Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-20Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000762715.pdf: 4174811 bytes, checksum: 3b84a89c36b2e2fa82aee5e0275c9868 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Trabalhos comparativos das características morfológicas dos ductos genitais femininos e dos gonópodos de caranguejos são escassos. Além disso, pouco se sabe sobre a participação dos ductos genitais no processo de fertilização e ainda como se dá a transferência dos espermatozoides para estes, via gonópodos masculinos. O presente trabalho descreve morfologicamente os ductos genitais femininos e os gonópodos de diferentes famílias de caranguejos Eubrachyura. As coletas foram realizadas no litoral cearense durante os anos de 2010 a 2013. Foram coletados machos e fêmeas de sete espécies de Eubrachyura. Em laboratório, as fêmeas foram dissecadas e o sistema reprodutor feminino analisado macro e microscopicamente (microscopia de luz). Os gonópodos dos machos foram retirados, fixados e processados para análise histológica e em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Anatomicamente o sistema reprodutor feminino segue um padrão, consistindo de um par de ovários alongados e um par de ductos genitais que se estende até o exterior. Os ductos genitais de todas as espécies analisadas são constituídos de quatro regiões: oviduto, receptáculo seminal, vagina e gonóporo (abertura genital ou vulva). Os ovários podem se ligar ao receptáculo seminal nas regiões dorsal ou ventral. As características morfohistológicas encontradas nos ductos genitais, principalmente a forma da vagina e o tipo de epitélio secretor do receptáculo seminal, indicam que estes estão relacionados com a filogenia do táxon. Não foi possível observar o real local de ocorrência da fertilização, no entanto, os resultados obtidos permitiram inferir que o processo de fertilização se inicie no receptáculo seminal e seja concluído nos pleópodos. Em Eubrachyura, a transferência dos espermatozoides é realizada por meio da associação da papila peniana, primeiro e segundo gonópodos. Os dois últimos são recobertos por diferentes tipos de setas que... / Comparative works on the morphological characteristics of female genital ducts and male gonopod in crabs are scarce. Besides, little is known about the role of the genital ducts on the fertilization process or how the sperm is transferred to them, via male gonopods. The present work makes histological analyses of the female genital ducts and male gonopods on different Eubrachyura crabs families. Samples were collected on the coastline of the State of Ceará, between years 2010 and 2013. Males and females from seven different species of Eubrachyura were collected. The females were dissected and the female reproductive system was analyzed macroscopically and microscopically (light microscopy). Male gonopods were removed, fixed and processed for histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Anatomically, female reproductive system follows a pattern, consisting on a pair of elongated ovaries and a pair of genital ducts that extends to the exterior. The genital ducts of all species analyzed were constituted of four regions: oviduct, seminal receptacle, vagina and gonopore (vaginal opening or vulva). The ovaries can be connected to the seminal receptacle on the ventral or dorsal region. The morphohistological characteristics found on the genital ducts, mainly the vagina shape and the type of secretory epithelium of the seminal receptacle, indicates that these were related to taxon phylogeny. It was not possible to evaluate the exact fertilization site, although, the results allow inferring that the fertilization process begins at the seminal receptacle and concludes at the pleopods. We conclude that, among Eubrachyura, sperm transfer is performed by the association of the papille penile, first and second gonopods. The last two are covered in various setae types that, depending on the morphology and location, may have functions like protection, filtering, chemo and mechanoreception. Histologically, the gonopods of the analyzed... / FAPESP: 09/52821-2

Orientador: Maria Izabel Camargo Mathias / Banca: José Roberto Feitosa Silva / Banca: Rusleyd Maria Magalhães de Abreu / Banca: Erika Takagi Nunes / Banca: Gabriela Ortiz / Resumo: Trabalhos comparativos das características morfológicas dos ductos genitais femininos e dos gonópodos de caranguejos são escassos. Além disso, pouco se sabe sobre a participação dos ductos genitais no processo de fertilização e ainda como se dá a transferência dos espermatozoides para estes, via gonópodos masculinos. O presente trabalho descreve morfologicamente os ductos genitais femininos e os gonópodos de diferentes famílias de caranguejos Eubrachyura. As coletas foram realizadas no litoral cearense durante os anos de 2010 a 2013. Foram coletados machos e fêmeas de sete espécies de Eubrachyura. Em laboratório, as fêmeas foram dissecadas e o sistema reprodutor feminino analisado macro e microscopicamente (microscopia de luz). Os gonópodos dos machos foram retirados, fixados e processados para análise histológica e em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Anatomicamente o sistema reprodutor feminino segue um padrão, consistindo de um par de ovários alongados e um par de ductos genitais que se estende até o exterior. Os ductos genitais de todas as espécies analisadas são constituídos de quatro regiões: oviduto, receptáculo seminal, vagina e gonóporo (abertura genital ou vulva). Os ovários podem se ligar ao receptáculo seminal nas regiões dorsal ou ventral. As características morfohistológicas encontradas nos ductos genitais, principalmente a forma da vagina e o tipo de epitélio secretor do receptáculo seminal, indicam que estes estão relacionados com a filogenia do táxon. Não foi possível observar o real local de ocorrência da fertilização, no entanto, os resultados obtidos permitiram inferir que o processo de fertilização se inicie no receptáculo seminal e seja concluído nos pleópodos. Em Eubrachyura, a transferência dos espermatozoides é realizada por meio da associação da papila peniana, primeiro e segundo gonópodos. Os dois últimos são recobertos por diferentes tipos de setas que... / Abstract: Comparative works on the morphological characteristics of female genital ducts and male gonopod in crabs are scarce. Besides, little is known about the role of the genital ducts on the fertilization process or how the sperm is transferred to them, via male gonopods. The present work makes histological analyses of the female genital ducts and male gonopods on different Eubrachyura crabs families. Samples were collected on the coastline of the State of Ceará, between years 2010 and 2013. Males and females from seven different species of Eubrachyura were collected. The females were dissected and the female reproductive system was analyzed macroscopically and microscopically (light microscopy). Male gonopods were removed, fixed and processed for histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Anatomically, female reproductive system follows a pattern, consisting on a pair of elongated ovaries and a pair of genital ducts that extends to the exterior. The genital ducts of all species analyzed were constituted of four regions: oviduct, seminal receptacle, vagina and gonopore (vaginal opening or vulva). The ovaries can be connected to the seminal receptacle on the ventral or dorsal region. The morphohistological characteristics found on the genital ducts, mainly the vagina shape and the type of secretory epithelium of the seminal receptacle, indicates that these were related to taxon phylogeny. It was not possible to evaluate the exact fertilization site, although, the results allow inferring that the fertilization process begins at the seminal receptacle and concludes at the pleopods. We conclude that, among Eubrachyura, sperm transfer is performed by the association of the papille penile, first and second gonopods. The last two are covered in various setae types that, depending on the morphology and location, may have functions like protection, filtering, chemo and mechanoreception. Histologically, the gonopods of the analyzed... / Doutor

We studied the functional significance of marked differences in the DNA content of somatic cells and germ line nuclei by static Feulgen-DNA cytophotometry for several species of microcrustaceans that exhibit chromatin diminution during very early stages of embryogenesis. Mature females and males showed many gonadal nuclei with elevated amounts of DNA that persist until dispersal of this "extra" DNA throughout the cytoplasm as fragments and coalescing droplets of chromatin during anaphase of the diminution division.

No description available.

Como resultado do seu passado evolutivo, a família dos camarões Palaemonidae reúne representantes de ambientes osmóticos dos mais variados. Sejam de ambientes marinhos, estuarinos ou dulcícolas, estáveis ou variáveis, as espécies destes camarões mantêm a concentração osmo-iônica da hemolinfa independente da concentração do meio. Essas espécies hiper-regulam a osmolalidade e íons da hemolinfa em meio diluído e água doce e hipo-regulam em meio concentrado ou água do mar. Um importante local de transporte iônico envolvido na regulação osmo-iônica é o epitélio brânquial, pois nas membranas de seus ionócitos constituintes encontra-se um conjunto de transportadores que efetuam o movimento transepitelial de íons. Dentre estes transportadores, o simportador Na+, K+, 2Cl- (NKCC) é considerado ter um papel na secreção de sal, objetivo primário dessa investigação. Espécies representativas de habitat marinho do gênero Palaemon foram coletadas em regiões de estuário e de poça de maré, e de habitat dulcícola do gênero Macrobrachium foram coletadas em rios que desembocam no mar e também em riachos continentais sem influência do aporte salobro. Avaliou-se os limites letais de salinidade superior (LSS50) das espécies marinhas P. northropi e P. pandaliformis e dulcícolas diádromas M. acanthurus, M. olfersi, M. amazonicum que dependem de água salobra para completo desenvolvimento larval, e hololimnéticas M. potiuna e M. brasiliense com ciclo reprodutivo completo em água doce. Objetivou-se aqui (i) caracterizar os mecanismos de hiperregulação (condição controle de 18 S P. northropi, 17 S P. pandaliformis, água doce <0,5 S nas espécies de Macrobrachium) e hiporegulação [a curto (24 h) e longo prazo (120 h) em salinidade correspondente a 80% da LSS50] da osmolalidade e [Cl-] da hemolinfa, da expressão gênica e proteica e a localização por imunofluorescência do NKCC nos ionócitos branquiais; (ii) da existência de um padrão filogenético nesses parâmetros; e (iii) testar as hipóteses de um efeito da salinidade na evolução da expressão gênica e proteica desse simportador. As espécies de Palaemon apresentaram os maiores limites de tolerância ao aumento da salinidade, assim como exibiram uma maior capacidade hiporegulatória a longo prazo (120 h) comparada aos representantes de Macrobrachium. Dentre as espécies de Macrobrachium, os limites de tolerância foram maiores nas espécies diádromas do que nas hololimnéticas. Os parâmetros LSS50, osmolalidade e [Cl-] da hemolinfa demonstraram-se estruturados na filogenia, sendo as semelhanças compartilhadas justificadas pela estreita proximidade entre as espécies. As análises filogenéticas revelaram que a capacidade hiper-regulatória da [Cl-] da hemolinfa foi correlacionada com a expressão gênica do simportador NKCC nas brânquias, enquanto que a síntese proteica do NKCC parece estar associada à hiper-regulação da osmolalidade da hemolinfa. A avaliação da localização do NKCC por imunofluorescência demonstrou que o simportador está distribuído em ambas as células que compõem o epitélio das brânquias, as células pilares e células do septo intralamelar. A localização na porção inferior das franjas e no corpo da célula pilar e por toda célula do septo não diferiu entre as espécies, e também não difereiu entre as condições controle e a curto e longo prazo em salinidade elevada. Esses resultados em conjunto sugerem a importância do NKCC também na captação de sal pelas brânquias. Houve um aumento da síntese proteica do NKCC nas brânquias dos representantes de Macrobrachium, exceto M. potiuna, quando em salinidade elevada. Observou-se que este aumento é explicado pela proximidade filogenética entre as espécies. Não houve mudança na transcrição de RNAm para o NKCC apesar do aumento na síntese proteica, o que sugere uma possível regulação pós-transcricional. A reconstrução da história evolutiva da osmorregulação, incorporando o conceito de filofisiologia, revelou a existência de mecanismos em nível molecular, celular e sistêmico que evoluíram acompanhando os eventos cladogenéticos dos Palaemonidae durante a irradiação e ocupação de diferentes nichos osmóticos. / Owing to their evolutionary history, the shrimp family Palaemonidae includes species from widely distinct osmotic environments. Whether from marine, estuarine, or fresh waters, inhabiting stable or variable osmotic niches, these shrimps maintain the osmotic-ionic concentration of their hemolymph independently of the concentration of the external medium. These species hyper-regulate hemolymph osmolality and ions in dilute medium and fresh water and hypo-regulate this fluid in concentrated medium or seawater. The gill epithelium constitutes an important interface of ion transport, and its constituent ionocytes express an ensemble of ion transporters that enable active transepithelial ion movements. The Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) is thought to play a significant role in compensatory salt secretion. Species representative of the marine habitat (Palaemon) were collected from estuaries and tidal pools; diadromous species from the fresh water habitat (Macrobrachium) were collected near the mouths of rivers that flow into the sea, while hololimnetic species were collected in continental streams lacking the influence of brackish waters. The critical upper salinity limits (LSS50) of the marine species P. northropi and P. pandaliformis and the diadromous freshwater species M. acanthurus, M. olfersi, M. amazonicum that depend on brackish water for complete larval development, and the hololimnetic M. potiuna and M. brasiliense that complete their reproductive cycle entirely in fresh water were established. Our objectives were to characterize the mechanisms of hyper-regulation (control condition 18 S P. northropi, 17 S P. pandaliformis, fresh water <0.5 S for Macrobrachium) and hypo-regulation [short-term (24 h) and long-term 120 h) at salinities corresponding to 80% of LSS50] of hemolymph osmolality and [Cl-], gene and protein expression, and NKCC localization for immunofluorescence in the gill ionocytes; (ii) the existence of a phylogenetic pattern in these parameters; and (iii) to test hypotheses for a salinity effect on the evolution of the gene and protein expression of this symporter. The species of Palaemon had the highest tolerance limits to increased salinity, and also exhibited a greater hypo-regulatory capacity for long-term acclimation compared to the species of Macrobrachium. Among the Macrobrachium species, the LSS50 were higher in the diadromous species than in the hololimnetic species. The parameters LSS50 and osmolality and [Cl-] of the hemolymph were phylogenetically structured, similarities being shared by closely related species. The hyper-regulatory capacity of hemolymph [Cl-] correlated with NKCC gene expression in the gills, while NKCC protein synthesis appears to be associated with hyper-regulation of hemolymph osmolality. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the NKCC was located in both cell types that constitute the gill epithelium, the pillar cells and the septal cells. The location of the NKCC in the lower flanges and perikarya of the pillar cells and throughout the septal cells, did not differ among species, and also did not differ among control conditions or short and long-term exposure at high salinity. These results together also suggest the importance of the NKCC in salt uptake by the gills. When in high salinity there was an increase in NKCC protein synthesis in the gills of the Macrobrachium species, except for M. potiuna. This increase can be explained by the phylogenetic proximity among those species, which excludes adaptive inferences. There was no change in NKCC mRNA transcription, which suggests possible post-transcriptional regulation. The reconstruction of the evolutionary history of osmoregulation, incorporating the concept of phylophysiology, revealed the existence of mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and systemic levels that have evolved accompanying the cladogenetic events of the Palaemonidae during their radiation and occupation of different osmotic niches.

Evolution occurs and can be conceptualized along a spectrum, bounded on one extreme by the relationships between deep lineages – such as phyla, classes, and orders – and on the other by the molecular dynamics of operational taxonomic units within a species, defined as population genetics. The purpose of this dissertation was to better understand the evolutionary and population dynamics of crustaceans within the Gulf of Mexico. In the second chapter of my dissertation, I provide a guide to best phylogenetic practice while reviewing infraordinal relationships within Decapoda, including the promise held by next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches such as Anchored Hybrid Enrichment. Chapter III is a phylogenetic study of species relationships within the economically important shrimp genus, Farfantepenaeus, targeting three mitochondrial genes and uncovering an intriguing pattern of latitudinal speciation. As the first inclusive molecular phylogeny of the genus, we find support for the newly described species F. isabelae, but a lack of support for the species status of F. notialis. Additionally, our results suggest the existence of two distinct subspecies of F. brasiliensis. Chapter IV investigates the relative impacts of habitat heterogeneity and the presence of a possible glacial refugium in determining population dynamics of the Giant Deep-Sea Isopod, Bathynomus giganteus in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Through hybrid population genetics/genomics analyses and Bayesian testing of population models, we find strong evidence for habitat heterogeneity determining population dynamics for this charismatic deep-sea invertebrate. Chapter V further investigates the role of environment in determining and maintaining genetic diversity and population connectivity, specifically focused on establishing biological baselines with which we can diagnose health and resilience of the Gulf of Mexico. This was accomplished through a comparative NGS population genomics study of three species of mesopelagic crustaceans: Acanthephyra purpurea, Systellaspis debilis, and Robustosergia robusta. While diversity and connectivity differs in each species, the comparative results bespeak the importance of access to the Gulf Loop Current in determining and maintaining population dynamics. Overall, my work significantly contributes to our knowledge of Crustacea at the phylogenetic- and population genetic-level.

The larger pelagic crustacean fauna of the Gully submarine canyon is described for the first time, based on three annual summer surveys. The larger Crustacea are a significant part of the Gully fauna, and are dominated by cold temperate species, in particular the northern krill Meganyctiphanes norvegica and the decapod Sergestes arcticus. In all, at least 69 species were collected from the surface to bathypelagic depths, with seventeen being new Canadian records. With the exception of M. norvegica, inter-annual variation in the dominant species was minor. The species assemblage varied primarily with depth surveyed and diel cycle, and not year. Comparing the larger pelagic crustaceans in the Gully and over the adjacent continental slope showed that overall species number, biomass, and abundance were all greater in the canyon, the biomass of S. arcticus particularly showing a positive “Gully effect”.

The condition at settlement of the western rock lobster pueruli presumably reflects both their energetic condition in reaching the near shore and subsequent recruitment into adult populations. In recruiting to the near shore the pueruli swim across the continental shelf where oceanographic conditions are complex and likely influence the success of recruitment. The results from the biochemical studies are interpreted in light of the oceanography off the coast of Western Australia. I investigated the nutritional condition of larval phyllosomata, post-larval puerulus and first instar post-pueruli juveniles of the spiny lobster, Panulirus cygnus, to determine energy use during the non-feeding transitional puerulus stage. Biochemical analyses of lipid, fatty acid (FA) and protein revealed that lipid, in particular phospholipids, is primarily used for energy during the nonfeeding puerulus stage. Monounsaturated FA showed the greatest decline with development, whereas the polyunsaturated FA showed a high degree of sparing, suggesting these FA are not used as a substrate for energy production. The knowledge gained on the biochemistry of energy use in P. cygnus was then used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability in the nutritional condition, in particular lipid condition, of puerulus collected at three near shore locations (Alkimos, Jurien Bay and Dongara) along the Western Australia coast, and one offshore location (Houtman Abrolhos Islands). The one offshore location was chosen as I hypothesised that arriving pueruli are likely to be in a better state of nutrition than those arriving at more coastal locations where the potential journey from offshore larval feeding grounds to the near shore is considerably greater. This element of my research showed lipid levels to be inversely related, generally, to shelf width but were variable, suggesting pueruli may travel complex trajectories to reach nearshore settlement. The lipid and FA composition of pueruli was also consistent with spatial and seasonal variation in Leeuwin Current and coastal productivity regimes.

This diploma thesis deals with non-native species of crustaceans, which are already present not only in Europe but also successfully inhabit the territory of the Czech Republic. The species that this work deals with is the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) and the killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus). The main goal of this study was to demonstrate the ability of killer shrimp to attack and prey on the crayfish eggs and hatchlings of above mentioned species, which were used not only for theuir presencein Czech Republic but also as model representatives of families Astacidae and Cambaridae. It was therefore the confirmation of high aggressiveness of killer shrimp and point out, that this species is capable of negatively influencing even the bigger invertebrates by direct predation on their early developmental stages. Another aim was to assess whether the killer shrimp can be a suitable prey for a crayfish. As the experiments have shown, killer shrimp is able to predate on crayfish eggs and hatchlings even directly on females abdomens wehre they are incubated and protected. The results confirmed the theory of killer shrimp hazards to aquatic ecosystems and its potential to directly influence the populations of larger organisms. At the same time, it has been found that killer shrimp may be a suitable prey for adult and subadult individuals of signal crayfish and adults of marbled crayfish.

x, 53 leaves : ill., map ; 29 cm Notes Typescript Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 1986 Includes vita and abstract Bibliography: leaves 48-53 Another copy on microfilm is located in Archives