Although prosocial behavior has been moving in directions that highlight complexity over the past few years, little research has assessed the cost of this behavior. This study created a scale assessing the tendency to perceive costs of prosocial behavior. This was validated via focus groups, content and discriminant validity. In six focus groups, 29 13- to 25-year olds described specific prosocial acts and the costs that they experienced from the act. A questionnaire was then given to 391 emerging adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Results suggest a four-factor solution with adequate model fit, suggesting cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social costs. Convergent and discriminant validity add support to the scale. Discussion focuses on the implications of this measure for the prosocial behavior literature and important future directions.

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An analytical method for predicting life-cycle maintainability labor costs is developed. The purpose of the analytical method is to allow the evaluation of products, based on life-cycle labor cost, early in the design process. The Boeing 737-300/400/500 Bleed Air Control System is used as a test model, and the results of the analysis are compared with historical data from this system. Four prospective design changes to the Bleed Air Control System are analyzed to demonstrate the ability of the analytical method to compare different designs or design changes. / Graduation date: 1997

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Environmental issues have been widely discussed in the contemporary world and particularly in the business community. But how to measure the costs related to the environment is still an issue with some indefinitions and controversy. The informational needs of managers are focused on the choice of proposals that provide qualitative data about the problems, combined with quantitative data. Some authors have created models to measure these costs, however, they have not widely accepted because they are not comprehensive or because they have little explanatory calculation methodology. On this basis, the aim of this work was proposed a model of environmental costs. For this purpose, it was analyzed the main existing models, developed the Model of Environmental Costs Applied to the Destination of Waste using tools such as GUT and Material Balance, aimed at determining the most critical routes and, after, applied in the sector of Hygiene and Cleaning Services (SHL), University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM). For this, the methodology used was applied research, with qualitative approach, exploratory as to the aims and field research to validate. The application of the proposed model to the sector showed that initially there are at least twenty-four alternatives to analyze the costs, however, after application of the model, it was obtained only three alternatives for study. This significant decrease in the number of alternatives resulted in cost savings for both the analysis of every possible treatment of waste and for the costs associated with technological studies to enable each alternative identified. The proposed model when compared to existing, proved to be more dynamic and easy to use, besides to help in the identification of environmental impacts caused by products. / As questões ambientais vêm sendo amplamente discutidas no mundo contemporâneo e, particularmente, no meio empresarial. Porém, como mensurar os custos relacionados ao meio ambiente ainda é uma questão com algumas indefinições e controvérsias. As necessidades informacionais dos gestores estão centradas na escolha de propostas que forneçam dados qualitativos sobre os problemas, aliados a dados quantitativos. Alguns autores criaram modelos para medir esses custos, no entanto, não obtiveram ampla aceitação por não serem abrangentes ou por apresentarem metodologia de cálculo pouco explicativa. Com base nisso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi propor um modelo de custos ambientais. Para tal finalidade, foram analisados os principais modelos já existentes, desenvolvido o Modelo de Custos Ambientais Aplicado à Gestão e Destinação de Resíduos utilizando ferramentas como o GUT e o Balanço de Materiais, visando a determinação das rotas mais críticas e, após, validado junto ao setor de Serviço de Higiene e Limpeza (SHL) do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM). Para isto, a metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa aplicada, com abordagem qualitativa, exploratória quanto aos objetivos e pesquisa de campo para a validação. A aplicação do modelo proposto ao setor demonstrou que inicialmente existem, pelo menos, vinte e quatro alternativas para analisar os custos, entretanto, após a aplicação do modelo, resultaram em somente três alternativas para estudo. Esta diminuição significativa no número de alternativas implicou em redução de custos tanto para a análise de cada possibilidade de tratamento dos resíduos como para os custos associados a estudos tecnológicos para viabilizar cada alternativa identificada. O modelo proposto, quando comparado aos existentes, mostrou ser mais dinâmico e de fácil aplicação, além de auxiliar na identificação dos impactos ambientais causados pelos produtos.

The subject of thesis is elaboration of a calculation model of a product, which will serve for the purposes of supply-demand management and customer acquisition. The calculation model is intended for engineering company, which can use it for calculation of simple to moderately complex products.

This master's thesis defines theoretical range of compliance costs of taxation. Focus is placed on psychological costs of tax compliance. In the thesis are defined measuring methods of compliance costs of taxation and then are presented the results of realized studies. Theoretical part also contains general information about the determination of selective sample. Practical part contains the analysis of psychological costs of tax compliance which was based on results of the questionnaire survey.

The topic of the diploma thesis is cost optimization in the company. The concept of optimization hides the effort to modify costs in order to achieve the best economic result of the company. In order to properly analyze and subsequently design the necessary measures, it is necessary to obtain a theoretical knowledge of the costs. The first part of the thesis contains theoretical knowledge. The second part deals with cost analysis and concrete areas that are most suitable for potential savings. The last part contains suggestions that should lead to savings.