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This thesis analyzes the causes and processes of the East German revolution of 1989. The first half explains the demise of the USSR and its East European allies in terms of their insertion into a changing global environment. A Marxist explanation is given of the economic and social decay of East European ‘Communism’ in general and of East Germany in particular. The latter state was characterized by two fundamental contradictions. The first was between its economic nationalist form and the developing internationalization of the world economy. The second was between the attractive power of the economically superior West and the GDR’s dependence upon the USSR. East Germany’s rulers, despite being uniquely grateful for Moscow’s ‘bear hug’, were also tempted to embrace the West. The East German economy became ever more entangled with and dependent upon Western businesses and states. Albeit to a lesser extent than their counterparts in Poland and Hungary, East Germany’s rulers found themselves seduced by the superior technologies, commodities, and economic structures of the West. They were torn between loyalty to orthodox Communism and to Moscow, and a tacit awareness of Western economic superiority. This contradiction was compounded when, under Gorbachev, the Kremlin ceased to be identified with Communist orthodoxy. The second half of the thesis is devoted to the revolution itself. The interaction between the regime’s reaction to the developing crisis and the mobilization of protest is examined. Among the questions addressed are why the SED was unable to prevent mass emigration and why the security forces were unable to crush the protests. In the context of a narrative of the protest movement three aspects are given particular attention. The first is the transformation of society. Over the course of some five months of weekly demonstrations in which millions participated, political institutions were transformed as well as other core features of social and political behaviour. Secondly, the importance of conscious deliberation, debate and strategy is emphasized. Detailed consideration is made of how people became conscious of the developing national crisis, how they scented the opportunity to protest, and how they acted to effect political change. Thirdly, the question of why a divergence developed between the ‘Citizens’ Movement’ and the rest of the movement is addressed. In particular the radicalization of the mass movement is examined, as are the strategies of the Citizens Movement and of the regime. Finally, the history of the overthrow of the forces of the old regime is narrated, culminating in the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Although Saudi Arabia has made great progress in almost all aspects of development, the availability of water has remained problematic. It is, therefore, important to study water resources, and also the increasing water demands in Saudi Arabia in general, and in Tihama Asir in particular. Climate is influenced to a limited extent by the relatively high altitude of the mountains, especially where rainfall is concerned, and an annual average between 30mm and 300mm is recorded. The rate of evaporation, however, is very high, because of the cloudless sky and high temperatures. Runoff occurs only after torrential and monsoon rain, when the wadis collect floodwaters from their many tributaries. Two hundred dams have been built in recent years in an attempt to increase underground water recharge, and to provide potable water in sufficient quantity and quality, and to provide for irrigation. The ground water resources, including the shallow aquifers of wadis and the deep aquifers, could be of greater benefit with the modification of their current use. A large number of desalination plants have been constructed along the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf to meet the increasing water demands of Saudi Arabia's increasing population. The utilization of treated sewage effluent should be increased to stop the threat of ground water contamination and to reduce the pressure exerted on available resources. Results indicate that modem irrigation methods reach high levels of average field irrigation efficiency, and traditional practices show the highest average levels of energetics performance. Based on water resources and water budget analysis the following recommendations are suggested to the Ministry of Agriculture and Water with regard to water uses in Saudi Arabia and Tihama Asir in particular.- Modernize traditional and intermediate irrigation methods on as many acres as feasible.- Introduce small green-houses on as many private farms as possible.- Develop water resources extension service programmes and training programmes that address fundamental aspects of improving domestic water use, and alternatives to natural and artificial supplies. The developed database can be used as an information source to support future water resource-oriented decision making.

This thesis examines the arrangements and relationship amongst the member-States of ASEAN - the Association of South-east Asian Nations (though with less emphasis on Brunei, which only became the sixth and latest member of the Association upon its independence in January 1984) concerning the modern law of the sea issues that can most affect their national interests and the region directly, and which have developed particularly through the Third UN Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS III). Such issues are, first, the question of passage through the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, which has borne considerable law of the sea significance even long before the sixteenth century. Hence, such historical background is also explored. Secondly, since the Association consists of the two largest archipelagic States - Indonesia and the Philippines, considerations are given to the emergent archipelagic State concept, as recently developed, which is proved to have profound implications to the ASEAN members. So is the new concept of exclusive economic zone - an extended jurisdictional zone for marine living and non-living resources. The application of both of the latter concepts in the region will consequently render clear beneficiary and disadvantaged States among the members of ASEAN. Search for use of resources in the sea has also led ASEAN States to series of continental shelf boundary delimitation and one joint development arrangement agreements. These are analysed in comparison with a close examination of recent State practice and international adjudication. The thesis aims ultimately to demonstrate what roles the so-called 'ASEAN spirit' have played in influencing the practice of ASEAN States, their conflict management, their co-operation and their general outlook regarding such major law of the sea issues of the region.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Most recent studies and reports indicate that there is a significant risk of conflicts and wars over water sharing in the Middle East because of scarcity. Apart from exaggerating the scarcity of water resources and the likelihood of war, the major flaw of these assessments is that they just identify and do not solve the problem of water scarcity. The idea that water scarcity is the main source of conflict in the region is too narrow. Because water is so essential to life, even hostile coriparians have historically sought to compromise rather go to war over this resource, even as disputes have raged on other issues. Indeed, the historical record is predominantly cooperation rather than conflict when it comes to water sharing. This thesis provides a clear description of why water scarcity has not caused a violent conflict between Turkey, Syria and Iraq in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin. / Second Lieutenant, Turkish Air Force

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Thesis (M.M. (Public Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Public and Development Management, 2013. / There have been integration efforts in Africa for the last four decades, similar to other continental efforts across the globe. Learning from the past failures of regional integration efforts in Africa, in the late 1960s and 1970s, the East African Community partner states came up with a new approach towards integrating the region, that is, people centered and private sector driven integration. The regional integration projects and programmes remain the top priority among the EAC partner states as the means to achieve sustainable development in the region. Nevertheless there are indications that EAC partner states are over ambitious in advancing regional integration. The major challenges of the EAC integration span issues such as policy coordination and harmonization, infrastructure development and intra-regional trade expansion, protocols and policy implementation, labour mobility. The purpose of the study was to appraise the progress of regional integration protocols and policies implementation at the national level of the EAC partner states. The study assessed the extent of regional cooperation and integration success since the EAC was revived in 1999, up to 2010, in three broad areas: (i) customs union, (ii) community external relations, and (iii) common market. The research used exploratory case study approach. The main findings of the research were that: (i) the customs union is a difficult stage for partner states to implement; (ii) Tanzania has argued that land matters are not part in the common market discussion; and (iii) the EAC partner states are skeptical of the EU’s motives in economic partnership agreement negotiations. The study also found that the EU’s motives are to obtain preferential trade arrangements both in the EAC and other emerging economies. The study recommends initiatives to create an enabling environment for the greater mutual understanding and substantial degree of trust on the scope of cooperation agreed upon, among the partner states as building for further integration in the region.

陳偉強. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (leaves 75-83). / 附中英文摘要. / Chen Weiqiang. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi) -- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 75-83). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 前言 --- p.2 / Chapter 一. --- 本文硏究的目的、理由和方法 --- p.2 / Chapter 二. --- 本文的硏究槪要 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二章 --- <志玄安樂經>的宗教操練 --- p.6 / Chapter 一. --- <志玄安樂經>的背景 --- p.6 / Chapter 二. --- <志玄安樂經> 簡介 --- p.11 / Chapter 三. --- <志玄安樂經> 宗教操練的方法 --- p.13 / Chapter 四. --- < 志玄安樂經>宗教操練所達至的境界 --- p.20 / Chapter 第三章 --- 從本色化角度看 <志玄安樂經> 的宗教操練 --- p.23 / Chapter 一 . --- <志玄安樂經 >是中華本色化了的基督教文獻 --- p.23 / Chapter 二 . --- 從本色化角度看 <志玄安樂經> 的宗教操練 --- p.23 / Chapter 三. --- <志玄安樂經> 宗教操練的特色 --- p.39 / Chapter 第四章 --- <志玄安樂經〉的宗教操練與唐代社會 --- p.54 / Chapter 一 . --- <志玄安樂經〉的宗教操練與唐人的生活 --- p.54 / Chapter 二 . --- <志玄安樂經〉的宗教操練與唐代的宗教 --- p.55 / Chapter 三. --- 論 <志玄安樂經> 的交流模式 --- p.64 / Chapter 第五章 --- 總結 --- p.66 / Chapter 一. --- <志玄安樂經 >宗教操練的貢獻 --- p.66 / Chapter 二. --- <志玄安樂經〉宗教操練的不足 --- p.68 / Chapter 三. --- <志玄安樂經〉宗教操練對當代基督教靈修操練的啓迪 --- p.70 / 附錄： <志玄安樂經> 標點及分段 --- p.72 / 參考書目 --- p.75