In the 1940s and 1950s, the United States was gripped by an intense anxiety about its national security. While primarily triggered by the external threat of the Soviet Union, this anxiety was especially centred on internal threats, real and imagined. Most previous studies have focused on the so-called Red Scare, the hunt for Communists and other political undesirables. This was accompanied by a parallel Lavender Scare, an assault on homosexuality in American culture, especially public service. Homosexuality had been grounds for dismissal from the Civil Service since the 19th Century, but Cold War anxiety about gays in government became so great that some in the press began referring to it as a Panic on the Potomac. Fear of sexual subversion became so integrated into the larger national security obsession that, by 1955, fully 1 in every 5 American workers was subject to a combination of loyalty and security restrictions, related to both political and moral categories of unsuitability. Yet this episode has remained a largely forgotten footnote in American Cold War experience. The homophobia that characterized the early Cold War was new, more intense, and unique to that moment in history. Full-scale investigations and purges of suspected gays from the Civil Service began in 1950, but possessed deeper roots in the politics and culture of the era. They were stimulated by a combination of Cold War anxiety, post-war conservatism, and a changing conception of the nature of homosexuality. The effects of the purges would include not only widespread dismissals and intensified repression of gays and lesbians, but also the emergence of gay activism and the concept of a distinct gay minority. The evolving nature of gay identity, especially self-identity, is ultimately central to the thesis topic. This thesis is one of a small, but growing number of works that attempt to comprehensively examine the origins, characteristics, and impacts of the Lavender Scare. It draws on a wide range of sources, including the most recent specialized studies and the best available primary sources, including archival materials, first-hand recollections of events, and newly declassified government documents.

Cold Counsels and Hot Tempers: The Development of the Germanic Amazon in Old Norse Literature will trace how the evolution of the powerful woman in literature shaped the development of female characters in the classical Icelandic family sagas and the Fornaldarsögur, or later sagas of ancient times. The thesis will focus on the conception and representation of the proverb köld eru kvenna ráð cold are the counsels of women specifically tracing the function of women in feud structures and folk motifs that involve assault and acts of revenge. In the early Germanic sources, women are direct participants in violence; they train themselves in warfare, take up weapons, begin feuds, avoid unwanted marriages and hold kingdoms through force of arms. In later Norse literature, women rely on verbal persuasion to force men into action; they use goading, seduction, and insult to engage men in violence. Cold Counsels and Hot Tempers will examine these changes in womens roles and investigate the different methods women use to access power.

This dissertation examines how Zambia’s international relations, particularly with China, affected its political and economic development in the first decade after independence. Zambian development issues in the 1960s were directly tied to the volatile situation in Southern Africa, and its methods of negotiating this situation were deeply influenced by the Cold War. Regional issues placed land-locked Zambia in a difficult situation politically, economically, and socially. Yet, despite major hurdles to peace and stability, Zambia was an anomaly among newly independent Africa nations. Postcolonial African history is riddled with violent decolonization struggles, civil war, and oppressive dictatorship. The history of these newly independent nations was dramatic and bloody and has garnered much attention from scholars of Africa, identifying causes ranging from inept colonial governance to neo-colonialism, global resource competition, and poor leadership. More recently, scholars have begun to include the Cold War in this postcolonial narrative; however, they have almost exclusively focused on instances of resistance. It is true that violent conflict unfortunately represents a majority of decolonization struggles, not just in Africa, but in Asia as well. It is also true that these narratives are more dramatic than their peaceful counterparts. It is not true however, that decolonization struggles influenced by the Cold War only manifested in bloodshed. Relatively speaking, the Zambian independence process was deliberate and peaceful. Yet Zambia’s political and economic development following independence was directly influenced by the bi-polar political situation of the Cold War. The Zambian government’s most important communist ally was the People’s Republic of China. The reaction of the West to this “mutually beneficial friendship” between Zambia and China was, unsurprisingly, not a positive one. Yet Zambia’s staunch commitment to non-alignment was both a reaction to its political and economic situation, as well as the best way of ensuring development. Through trade agreements, pledges of aid, and, most importantly, the negotiation of the TAZARA railway, the Zambian government showed deft political skills at negotiating between the West and China for its continued economic development.

No description available.

The cost of new cultivar development is high due to long juvenile periods and large tree size in tree fruit breeding programs. For apples, sour cherries, and saskatoon berries, grafting seedling scions onto the tips of branches of mature plants was hypothesized to shorten the juvenile period and reduce land use under the Canadian prairie conditions. For apples, a tip grafting system (tip grafting onto mature crabapple rootstocks) was compared with the traditional grafting system (grafting onto young Ottawa 3 rootstocks). Apple scions of Golden Delicious, McIntosh, and SK Prairie Sun which exhibit a range of inherent cold hardiness, were grafted in the spring of 2001. Over a two year period, winter survival of the scions was improved by 37% by the tip grafting system as compared to the traditional grafting system making it not feasible for evaluation of cold hardiness of scions. Vegetative growth of scions approximated the rootstocks on which the scions were grafted. Winter survival was highly correlated with shoot growth cessation (r = +0.83) and terminal bud stage (r = +0.85) observed around the time of first frost. Juvenile seedlings of saskatoon berry and sour cherry hybrids were tip grafted onto mature plants of their own species in the spring of 2000. After two growing seasons, the tip grafting system in sour cherries had reduced flowering by 69.7%, shoot length by 84%, and shoot diameter by 76% compared with the juvenile seedlings on their own roots (scion donors). Tip grafting saskatoon berry seedlings increased flowering by 68%, shoot length by 257%, and shoot diameter by 42% compared with scion donors. For sour cherries, the tip grafting system reduced winter dieback by 99.6%, hastened terminal bud development and leaf drop compared with the scion donors. Tip grafting of saskatoon berry seedlings had little effect on terminal bud development and cold hardiness of scions perhaps due to the cold hardy character of this species. For apples and sour cherries, the tip grafting system tested in this study enhanced cold hardiness of scions when combined with the appropriated rootstocks and may be useful for maintaining germplasm that otherwise would not be hardy in northern locations.

NATO was a powerful geopolitical force during the twentieth century. And their activity has increased after the Cold War. However, many problems have emerged and NATO's future seems uncertain. This essay is a critical look into the history and possible future of NATO.

It has been demonstrated that EGCG and caffeine, naturally present in green tea, have thermogenic properties in thermoneutral conditions. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of the combined ingestion of EGCG/caffeine on thermogenic responses during a 3h mild cold exposure. Eight healthy males (22± 1 y) were exposed in a randomized, cross over, single blinded fashion to the cold (liquid conditioned suit perfused with 15°C water), after ingesting either a placebo (CON) or an extract of 1600mg of EGCG and 600mg of caffeine (EXP). Thermic, metabolic and electromyographic measurements were monitored at baseline and during cold exposure. After 180min of cold exposure, shivering intensity was significantly reduced by ~32% in EXP condition compared to CON. Area under the curve calculations for total shivering intensity was also reduced by ~21% in EXP (457±99 %MVC.min) compared to CON (361±81 %MVC.min; p=0.007). In contrast, the total area under curve of VO2 was ~25% higher in EXP (33.3±5.5 L O2) compared to CON (25.3±5.1 L O2; p=0.03). Total Heat production (Hprod) also increased by about 11% in the EXP condition (1535±112 kJ) compared to control (1372 ±106 kJ; p=0.002). The decrease in shivering activity combined with an increase in VO2 and Hprod, following the ingestion of EGCG and caffeine in the cold, indicates that nonshivering thermogenesis pathways can be significantly stimulated in adult humans.

Cold-formed steel framing of residential and light commercial buildings continues to grow in popularity due to its structural and material advantages. The North American steel industry is actively performing research studies and developing design standards to assist in the cost-effectiveness of cold-formed steel in these markets. Cold-formed steel L-headers are structural components used over wall openings to transfer the loads to adjacent king studs. Recently, there has been an increased interest in L-headers among homebuilders primarily due to their ease of installation and low material cost. Design of the L-headers in North America is currently governed by the North American Standard for Cold Formed Steel Framing – Header Design, in combination with the North American Specification for Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. However, the design provisions in the AISI - Header Design Standard are particularly limiting. For instance, the method for evaluation of span deflections for both single and double L-headers, and uplift flexural strength for single L-headers is currently not available primarily due to lack of research on the issues. Presented in this thesis are the findings from an extensive laboratory testing program of full-scale single and double cold-formed steel L-headers. The objective of the research was to investigate the structural behavior of L-headers under both gravity and uplift loads. From the analysis, improved ultimate flexural strength design expressions and new vertical deflection expressions for single and double L-header assemblies were developed. The concept of semi-rigid members was introduced to evaluate the flexural behavior and deflection performance of L-header assemblies.

A problem with cold pilgered tubes for OCTG applications is that they can get anisotropic properties with regard to yield strength. One source of anisotropy is texture that is developed during the cold deformation. EBSD measurements have been made on several austenitic stainless steels with different deformations to see what influence the composition has on the texture formation. The same measurements were used to study the influence of grain size on texture formation. The conclusion was that the composition can have an impact on the texture and hence has potential to also affect the anisotropy. The differences in texture cannot be associated with a specific alloying element, but is rather a synergetic effect. It was also concluded that grain structure has no strong influence on texture formation. An evaluation of three different tool designs used for cold pilgering was made. The designs evaluated are referred to as design A, B and C. EBSD measurements showed large deviations in texture in the middle of the wall compared to close to the surface of pilgered OCTG. However, the measurements showed no large differences between the three designs and the texture could not be coupled to the anisotropy.

Cold-formed steel framing of residential and light commercial buildings continues to grow in popularity due to its structural and material advantages. The North American steel industry is actively performing research studies and developing design standards to assist in the cost-effectiveness of cold-formed steel in these markets. Cold-formed steel L-headers are structural components used over wall openings to transfer the loads to adjacent king studs. Recently, there has been an increased interest in L-headers among homebuilders primarily due to their ease of installation and low material cost. Design of the L-headers in North America is currently governed by the North American Standard for Cold Formed Steel Framing – Header Design, in combination with the North American Specification for Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. However, the design provisions in the AISI - Header Design Standard are particularly limiting. For instance, the method for evaluation of span deflections for both single and double L-headers, and uplift flexural strength for single L-headers is currently not available primarily due to lack of research on the issues. Presented in this thesis are the findings from an extensive laboratory testing program of full-scale single and double cold-formed steel L-headers. The objective of the research was to investigate the structural behavior of L-headers under both gravity and uplift loads. From the analysis, improved ultimate flexural strength design expressions and new vertical deflection expressions for single and double L-header assemblies were developed. The concept of semi-rigid members was introduced to evaluate the flexural behavior and deflection performance of L-header assemblies.