No description available.

Tato práce je zaměřena na zhodnocení alternativního systému zdanění na principu rovné daně. Pro svoji práci jsem zvolila podrobnější zkoumání konkrétní příjmové situace poplatníků v případě zavedení rovné daně a zhodnocení přínosů rovné daně převážně v souvislosti s příjmy. Součástí této práce jsou také příklady z několika států, kde rovná daň byla již zavedena.

This diploma thesis deals with the impact of real exchange rate volatility on real export of the Czech Republic. In the first part, theoretical aspects of this relationship are examined, explaining both - positive and negative ? effects on bilateral and aggregate trade flows. Further on, empirical data and econometric tools are employed to capture the relationship between real export and its main determinants for the case of Czech Republic in the past decade. After the brief theoretical introduction to time series econometrics, the particular export demand model is proposed and various cointegration techniques are explained and applied to examine the long-run equilibrium but also short-run dynamics.

The goal of thesis is to clarify the nature of the exchange rate and interest rate risk and the possibility to describe the management of these risks. It represents the individual tools used to ensure the exchange rate and interest rate risk and the specific examples explaining the principle of their functioning. The thesis is divided into three parts - the exchange rate hedging, interest rate hedging and risk management, or a summary of each procedure, a brief guide for managers of companies involved in the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates or interest rates touching. Case studies of specific examples shows the possibilities of treatment of exchange rate risk - the exporter trading currency pair EUR / CZK.

Este trabalho apresenta os métodos de padronização de 111In e 99mTc, em sistemas de coincidências 4πβ-γ. O 111In foi produzido em cíclotron pela reação 111Cd(p, n)111In; decai com uma meia vida de 2,8 dias pelo processo de captura eletrônica populando os níveis excitados do 111Cd, emitindo raios gama de 171 keV e 245 keV. O 99mTc decai com uma meia vida de 6,007 h por transição isomérica do decaimento radioativo do 99Mo . A padronização do 111In foi feita no sistema 4πβ-γ constituído de um detector proporcional em geometria 4π acoplado a dois cristais cintiladores de NaI(Tl) com eletrônica convencional. A radiação gama selecionada para medida em coincidência foi de (171 + 245) keV. A escolha da janela gama foi baseada na análise da previsão da curva de extrapolação obtida na simulação de Monte Carlo. A padronização do 99mTc foi feita num sistema 4πβ-γ usando um contador proporcional de janela fina acoplado a um cristal de cintilação NaI (Tl). A eficiência beta foi variada por discriminação eletrônica, usando sistema de coincidências por software (SCS). A padronização do 99mTc foi feita pela seleção de dois intervalos gama, um no pico de absorção total de 140 keV e outro no pico de absorção total dos raios X de 20 keV. O resultado da atividade experimental de duas soluções de 111In concorda com o resultado obtido pela simulação de Monte Carlo. As atividades experimentais do 99mTc para os dois intervalos gama selecionados estão de acordo dentro da incerteza experimental, indicando que a metodologia adotada é adequada. / The 111In and 99mTc standardization in a 4πβ-γ coincidence system is described. The 111In was produced by the reaction of 111Cd (p, n) 111In in the cyclotron. The 111In decays with a half life of 2.8 days by electron capture process, populating the excited levels of 111Cd, emitting two main gamma rays with energies of 171 keV and 245 keV. The 99mTc decay with a half life of 6.007 h for isomeric transition, from the radioactive decay of 99Mo . 111In standstand ardization was carried out in a 4πβ-γ system, consisted of a system, consisted of a system of a gas flow proportional counter with 4flow proportional counter with 4π geometry coupled to a pair of NaI(Tl) scintillation counter with conventional electronics. The gamma window was set comprising the (171 keV + 245 keV) total absorption energy peaks. The choice of the window was based on the analysis of the extrapolation curves prediction, obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The 99mTc standardization has been accomplished by the 4πβ-γ coincidence method using a thin window proportional counter in a 4π geometry coupled to a single NaI(Tl) scintillation counter. The beta efficiency was varied by electronic discrimination using a software coincidence counting system (SCS). Two windows were selected for the gamma channel: one at 140 keV gamma ray and the other at 20 keV X ray total absorption peaks. The result of the experimental activity of 111In two solutions agree with the results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The experimental activities of 99mTc for the two gamma windows are in agreement within the experimental uncertainty, indicating that the adopted methodology is adequate.

Measurement of lava effusion rates is a key objective for monitoring basaltic eruptions because it helps constrain geophysical models of magma dynamics, conduit geometry, and both deep and shallow volcano processes. During these eruptions, lava frequently travels through a single "master" lava tube. A new method and instrument for continuously monitoring the crosssectional area of lava streams in tubes and estimating the instantaneous effusion rate (IER) is described. The method uses 2 stationary very low frequency (VLF) radio receivers to measure an unperturbed VLF signal and the influence of highly conductive molten lava on that signal. The difference between these signals is a function of the cross-sectional area of molten lava and the IER. Data from a short test of the instrument are described. This methodology represents a breakthrough in the continuous monitoring of IER because it provides higher temporal resolution than competing methods at a fraction of the cost.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of variation of speaking rate, gender and age on aerodynamic and acoustic measure of the VP function in 19 typically-developing young children aged 4-7 years. Additionally, this study aimed to compare results from children from this study to that of Gauster, Yunusova and Zajac (2010). Aerodynamic measurements such as oral pressure, nasal pressure, nasal flow, and VP area were taken at the /m/ and /p/ segments in the word "hamper" (HAMPER) and the initial /p/ of "puppy" in the utterance "Buy Bobby a puppy" (BBP). Nasalance and nasalance distance was collected for the utterances "Buy Bobby a puppy" and "Mama made lemon jam" (MMJ). Speech tasks were performed in 4 different self-regulated rates including normal, fast, slow, and slowest. Results indicated that only the aerodynamic measures in the /m/ of HAMPER were affected by speaking rate. Rate affected the nasalance measures of BBP and MMJ and nasalance distance. Gender affected the nasalance of BBP, and age affected nasalance distance. Additionally, children varied from the adults in Gauster et al. (2010) in differences in rate, gender and variability. In summary, rate, gender, and age group had various effects on the measures relating to VP function in healthy children, and should therefore be considered when working with children with VP dysfunction.

In this study, a theory that identified salience and immediacy as two constructs that significantly determine questionnaire response rates was tested. This theory emphasized the importance of identifying and rating factors that impact the immediacy and salience of a questionnaire to a specific population. It was proposed that factors that make a questionnaire highly immediate and salient to a given population should be identified first, and then implemented into the construction and administration of the questionnaire. In this way, researchers can manipulate the variables, which will maximize the response rate for their specific population before distribution. A questionnaire that is highly immediate and salient to a given population was estimated to achieve a response rate of 80% or higher. The immediacy and salience of several manipulable variables of a questionnaire were rated by a sample characteristically similar to the target population. Three treatments of the questionnaire were sent to three randomly assigned groups of the population. These treatments varied from low, moderate, to high immediacy and salience based on the ratings. An analysis of the ratings revealed a very strong direct relationship between salience and immediacy. Variables of the questionnaire were rated very similarly between the two constructs. Contrary to Christensen's theory, different levels of immediacy and salience were not found to interact. However, a direct relationship was found between immediacy and salience levels, and final response rates, which was consistent with the theory. The order of response rate percentages for each treatment group reflected the degree of immediacy and salience as measured by the raters.

Using one's success and failure experiences can be an indicator of how well risk is being managed in uncertain situations, particularly because exact probability information about outcomes is often missing. Experience-based paradigms include this more real-world aspect of a lack of information when studying risk taking behavior. This thesis builds upon experience-based paradigms to include the element of skill. A puzzle task was developed. A goal was given to participants to try to discern a pattern in each puzzle that would yield consistently positive outcomes. Participants were randomly assigned to a high or low success rate, but told that skill played a role in performance. The outcomes associated with each puzzle were chosen by the participant, and served as a measure of risk taking. After playing 41 puzzles, participants responded to scales measuring skill and chance beliefs, and motivational focus. Risk preferences were similar to experience-based paradigm predictions, though they were not well-calibrated. Those with a high success rate took more risks relative to those with a low success rate, but the results were less extreme than predicted. In addition, a closer look revealed that the pattern for those with a low success rate began by increasing their risk taking, and then did not decrease their risk taking significantly. Neither group felt that skill or chance was playing a dominant role in outcomes, though self-serving bias was observed as better performance did lead to higher ratings of skill. Overall, the results suggest that introducing the potential for skill may change how people approach risk in ways not predicted by experience-based paradigms.