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Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (PTC) is widely used in aerospace and missile guiding systems where extreme reliability and ruggedness are crucial. PTCs, in particular, are a class of rugged refrigeration systems that are capable of maintaining temperatures as low as 4 K, without a moving part in their cold end. The operation of PTCs is based on complicated and poorly-understood solid-fluid interactions involving periodic flows of a cryogenic fluid in micro porous structures. Currently, PTCs is often modeled as one-dimensional flow fields using methods whose relevance to cryocoolers is at best questionable. Furthermore, recent CFD-based investigations have underscored the need for adequate closure relations representing periodic flows in anisotropic micro porous media, and have shown that multi-dimensional effects can be significant in PTCs. The objectives of this investigation were to experimentally measure and correlate the anisotropic hydrodynamic parameters for typical micro porous structures that are used in the regenerators of PTCs fillers; perform modeling and CFD-based simulations to elucidate the component and system-level thermo-fluidic processes in modern pulse tube cryocooler designs; and perform a preliminary CFD-based assessment of the effect of miniaturization on the thermal performance of a current PTC design. In the experiments, the measurement and correlation of the directional (axial and radial) permeabilities and Forchheimer s inertial coefficients of meshed screen, sintered mesh, foam metal, and stacked micro-machined plate regenerator fillers were of interest. Hydrodynamic parameters under steady-state conditions were addressed first. Pressure drops were measured for purely axial flow in cylindrical test sections and predominantly radial flows in annular test sections that contained regenerator fillers of interest, under steady-state conditions. The permeabilities and Forchheimer s inertial coefficients were then obtained in an iterative process where agreement between the data and the predictions of detailed CFD simulations addressing the entire test sections and their surroundings were sought. Periodic flows were then addressed. Using high frequency pressure transducers and hot wire anemometry, instantaneous pressures and mass fluxes are measured under periodic purely axial flow conditions. CFD simulations of the experiments were then performed, whereby permeabilities and Forchheimer coefficients that bring about agreement between data and simulation results were calculated.

This study discusses the monetary policy transmission mechanism in the different channels. The analysis is conducted using generalized impulse response functions derived from a factor-augmented vector error correction (FAVECM) model. The FAVECM methodology as developed by Lee (2009) extends the factoraugmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) model to analyze long-run and shortrun dynamics of non-stationary variables. This recenly derived FAVECM model combines the advantages of factor model and the VECM model. The estimations are conducted using 174 macroeconomic time series in monthly frequency for the period January 2000 to September 2009. Results indicate that interbank call loan rate, deposit rate and prime lending rate are conintegrated, which provides sufficient evidence of the existence of the credit channel in monetary transmission system. Other GIRF results are generally consistent of the expected monetary policy effectiveness.

This study revists Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and discusses the monetary policy transmission mechanism in exchange rate channels. The analysis is conducted using generalized impulse response functions derived from a Factor- Augmented Vector Error Correction (FAVECM) model. The FAVECM methodology as developed by Lee (2009) extends the Factor- Augmented Vector Autoregression (FAVAR) model to analyze long-run and shortrun dynamics of non-stationary variables. This recently derived FAVECM model combines the advantages of factor model and the VECM model. The estimations are conducted using 157 macroeconomic time series in monthly frequency for the period January 2000 to September 2009. Results indicate that PPP exists and expansionary devaluation effect in Taiwan. Other GIRF results are generally consistent of the expected exchange rate effectiveness.

Abstract Cancer has been a big issue in the medical science. Many scientists in the world have been trying so hard to find the effective drugs or therapies for different kinds of cancers. However, cancer is till so hard to cure. Until these days targeted therapies show up and give cancer patient a new hope to cure cancer. Targeted therapies are drugs which can block the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with specific molecules involved in tumor growth and progression. By focusing on molecular and cellular changes that are specific to cancer, targeted therapies are more effective than other types of treatment, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and less harmful to normal cells. Targeted therapies have been known by reducing side effects and improving quality life as well. Therefore, many drug manufactures have been investing money on investigating targeted therapies. Target therapy market is rapidly expending, and the competition among the drug manufactures has been more and fiercer. The key or critical success factors to the business of target cancer drugs are the most important issue for the drug manufactures to get the most profit from target drugs. The key success factors can be analyzed by sell strategy, research, development strategy, price strategy and government policy. This paper is trying to find the key success factors for business of target cancer drugs by deep interviewing the top sells managers in the industry and the top doctors in the hospital. Then these interview contents are analyzed by SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) to find the key success factors for business of target cancer drugs. With these key success factors, hopefully it can help the drug manufactures make good business on target cancer drug market. Keywords: target drug, target therapy, key success factor, critical success factor, SWOT, deep interview.

This study investigates use of echocardiography to assess the related issues about whether the heart function of a subject examined is normal or not. Two-dimensional echocardiography can make the heart inspection, and provide very detailed informations for each part of the cardiovascular structures with a high degree of accuracy. Many studies indicated that the systolic and diastolic function with left ventricle of heart disease in patients was poorer than those of normal patients. Therefore it is of interest to study the systolic and diastolic function for examining whether there are heart problems. In this work, the data is the gray-scale values of left ventricular static ultrasound images. The gray-scale differences between systolic and diastolic period, are used to assess whether the patient suffers from the heart diseases or not. Here, we use factor analysis to simplify and select the crucial factors, namely the function in different area of the left ventricle. Finally, linear and quadratic discriminant analyses are used to distinguish the normal and the abnormal subjects.

Non-invasive physical examination helps to make disease diagnosis with minimum injury to the body. Cardiology ultrasound is a non-invasive examination which can be used as a auxiliary tool for diagnose cardiac structure abnormalities. With more understanding of heart diseases, it has been recognized that heart failures are closely related to left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Following Chen (2011) and Kao (2011), we study association of heart diseases with the change of gray-scale values in the cardiology ultrasound images of left ventricular systolic and diastolic. Since data obtained from ultrasound image is of matrix type with high dimensions, following the method proposed by Chen (2011) and Kao (2011), factor scores obtained from factor analysis are used as a basis for classification. We take the factor scores of normal subjects to establish the bench mark and calculate the Mahalanobis distance of each abnormal subject with the model established by the data from normal group. Later based on this distance to the normal group, cardiac function of the subject is distinguished as normal or not. In order to improve the accuracy of the classification, influential points which may cause inaccurate covariance matrix estimate on the subjects in normal group are identified. Based on concepts from optimal designs theory, some criteria are established for screening out the influential points.

Annular gas seal clearances were simulated with closely spaced parallel plates using a Flat?Plate tester. The device is designed to measure the pressure gradient along the test specimen. The main function of the Flat?Plate tester is to provide friction factor data and measure dynamic pressure oscillations. A detailed description of the test facility is described, and a theory for determining the friction factor is reviewed. Three clearances were investigated: 0.635, 0.381, and 0.254 mm. Tests were conducted at three different inlet pressures (84, 70, and 55 bars), producing Reynolds numbers range from 50,000 to 700,000. Three surface configurations were tested including smooth?on-smooth, smooth?on?hole, and hole?on?hole. The Hole?pattern plates are identical with the exception of the hole depth. The results indicate that, for the smooth?on?smooth and smooth?on?hole configurations, the friction factor remains constant or increases slightly with increasing Reynolds numbers. Moreover, the friction factor increases as the clearance between the plates increases. However, the results from the hole?on-hole configurations are quite different. A "friction?factor jump" phenomenon was observed, and the Helmholtz frequency was detected on the frequency spectra.

IS-LM methodology was not developed by Hicks alone. Hicks, together with Harrod and Meade jointly contributed to the idea of general equilibrium analysis of products and money markets which were separated treated by Keynes in his General Theory. In order to honor the contribution of the other two economists, we suggested that Hicksian IS-LM framework be renamed Harrod-Hicks-Meade IS-LM model. In IS-LM graphical analysis, the slopes of IS-LM curves and the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy are closed related. This thesis has surveyed domestic¡]in Chinese¡^and international¡]in English¡^economics textbooks thoroughly on this matter and discovered that the mistakes are often made or not even mentioned at all. The slope of LM¡]IS¡^curve is determined by interest rate factor , Li¡]Ii¡^and income factor, Ly¡]Cy¡^. If the interest rate factor causes the slopes of two LM¡]IS¡^curves to differ, the expansionary monetary¡]fiscal¡^policy will make LM¡]IS¡^curves horizontal shift to the right. As a result, monetary¡]fiscal¡^policy will be more effective if the LM¡]IS¡^curve is steeper. On the contrary, if the income factor is the cause of the different slopes, the same policy will make LM¡]IS¡^curves shift right vertically. Monetary¡]fiscal¡^policy will be more effective if the LM¡]IS¡^curve is flatter . Once Pigou Effect is present, the aggregate demand curve will become flatter. As a result, monetary¡]fiscal¡^ policy is more¡]less¡^effective than without. Hence, monetary policy is relatively more effective than fiscal policy. In general, a policy-induced shift of aggregate demand curve can¡¦t adopt the horizontal moving method, specifically, for monetary policy, we have to adopt the vertical moving method. As for fiscal policy, the vertical moving method should be adopted , if and only if the income factor causes the different slopes of aggregate demand curves. Neither horizontal nor vertical shift in aggregate demand can be taken for the case when interest rate is the reason leading to the different slopes of aggregate demand curves.

This Thesis attempts to construct a Taiwan equity multi-factor model using fundamental cross-sectional approach step by step. It is found that the model involves 28 explanatory factors (including 20 industry factors) and its explanatory power is 58.6% on average. The results of the estimations can be considered very satisfactory. Moreover, based on MFM, this study simulates applications of equity market neutral strategies through quantitative techniques over the period Jan.2003 ¡V Dec.2003. The results verified that the three major characteristics of equity market neutral portfolio performance are: 1) providing absolute return; 2) lack of correlation to the equity benchmark; and 3) low volatility due to hedged portfolio structures.