rods are those with the greatest impact on penetration data. Within the scope of the work, it has re-vealed that the number of blows (Nx) and static cone resistance (qc) are closely correlated and it depends on the grain size distribution of soil, geotechnical properties and depth of occurrence. / Disertacijos objektas yra Lietuvos teritorijoje slūgsantys gruntai, kurie gali būti statinių pamatų pagrindu. Disertacijoje nagrinėjama grunto tyrimo dinaminiu (DPT) ir statiniu (CPT) zondavimu rezultatų interpretacija, tiesioginio (smūgių skaičiaus (Nx)) ir išvestinio (dinaminės kūgio smigos (qd)) DPT rodiklių patikimumas, analizuojami rezultatus įtakojantys veiksniai ir sąsajos tarp DPT bei CPT zondavimo rodiklių. Duomenų analizė atlikta matematiniais statistiniais metodais, taip pat panaudojant analitinius ir empirinius sprendinius. Išnagrinėjus skaičiavimo duomenis buvo nustatyta, kad netiesioginis dinaminio zonda-vimo rodiklis – dinaminė kūgio smiga (qd) dėl skaičiavimo trukumų yra nenaudotinas ir keisti-nas į tiesioginį rodiklį – smūgių skaičių (Nx). DPT rezultatus įtakojančių veiksnių analizė paro-dė, kad zondavimo duomenims didžiausią įtaką turi gruntų šoninis geostatinis slėgis ir kartu zondavimo štangų trintis į gruntą. Darbo metu buvo gauta, kad egzistuoja tamprus koreliacinis ryšys tarp smūgių skaičiaus (Nx) ir statinės kūgio spraudos (qc), kuris priklauso nuo grunto gra-nuliometrinės sudėties, mechaninių savybių ir slūgsojimo gylio.

Disertacijos objektas yra Lietuvos teritorijoje slūgsantys gruntai, kurie gali būti statinių pamatų pagrindu. Disertacijoje nagrinėjama grunto tyrimo dinaminiu (DPT) ir statiniu (CPT) zondavimu rezultatų interpretacija, tiesioginio (smūgių skaičiaus (Nx)) ir išvestinio (dinaminės kūgio smigos (qd)) DPT rodiklių patikimumas, analizuojami rezultatus įtakojantys veiksniai ir sąsajos tarp DPT bei CPT zondavimo rodiklių. Duomenų analizė atlikta matematiniais statistiniais metodais, taip pat panaudojant analitinius ir empirinius sprendinius. Išnagrinėjus skaičiavimo duomenis buvo nustatyta, kad netiesioginis dinaminio zonda-vimo rodiklis – dinaminė kūgio smiga (qd) dėl skaičiavimo trukumų yra nenaudotinas ir keisti-nas į tiesioginį rodiklį – smūgių skaičių (Nx). DPT rezultatus įtakojančių veiksnių analizė paro-dė, kad zondavimo duomenims didžiausią įtaką turi gruntų šoninis geostatinis slėgis ir kartu zondavimo štangų trintis į gruntą. Darbo metu buvo gauta, kad egzistuoja tamprus koreliacinis ryšys tarp smūgių skaičiaus (Nx) ir statinės kūgio spraudos (qc), kuris priklauso nuo grunto gra-nuliometrinės sudėties, mechaninių savybių ir slūgsojimo gylio. / The object of the thesis is soils that occur within the territory of Lithuania and may be used as basis for building foundations. The thesis studies the interpretation of the results of Dynamic Penetration Test (DPT) and Cone Penetration Test (CPT) of soils, reliability of direct (number of blows (Nx)) and de-rivative (dynamic point resistance (qd)) DPT parameters, analyses the result influencing factors and interrelation between DPT and CPT parameters. The data analysis has been performed by means of mathematical methods of statistics, also using analytical and empirical solutions. Having examined calculation data it was determined that the indirect parameter of Dy-namic Penetration Test – dynamic point resistance (qd) should not be used due to calculation de-faults and replaced with the direct parameter – number of blows (Nx). The analysis of DPT re-sults influencing factors shows that the lateral overburden pressure together with friction of rods are those with the greatest impact on penetration data. Within the scope of the work, it has re-vealed that the number of blows (Nx) and static cone resistance (qc) are closely correlated and it depends on the grain size distribution of soil, geotechnical properties and depth of occurrence.

El presente trabajo de tesis, trata sobre las correlaciones de 2 diferentes equipos de penetración, en los suelos arenosos de la Asociación Agropecuaria Sumac Pacha ubicado en el distrito de Lurín, a fin de establecer ecuaciones de correlación entre ellas. Para el desarrollo de la presente investigación, cuyo objeto es correlacionar el número de golpes del ensayo SPT con el número de golpes DPL. Para ello se realizaron los ensayos de campo en un terreno Arenoso de 25x40m (1000 m2) de la Asociación Agropecuaria Sumac Pacha, ubicado en el distrito de Lurín. El ensayo SPT, es un ensayo de campo estandarizado que sirve para la determinación de la resistencia a la penetración del suelo y que se realiza dentro de una perforación, desde la superficie del terreno y con una profundidad y penetración definida. El ensayo DPL es un ensayo de campo para la determinación de la resistencia a la penetración del suelo. Se realiza el ensayo en terrenos arenosos con profundidades de hasta 8m. Se realizó un estudio tipo no experimental transversal, que se llevaron a cabo en un depósito arenoso con poca presencia de finos. Se realizaron las caracterizaciones correspondientes por medio de ensayos de granulometría, Límites de Attemberg, Corte Directo, Humedad natural, Densidad natural. Los Ensayos de Penetración se hicieron en suelos con características SP y SM en su mayoría, y de alto estado de densidad que varía de 1.483gr/cm3 hasta 2.182gr/cm3. Los resultados obtenidos sobre la correlación entre los valores NSPT y NDPLfueron 2 ecuaciones que fueron hallados por diferentes métodos estadísticos. Concluye que las correlaciones obtenidas serán válidas hasta los 1.80 m de profundidad; siendo las ecuaciones de correlación únicas y exclusivas para la zona de estudio (Terreno de 1000m2 dentro de la Asociación Agropecuaria Sumac Pacha) de donde se puede deducir que el número de golpes NSPT y NDPL son directamente proporcionales. This thesis, deals with two different tools correlations penetration in the sandy soils of the Agricultural Association Sumac Pacha located in the district of LurÍn, in order to establish correlation equations between them. For the development of this research, which principal trial is to correlate the number of strokes of the SPT with the number of strokes DPL. To do field trials were conducted on sandy ground of 25x40m (1000 m2) of the Agricultural Association Sumac Pacha, located in the district of LurÍn. The SPT is a standardized test field serving for the determination of resistance to soil penetration and is performed within a borehole from the earth surface and a defined penetration depth. The DPL assay is a field for determining the resistance to penetration of the soil. The trial in sandy soils with depths of up to 8m is performed. A transverse non-experimental study, which was conducted in a sandy deposit with little presence of fines was performed. The corresponding characterizations by tests of grain, Attemberg limits, Straight Cut, natural humidity, natural density were performed. Penetration tests were done in soil characteristics SP and SM mostly state and high density ranging from 1.483gr / cm3 to 2.182gr / cm3. The results on the correlation between NSPT and NDPL values were two equations were found by various statistical methods. It concludes that the correlations obtained are valid until 1.80 m depth; equations being unique and exclusive correlation for the study area (1000m2 land within the Agricultural Association Sumac Pacha) where it can be deduced that the number of strokes and NDPL NSPT are directly proportional.