Individuals experience varying levels of anxiety in social situations. When intense and enduring, this anxiety can lead to difficulties in daily functioning. Considering the often-central roles that relationships and interactions play in people's lives, it becomes crucial to understand how unhelpful levels of social anxiety are maintained over time. According to cognitive theories of social anxiety disorder, post-event processing (PEP; e.g., the review of the negative aspects of past social situations), is one of the factors that can perpetuate symptoms of social anxiety. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate PEP and its relationship with other important cognitive and affective factors across two studies to better understand its role in social anxiety. In Study 1, I assessed the temporal links between PEP, anticipatory processing (AP), anxiety, performance appraisals, and memory. Participants (n = 101) completed two speeches, four days apart. In between the two speeches, they answered ecological momentary assessment alerts to measure PEP about the first speech and AP about the second speech. I found that both PEP and AP decreased over the two-day assessment period. Feeling more anxious during the first speech also triggered a cascade of negative thinking and affect, including worse performance appraisals, increased PEP and AP, and higher anxiety levels in anticipation of the second speech. Contrary to expectations, PEP was unrelated to change in performance appraisals over time. There was also preliminary evidence that PEP might be linked to the phenomenological memory qualities of the first speech, namely its valence and emotional intensity. In Study 2, I extended these findings by examining positive PEP and pleasant social interactions in addition to the typically studied negative PEP and stressful social interactions. Participants (n = 411) brought back to mind a recent stressful or pleasant social interaction, completed self-reported measures, and wrote a description of the recalled interaction. Participants who recalled a stressful interaction reported engaging in more negative PEP, and less positive PEP, compared to those who recalled a pleasant interaction. I also observed that higher social anxiety was linked with more negative and less positive PEP irrespective of whether the PEP was following a stressful or a pleasant interaction. Moreover, participants' descriptions of the interactions contained more negative words when they also reported having engaged in more negative PEP. Negative PEP was also associated with a more negative emotionally intense self-reported memory of the interaction. In addition, descriptions contained more positive and less negative words when participants reported engaging in more positive PEP. Positive PEP's relationship with memory depended on whether the interaction was stressful or pleasant. For the former, positive PEP was related to a more positive memory; for the latter, it was related to increased emotional intensity. Both studies help elucidate the complex nature of PEP. Their conclusions have many theoretical and clinical implications for the PEP and social anxiety field (e.g., how negative PEP evolves over time, how high social anxiety may be characterized by both more negative and less positive PEP). Considering methodological strengths and limitations provides additional questions and directions for future research examining negative and positive PEP.

This dissertation presents the first thorough study of Charles Leslie's political and theological writings. During his career as a pamphleteer and journalist, Leslie wrote against whigs, disserters, freethinkers and latitudinarians. These groups, he believed, had conspired to bring about England's rebellion against legitimate authority in both church and state. Leslie attempted to demonstrate the veracity of the scriptual record and to argue that legitimate government must be deduced from the divine model set down there. In the process, he become his generation's most vigorous opponent of whig political thought and offered the first detailed criticism of John Locke's theory of government. Throughout the thesis the theological aspect of post-revolutionary politics and political thought has been emphasised. Leslie derived his theory of monarchical government from his theory of episcopal government. Freeing the church of England from secular control was his fundamental goal, and a restoration of the Stuarts--who had promised to give up certain prerogatives in the area of ecclesiastical affairs--was a first step towards such a reform of the church. None of the scholars who have noticed Leslie's writings in the past few years have been concerned with his emphasis upon theological questions and the proper relationship of church and state. Historians of jacobitism have not considered what a Stuart restoration would have meant for the church of England. A close examination of Charles Leslie's career and writings helps to clarify both the motives and the goals of that small group of English churchmen of which he was a leading member. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The effects of exercise intensity and duration on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) were examined. Eight males exercised in a thermoneutral environment at 60% of maximal aerobic power (V0₂ₘₐₓ) for 30 min and performed the same total work at 80% and 40% V0₂ₘₐₓ by varying exercise durations. In addition, 2 work bouts were performed at 60% VO₂ₘₐₓ for 90 and 60 min. A standardized meal was consumed 2 h post-exercise. Oxygen consumption (V0₂), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), rectal temperature (Tc) and heart rate (HR) were monitored on a control day and before, during and for 3 h following exercise. VO₂ was equivalent to control day values within 30 min post-exercise on each of the 5 d and no consistent relation between exercise condition and duration of EPOC was observed. When total post-exercise VO₂ was expressed relative to control values, differences were greatest during the first 30 min post-exercise. Total net caloric expenditure was small (32. 5-57.9 kcal) in all cases. RER tended to remain equivalent to control levels post-exercise, with intermittent elevations. Significant elevations in Tc were obtained until 60 to 150 min post-exercise. No significant exercise-related effects were noted for dietary induced thermogenesis or the cumulative effect of the 5 exercise bouts on resting metabolic rate. Although exercise over a wide range of intensities and durations resulted in a significant EPOC, in all cases it was of short duration and the total 3 h energy expenditure was small. Neither duration nor magnitude of EPOC was associated with post-exercise RER or Tc. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The mechanisms which cause post exercise hypotension (a phenomenon of prolonged, decreased resting blood pressure following physical exertion) are unknown. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is known to exert potent natriuretic and vasodilatory properties which play an integral role in fluid regulation and blood pressure control. Elevations in plasma ANP concentration have been shown to occur during dynamic endurance exercise, and to a lesser extent during heavy resistance exercise. The purposes of this investigation were to 1) examine the effects of resistance and endurance exercise on the release of ANP, 2) examine the effects of resistance and endurance exercise on post exercise blood pressure and 3) evaluate the potential correlations of ANP release with any observed changes. Thirteen males (24.3±2.4yrs.) performed 15 min of unilateral leg press (65% 1 RM) and, one week later ~15 min (based on summed cardiac cycles of the resistance trial) of cycle ergometry (65% V0₂ ₚₑₐₖ). Blood pressure was measured using an intra-arterial catheter during exercise and for 1 h post exercise. Arterial blood was drawn at rest, 5, 10 and 15 min of exercise and 1 1/2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min post exercise for subsequent analysis of hematocrit and αANP. No differences occurred in blood pressure responses between trials, but significant decrements in blood pressure occurred post exercise compared to pre exercise. Systolic pressure was ~20mmHg lower from 10 min post exercise until measurements terminated at 60 min post exercise. Mean pressure was also significantly attenuated by ~7 mmHg from 30 min post exercise onwards. Only slight (non significant) elevations in αANP concentration were detected immediately following exercise with no elevation present by 5 min post exercise. It was concluded that post exercise hypotension occurs with acute bouts of either resistance or endurance exercise and that αANP does not appear to be directly related to this hypotensive effect. This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

En el trabajo An equivalence between Varieties of ciclic Post Algebras and Varietiesgenerated by a finite field [1] demostramos una equivalencia entre la variedad V(Lp;k) generada por el álgebra de Post k-cíclica simple de orden p, Lp;k y la variedad V(F(pk)) generada por el cuerpo con pk elementos [F(pk);+; .; F(p)]. La existencia de una interpretación entre ambas variedades nos ha permitido estudiar la resolución de sistemas de ecuaciones polinomiales sobre un álgebra Lp;k, utilizando técnicas usuales del Álgebra Conmutativa en un problema propio de la Lógica Algebraica. En Resolution of Algebraic Systems of Equations in the Variety of Cyclic Post Algebras [13] mostramos un camino para resolver un sistema de ecuaciones algebraicas sobre una álgebra de Post cíclica de orden p, con p primo, utilizando la interpretación anterior, bases de Gröbner y algoritmos programados en Maple. En esta tesis describimos un método contructivo que permite obtener a partir de un cuerpo [F(pk);+; . ; F(p)], un álgebra de Post k--cíclica de orden p, con p primo positivo y k > 1. Las operaciones del álgebra de Post cíclica se expresan como términos en el lenguaje del cuerpo, y recíprocamente, las operaciones del cuerpo como términos en el lenguaje del álgebra de Post k-cíclica. Los algoritmos programados en Maple muestran cómo calcular estas operaciones de manera efectiva. De esto se deduce una interpretación 1 entre la variedad V(Lp;k) y la variedad V(F(pk)), y una interpretación 2 de V(F(pk)) en V(Lp;k) tal que 2 1 (B) = B para toda álgebra B 2 V(Lp;k) y 1 2(R) = R para todo R 2 V(F(pk)). Esta equivalencia permite analizar la existencia y búsqueda de soluciones de un sistema de ecuaciones polinomiales en Lp;k[X1,...,Xn]. Mostramos en este trabajo dos caminos diferentes para la resolución de estos sistemas. El primer camino consiste en aplicar la interpretación 1 para obtener la expresión de una ecuación algebraica postiana en el lenguaje de F(pk)[X1,...,Xn] y así poder expresar todas las ecuaciones del sistema en F(pk)[X1,...,Xn]. De esta forma es posible buscar una base de Gröbner del ideal generado por los polinomios del sistema, analizar la existencia de soluciones y organizar su búsqueda. Aplicando luego la interpretación 2 obtenemos un sistema equivalente al original en el lenguaje postiano de Lp;k[X1,...,Xn]. Completamos esta idea presentando varios ejemplos que explican detalladamente el método propuesto junto con los algoritmos que muestran a un mismo polinomio en ambos anillos. El segundo camino consiste en definir el concepto de base de Gröbner de un ideal I en Lp;k[X1,...,Xn] utilizando nuevamente las interpretaciones 1 y 2. Explicamos este proceso en general y en el caso particular de p = 2 y k = 1, damos un algoritmo de división y un teorema para calcular el S-polinomio de dos polinomios en dos variables. Enunciamos las dificultades que se presentan al buscar directamente una base de Gröbner de un ideal I en Lp;k[X1,...,Xn] cuando p > 3, destacando que a pesar de las mismas, resulta interesante poder dividir en un anillo de polinomios sobre una estructura algebraica ordenada. / In the work An equivalence between Varieties of ciclic Post Algebras and Varieties generated by a finite field [1] we proved an equivalence between the variety V(Lp;k) generated by the simple k-cyclic Post algebra of order p, Lp;k, and the variety V(F(pk)) generated by the finite field with pk elements [F(pk);+; .; F(p)]. The existence of an interpretation between both varieties has let us study the resolution of algebraic systems of equations over an algebra Lp;k, using usual techniques of Commutative Algebra in a problem of Algebraic Logic. In Resolution of Algebraic Systems of Equations in the Variety of Cyclic Post Algebras [13] we show a way to solve an algebraic system of equations over a cyclic Post algebra of order p, with p prime, using the above interpretation, Gröbner bases and algorithms programmed in Maple. In this thesis, we describe a constructive method which lets obtain from a field [F(pk);+; .; F(p)], a k-cyclic Post algebra of order p, with p prime and k>1. The Post cyclic algebra operations are expressed as terms in the language of the field, and conversely, the field operations as terms in the language of cyclic Post algebras. The algorithms programmed in Maple show how to calculate these operations effectively. From this, we deduce an interpretation 1 between the variety V(Lp;k) and the variety V(F(pk)) and an interpretation 2 of V(F(pk)) into V(Lp;k) such that 2 1(B) = B for every B 2 V(Lp;k) and 1 2(R) = R for every R 2 V(F(pk)). This equivalence lets us analyze the existence and search for solutions of an algebraic system of equations in Lp;k[X1,...,Xn]. In this work we show two differents ways for the resolution of these systems. The first way consists in applying the interpretation 1 in order to obtain the expression of a postian algebraic equation in the language of F(pk)[X1,...,Xn] and so we could show all the equations of the system in F(pk)[X1,...,Xn]. In this way, it is possible to find a Gröbner base of the ideal generated by the polynomials of the system, analyze the existence of solutions and organize its search. We complete this idea giving some examples which explain in detail the proposed method with the algorithms which show the same polynomial in both rings. The second way consists in defining the concept of Gröbner base of an ideal in Lp;k[X1,...,Xn] using again the interpretations 1 and 2. We explain this process in general and in the particular case of p = 2 and k = 1, we give a division algorithm and a theorem to calculate the S-polynomial of two polynomials in two variables. We enunciate the difficulties which are presented while finding directly a Gröbner base of an ideal I in Lp;k[X1,...,Xn] when p > 3, emphasizing that, despite them, it is interesting the fact that we could divide in a ring of polynomials over an ordered algebraic structure

La superfamille des UDP-glucuronosyltransférases (UGT) est constituée de glycoprotéines résidant au réticulum endoplasmique et sujettes aux modifications post-traductionnelles (PTM, post-translational modifications). L’enzyme UGT2B7 est d’un intérêt particulier vu son action sur une grande variété de médicaments. La plupart des études actuelles n’ont pour sujet que les variants communs de cette enzyme et n’examinent donc qu’une fraction de la diversité génétique de celle-ci. En effet, les variants rares (fréquence allélique en deçà de 1%) peuvent potentiellement avoir un effet considérable puisqu’ils sont prédits comme étant bien plus nombreux que les variants communs au sein du génome humain. La présente étude fait état de la découverte d’un variant rare d’UGT2B7 possédant un intérêt pharmacogénétique potentiel et encodant une substitution d’acide aminé au codon 121. Cette variation peu fréquente, retrouvée chez deux individus au sein d’une population de 305 sujets sains, mène à la traduction d’une asparagine (Asn) plutôt qu’un acide aspartique (Asp) au codon 121 (UGT2B7 p.D121N). Cette substitution est prédite comme créant un motif de N-glycosylation NX(S/T) subséquemment validé par traitement à l’endoglycosidase de fractions microsomales issues de surexpressions dans des cellules HEK293 et par inhibition à la tunicamycine de la N-glycosylation d’UGT2B7 produites de façon endogène dans des HEK293. De plus, la présence d’un oligosaccharide additionnel sur l’enzyme UGT2B7, affectant potentiellement son repliement, résulte en la diminution, respectivement par 49 et 40%, de la formation de glucuronides à partir de la zidovudine et de l’acide mycophénolique. Une analyse de la base de données dbSNP a permis la découverte de 32 variants rares pouvant potentiellement créer ou abolir des motifs de N-glycosylation au sein d’enzymes UGT2B. Ensemble, ces variants ont le potentiel d’augmenter la proportion de la variance de la voie des UGT qui est expliquée par des modifications post-traductionnelles telles la N-glycosylation, affectant ainsi le métabolisme des médicaments. / The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily consists of glycoproteins resident of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes that undergo post-translational modifications (PTM). UGT2B7 is of particular interest because of its action on a wide variety of drugs. Most studies currently survey common variants and are only examining a small fraction of the genetic diversity. However, rare variants (frequency < 1%) might have significant effect as they are predicted to greatly outnumber common variants in the human genome. Here, we discovered a rare single nucleotide UGT2B7 variant of potential pharmacogenetic relevance that encodes a nonconservative amino acid substitution at codon 121. This low-frequency variation, found in two individuals of a population of 305 healthy volunteers, leads to the translation of an asparagine (Asn) instead of an aspartic acid (Asp) (UGT2B7 p.D121N). This amino acid change was predicted to create a putative N-glycosylation motif NX(S/T) subsequently validated upon endoglycosidase H treatment of microsomal fractions and inhibition of N-glycosylation of endogenously produced UGT2B7 with tunicamycin from HEK293 cells. The presence of an additional N-linked glycan on the UGT2B7 enzyme, likely affecting proper protein folding, resulted in a significant decrease, respectively by 49 and 40%, in the formation of zidovudine and mycophenolic acid glucuronides. A systematic survey of the dbSNP database uncovered 32 rare and naturally occurring missense variations predicted to create or disrupt N-glycosylation sequence motifs in the other UGT2B enzymes. Collectively, these variants have the potential to increase the proportion of variance explained in the UGT pathway due to changes in PTM such as N-linked glycosylation with consequences on drug metabolism.

The purpose of this research project was to evaluate the techniques outlined in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Technical Report 255 Highway Traffic Data for Urbanized Area Project Planning and Design (NCHRP-255), published in 1982 by the Transportation Research Board. This evaluation was accomplished by using a regional travel demand forecast model calibrated and validated for the year 1990 and developing a highway forecast for the year 2000. The forecasted volumes along the Capital Beltway (I-495/I-95) portion located in the State of Maryland were compared to observed count data for that same year. A series of statistical measures were used to quantitatively evaluate the benefits of the techniques documented in NCHRP-255. The primary research objectives were: • To critically evaluate the ability of a regional travel demand forecast model to accurately forecast freeway corridor volumes by comparing link forecast volumes to the actual count data. • To evaluate and determine the significance of post-processing techniques as outlined in NCHRP-255. The most important lesson learned from this research is that although it was originally written in 1982, NCHRP-255 is still a very valuable resources for supplementing travel demand forecast model output. The "raw" model output is not reliable enough to be used directly for highway design, operational analysis, nor alternative or economic evaluations. The travel demand forecast model is a tool that is just part of the forecasting process. It is not a turn-key operation, and travel demand forecasts cannot be done without the application of engineering judgment. / Master of Science

No / In her recent publication, Haraway (Haraway, D., (2003). The companion species manifesto: dogs, people, and significant otherness. Chicago, Prickly Paradigm Press.) extends her concept of the cyborg to explore how the figure of ¿companion species¿ can rethink the models of reality that traditionally underpin cultural research. This paper investigates the kind of consumption worlds and consumption relations the ontology of companion species suggests and what it offers in terms of understanding consumption in a post-human (and post-canine) consumer-behavior landscape. Following this, it proposes the concept of ¿companion-species consumption¿ (CSC) as a new ontology to extend interpretive research on consumers and their pets (Hirschman, E. C., (1994). Consumers and their animal companions. J Consum Res, 20 (3), 616¿632.; Holbrook, M.B., Stephens, D.L., Day, E., Holbrook, S.M. and Strazar, G., (2001). A collective stereographic photo essay on key aspects of animal companionship: the truth about dogs and cats. Academy of Marketing Science Review 1; AMS.; Belk, Russell W., (1996). Metaphoric relationships with pets Society & Animals: Social Scientific Studies of the Human Experience of Other Animals, vol. 4 (2), 121¿145.) and to reflect current theory of the consumer¿object relation. This research explores the potential of CSC through multi-site ethnography (Marcus, George E., (1995). Ethnography in/of the world system: the emergence of multi-sited ethnography, Annu Rev Anthropol 95¿117.) of a trans-national, highly-networked community of Afghan hounds and their exhibitors. The paper examines how companion species emerge across a range of cultural sites and documents the consumption practices stemming from the dichotomies between them. The conclusions inform dog-related marketing activity, advance consumer-research insights into the practices of dog-related avocational consumer groups, and extend existing theory of the consumer¿object relation.

Post-stroke hemiparesis usually leads to slow and asymmetric gait. Improving walking ability, specifically walking speed, is a common goal post-stroke. To develop effective post-stroke rehabilitation interventions, the underlying mechanisms that lead to changes in walking ability need to be fully understood. The overall goal of this research was to investigate the deficits that limit hemiparetic walking ability and understand the influence of post-stroke rehabilitation on walking ability in persons with post-stroke hemiparesis. Forward dynamics walking simulations of hemiparetic subjects (and speed-matched controls) with different levels of functional walking status were developed to investigate the relationships between individual muscle contributions to pre-swing forward propulsion, swing initiation and power generation subtasks and functional walking status. The analyses showed that muscle contributions to the walking subtasks are indeed related to functional walking status in the hemiparetic subjects. Increased contributions from the paretic leg muscles (i.e., plantarflexors and hip flexors) and reduced contributions from the non-paretic leg muscles (i.e., knee and hip extensors) to the walking subtasks were critical in obtaining higher functional walking status. Changes in individual muscle contributions to propulsion during rehabilitation were investigated by developing a large number of subject-specific forward dynamics simulations of hemiparetic subjects (with different levels of pre-training propulsion symmetry) walking pre- and post-locomotor training. Subjects with low paretic leg propulsion pre-training increased contributions to propulsion from both paretic leg (i.e., gastrocnemius) and non-paretic leg muscles (i.e., hamstrings) to improve walking speed during rehabilitation. Subjects with high paretic leg propulsion pre-training improved walking speed by increasing contributions to propulsion from the paretic leg ankle plantarflexors (i.e., soleus and gastrocnemius). This study revealed two primary strategies that hemiparetic subjects use to increase walking speed during rehabilitation. Experimental analyses were used to determine post-training biomechanical predictors of successful post-stroke rehabilitation, defined as performance over a 6-month follow-up period following rehabilitation. The strongest predictor of success was step length symmetry. Other potential predictors of success were identified including increased paretic leg hip flexor output in late paretic leg single-limb stance, increased paretic leg knee extensor output from mid to late paretic leg stance and increased paretic leg propulsion during pre-swing. / text

Diss. Recht Basel, 2004. / Im Buchh.: Norderstedt : Books on Demand. Bibliogr.