Elicitation of VP Ellipsis

Investuotojas priimdamas savo finansų valdymo sprendimus, pagal efektyvios rinkos hipotezę siekia maksimizuoti pelną ir minimizuoti riziką, rinkdamasis sau tinkamiausią derinį. Idealu yra uždirbti kuo daugiau pelno nepriklausomai nuo ekonominės aplinkos sudėtingumo ar pokyčių. Nuolat pasikartojantys ekonominiai ciklai yra būtent viena iš tų rinkas stipriai veikiančių jėgų. Taigi, suvokti ekonominių ciklų poveikį investavimo strategijoms ir atitinkamai prisitaikyti tampa ypač svarbu kiekvienam investuotojui – ar tai būtų fiziniai, ar juridiniai asmenys, bankai, pensijų, investiciniai fondai – visiems jiems aktualu suformuoti gerą (pagal H.Markowitz portfelio teoriją) portfelį. Ekonominė aplinka nuolat keičiasi, todėl sukurti modeliai nors ir yra geri, tačiau nebeatitinka šiandienos situacijos. Todėl būtinas tyrimas siekiant geriau informuoti investuotojus. Darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti ir įvertinti ekonomikos ciklo fazių įtaką portfelio sudarymui ir pelningumui. Siekiant šio tikslo, yra sprendžiami tokie uždaviniai: • Išanalizuoti ekonomikos ciklo sudedamąsias dalis, jo dinamiką; • Išskirti pagrindinius makroekonominius rodiklius, remiantis jais prognozuoti ekonomikos aktyvumą; • Ištirti kurių sektorių akcijos pelningiausios skirtingose ekonominėse fazėse; • Įvertinti alternatyvius VP variantus portfelio diversifikacijai ir stabilumui padidinti; • Sudaryti rinką lenkiantį ir ekonominiam ciklui atsparų hipotetinį portfelį; • Testuoti sudarytą portfelį su naujais duomenimis; •... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According to effective market hypothesis, investor making capital management decisions is aiming to maximize profit and minimize risk, choosing combination most suitable for him. It is ideal to make as much profit as possible, no matter the complexity of economic environment or its changes. Economic cycles that repeat themselves regularly, are one of those forces influencing the market. So, to understand the effect economic cycles have for investment strategies and adjust accordingly is of crucial importance to every investor – be it physical or legal entities, banks, pension, investment funds – it is very relevant for all of them to form a good (according to H.Markowitz portfolio theory) portfolio. Economic environment is constantly changing and old models, although previously being good, no longer correlate with the situation of today. That is why a research is needed to better inform investors. The goal of this work is to analyze and evaluate the influence of economic cycle on portfolio construction and profitability. To accomplish the goal of this work, these tasks need to be done: • Analyze structure of economic cycle and its dynamics; • Discern prime economic indicators, use them in forecasting economic activity; • Research which sector stocks are most profitable in different economic phases; • Assess alternative investment options for increasing portfolio diversification and stability; • Design a hypothetical portfolio, that beats the market and is resistant to... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of variation of speaking rate, gender and age on aerodynamic and acoustic measure of the VP function in 19 typically-developing young children aged 4-7 years. Additionally, this study aimed to compare results from children from this study to that of Gauster, Yunusova and Zajac (2010). Aerodynamic measurements such as oral pressure, nasal pressure, nasal flow, and VP area were taken at the /m/ and /p/ segments in the word "hamper" (HAMPER) and the initial /p/ of "puppy" in the utterance "Buy Bobby a puppy" (BBP). Nasalance and nasalance distance was collected for the utterances "Buy Bobby a puppy" and "Mama made lemon jam" (MMJ). Speech tasks were performed in 4 different self-regulated rates including normal, fast, slow, and slowest. Results indicated that only the aerodynamic measures in the /m/ of HAMPER were affected by speaking rate. Rate affected the nasalance measures of BBP and MMJ and nasalance distance. Gender affected the nasalance of BBP, and age affected nasalance distance. Additionally, children varied from the adults in Gauster et al. (2010) in differences in rate, gender and variability. In summary, rate, gender, and age group had various effects on the measures relating to VP function in healthy children, and should therefore be considered when working with children with VP dysfunction.

There are four phenomena that are particularly troublesome for theories of ellipsis: <br>the existence of sloppy readings when the relevant pronouns cannot possibly be bound; an ellipsis being resolved in such a way that an ellipsis site in the antecedent is not understood in the way it was there; an ellipsis site drawing material from two or more separate antecedents; and ellipsis with no linguistic antecedent. <br>These cases are accounted for by means of a new theory that involves copying syntactically incomplete antecedent material and an analysis of silent VPs and NPs that makes them into higher order definite descriptions that can be bound into.

Holmberg (1997, 1999) assumes that Holmberg's generalisation (HG) is derivational, prohibiting Object Shift (OS) across an intervening non-adverbial element at any point in the derivation. Counterexamples to this hypothesis are given in Fox & Pesetsky (2005) which show that remnant VP-topicalisations are possible in Scandinavian as long as the VP-internal order relations are maintained. Extending the empirical basis concerning remnant VP-topicalisations, we argue that HG and the restrictions on object stranding result from the same, more general condition on order preservation. Considering this condition to be violable and to interact with various constraints on movement in an Optimality-theoretic fashion, we suggest an account for various asymmetries in the interaction between remnant VP-topicalisations and both OS and other movement operations (especially subject raising) as to their order preserving characteristics and stranding abilities.

This study investigated the effect of speaking rate on aerodynamic and acoustic measures of velopharyngeal (VP) function in 27 adult speakers (14 M, 13 F). The pressure-flow method (Warren & Dubois, 1964) was used to collect aerodynamic data of /m/ and /p/ segments in the word “hamper” and the utterances “Mama made some lemon jam” (MMJ) and “Buy Bobby a puppy” (BBP). A Nasometer was used to collect nasalance scores and nasalance distance for MMJ and BBP. Measures were collected under 4 speaking rate conditions (normal, fast, slow, and slowest). Results indicated that nasal airflow and VP orifice area were unaffected by speaking rate whereas intraoral pressure decreased as speaking rate slowed. Nasalance was greater for BBP at slow speaking rates and nasalance distance (MMJ – BBP) decreased at slow rates. The data was interpreted with respect to expectations set forward in the literature on normal and disordered speech motor control.

This study investigated the effect of speaking rate on aerodynamic and acoustic measures of velopharyngeal (VP) function in 27 adult speakers (14 M, 13 F). The pressure-flow method (Warren & Dubois, 1964) was used to collect aerodynamic data of /m/ and /p/ segments in the word “hamper” and the utterances “Mama made some lemon jam” (MMJ) and “Buy Bobby a puppy” (BBP). A Nasometer was used to collect nasalance scores and nasalance distance for MMJ and BBP. Measures were collected under 4 speaking rate conditions (normal, fast, slow, and slowest). Results indicated that nasal airflow and VP orifice area were unaffected by speaking rate whereas intraoral pressure decreased as speaking rate slowed. Nasalance was greater for BBP at slow speaking rates and nasalance distance (MMJ – BBP) decreased at slow rates. The data was interpreted with respect to expectations set forward in the literature on normal and disordered speech motor control.

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Ojibwe is a member of the Algonquian language family. These languages are known for their complex verbal morphology. This makes Ojibwe an excellent case study for testing theoretical concepts. In this thesis, I examine the syntax and semantics of the Ojibwe verbal domain, drawing on three theoretical frameworks, the Minimalist Program (Chomsky, 1993; 1998), Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz, 1993; Embick & Noyer, 2007), and Neo-Davidsonian Semantics (Heim & Kratzer, 1998; Kratzer, 2015). I begin my analysis by looking at the composition of vP. I show that Ojibwe verb phrases may contain multiple vPs. Following a Distributed Morphology account (Halle & Marantz, 1993; Embick & Noyer, 2007), this structure must be built in the syntax; at all stages in the derivation, if the verb stem has at least one vP, it may be used as a fully-formed verb. Further, I discuss the semantics of categorising v in Ojibwe, and provide sample denotations for different types of v. Ojibwe verbal agreement morphology is complex and a number of previous accounts have been proposed (Bruening, 2005; Béjar & Rezac, 2009; Lochbihler, 2012; Oxford, 2013). I demonstrate that these previous proposals run into difficulty with multiple vP structures. Oxford (2013) comes closest, and I build on his proposal to account for Ojibwe verbal agreement. I argue that Voice (Kratzer, 1996) is the phase edge, and verbal agreement occurs on a head above this. Agree happens simultaneously with both arguments, and a portmanteau morpheme (the theme sign) results. Only the argument in the highest spec-v can agree with the theme sign. As a result, applicatives show agreement with the Goal rather than the Theme. I discuss two other agreement suffixes and argue that they are the result of a post-syntactic fission operation (Embick & Noyer, 2007, p. 314). Finally, I examine the semantics of agreement. While much has been written on the syntax of agreement in Ojibwe, the semantics has been left relatively unstudied. I show that the theme sign puts constraints on argument structure based on the saliency of arguments to the discourse. My proposal assumes speech act participants are always more salient than non-participants, and that obviation modifies a third person argument to mark it as less salient. I propose that instead of referring only to semantic roles, the denotation of the theme signs refer to bundles of syntactic features. In this way, the theme sign will impose conditions on the two highest DPs in a sentence, regardless of their semantic role. This allows the same denotation to target the Theme in monotransitive sentences, and the Goal in applicative sentences. Thus, I provide both syntactic and semantic analyses of agreement in Ojibwe.

In this study, we present results from teleseismic receiver functions, in order to investigate the crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio beneath northern Peru. A total number of 981 receiver functions were analyzed, from data recorded by 28 broadband seismic stations from the Peruvian permanent seismic network, the regional temporary SisNort network and one CTBTO station. The Moho depth and average crustal Vp/Vs ratio were determined at each station using the H-k stacking technique to identify the arrival times of primary P to S conversion and crustal reverberations (PpPms, PpSs + PsPms). The results show that the Moho depth correlates well with the surface topography and varies significantly from west to east, showing a shallow depth of around 25 km near the coast, a maximum depth of 55-60 km beneath the Andean Cordillera, and a depth of 35-40 km further to the east in the Amazonian Basin. The bulk crustal Vp/Vs ratio ranges between 1.60 and 1.88 with the mean of 1.75. Higher values between 1.75 and 1.88 are found beneath the Eastern and Western Cordilleras, consistent with a mafic composition in the lower crust. In contrast values vary from 1.60 to 1.75 in the extreme flanks of the Eastern and Western Cordillera indicating a felsic composition. We find a positive relationship between crustal thickness, Vp/ Vs ratio, the Bouguer anomaly, and topography. These results are consistent with previous studies in other parts of Peru (central and southern regions) and provide the first crustal thickness estimates for the high cordillera in northern Peru.