Hintergrund: Durch den Einsatz der Hochfrequenzoszillationsbeatmung (HFOV) kann das applizierte Tidalvolumen minimiert und dadurch das Risiko für alveolären Scherstress reduziert werden, allerdings resultieren höhere Oszillationsfrequenzen in einer insuffizienten CO2-Elimination mit Entstehung einer Hyperkapnie und respiratorischen Azidose. In dieser experimentellen Studie wurde die Auswirkung verschiedener Oszillationsfrequenzen bei der HFOV auf die CO2-Elimination mit und ohne die Hinzunahme einer arteriovenösen extrakorporalen Lungenassistenz (avECLA) im Großtier-ARDS-Modell untersucht. Unsere Hypothese: die Verwendung hoher Oszillationsfrequenzen und damit die Minimierung des Tidalvolumens erfordert die Kombination einer HFOV mit einer avECLA, um Normokapnie zu erhalten oder wiederherzustellen. Methodik: Hierzu wurden acht gesunde Pietrain-Schweine (56,5 ± 4,4 kg) narkotisiert und intubiert und anschließend mittels pulmonaler Lavage ein schweres iatrogenes ARDS herbeigeführt. Nach einstündiger Stabilisierungsphase (PaO2 durchgehend < 80 mmHg) erfolgte ein Recruitment-Manöver und die Einstellung des mittleren Atemwegsdrucks auf 3 cmH2O über dem zuvor bestimmten unteren Inflektionspunkt. Anschließend wurden die Tiere der HFOV zugeführt, randomisiert und mit entweder auf- oder absteigenden Oszillationsfrequenzen jeweils 30 Minuten mit und ohne Hinzunahme der avECLA beatmet. Ergebnisse: Ab Oszillationsfrequenzen von 9 Hz entwickelten die Versuchstiere ohne die Hinzunahme einer avECLA zügig eine Hyperkapnie, welcher nur durch die Hinzunahme der avECLA entgegengewirkt werden konnte. Durch das Recruitment-Manöver und die Einstellung des mittleren Atemwegsdrucks auf 3 cmH2O über dem unteren Inflektionspunkt konnte die Oxygenierung dauerhaft signifikant verbessert werden (p<0.05). Die Ergebnisse der beiden Gruppen (auf- vs. absteigende Oszillationsfrequenzen) unterschieden sich dabei nicht voneinander. Zusammenfassung: Bei der Hochfrequenzoszillationsbeatmung (HFOV) konnte Normokapnie bei Oszillationsfrequenzen von 9 – 15 Hz nur durch die Kombination mit einer arteriovenösen extrakorporalen Lungenassistenz (avECLA) aufrecht erhalten werden. Zusätzlich konnte nach dem Recruitment-Manöver und der Einstellung des mittleren Atemwegsdrucks auf 3 cmH2O über dem unteren Inflektionspunkt auch noch bei sehr hohen Oszillationsfrequenzen eine dauerhafte, signifikante Verbesserung der Oxygenierung verzeichnet werden. Somit demaskiert die avECLA das lungenprotektive Potential der HFOV: die Minimierung der applizierten Tidalvolumina begrenzt nicht nur eine alveoläre Überblähung und damit Volutraumata, die Applikation höherer mittlerer Atemwegsdrücke ermöglicht darüber hinaus ein pulmonales Recruitment und schützt die Lunge damit vor Atelekttraumata. / Background: During high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) the applied tidal volume can be minimized and thereby reduce the risk of alveolar shear stress, however, higher oscillatory frequencies result in insufficient CO2-elimination with development of hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. In this experimental study, the effect of different oscillatory frequencies in HFOV in regards to CO2-elimination with or without the combination with an arteriovenous extracorporeal lung assist (av-ECLA) was investigated in an animal-model of ARDS. Our hypothesis: the use of high oscillation frequencies and therefore the minimization of tidal volume requires the combination of HFOV with av-ECLA to maintain or reestablish normocapnia. Methods: Therefore eight healthy pigs (56.5 ± 4.4 kg) were anesthetized and intubated, followed by a pulmonary lavage to induce a severe iatrogenic ARDS. After a stabilisation period of 60 minutes (PaO2 continuously < 80 mmHg) a recruitment maneuver was performed and mean airway pressure was adjusted 3 cmH2O above the previously determined lower inflection point. The animals were then transferred to HFOV, randomized and ventilated with either ascending or descending oscillatory frequencies for 30 minutes alternating with and without av-ECLA. Results: At oscillatory frequencies of 9 Hz and above without av-ECLA, the animals rapidly developed a hypercapnia, which could only be counteracted by combining HFOV with av-ECLA. Due to the recruitment maneuver and the adjustment of the mean airway pressure to 3 cmH2O above the lower inflection point, the oxygenation could be significantly improved throughout the trial (p<0.05). The results of both groups (ascending vs. descending oscillatory frequencies) did not differ from each other. Conclusion: During high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) with oscillatory frequencies of 9 - 15 Hz, normocapnia could only be maintained by the combination with an arteriovenous extracorporeal lung assist (av-ECLA). In addition, after recruitment maneuver and the adjustment of the mean airway pressure to 3 cmH2O above the lower inflection point, a permanent and significant improvement in the oxygenation could be observed, even at very high oscillation frequencies. Therefore, the av-ECLA unmasks the lung-protective potential of HFOV: the minimization of the applied tidal volume not only limits an alveolar over-inflation and therefore volutrauma; the application of higher mean airway pressures also enables pulmonary recruitment and therefore protects the lung from atelecttrauma.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise retórica do discurso da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina (CEPAL), tal como aparece em seu primeiro trabalho de relevo, o "Estudio Económico de América Latina - 1949". Tal análise baseia-se na teoria da argumentação proposta por Chaim Perelman e Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. A análise propriamente dita consiste na identificação do público a que se dirige o discurso e intenta demonstrar como as premissas e os argumentos utilizados se adequam a seu público, com o fim de levá-lo a aceitar a tese primordial da CEPAL, qual seja, a necessidade de industrialização da América Latina. / This dissertation presents a rhetorical analysis of the discourse of the Economic Comission of Latin America (ECLA), as it appears in its first important work, the "Economic Survey of Latin America - 1949". Such analysis is based upon the theory of argumentation developed by Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. The analysis itself consists in the identification of the public the discourse is addressed to, and attempts to demonstrate how the premises and arguments used are framed according to its public trying to make it accept ECLAs most central proposition, i.e., the need for industrialization in Latin America.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise retórica do discurso da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina (CEPAL), tal como aparece em seu primeiro trabalho de relevo, o "Estudio Económico de América Latina - 1949". Tal análise baseia-se na teoria da argumentação proposta por Chaim Perelman e Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. A análise propriamente dita consiste na identificação do público a que se dirige o discurso e intenta demonstrar como as premissas e os argumentos utilizados se adequam a seu público, com o fim de levá-lo a aceitar a tese primordial da CEPAL, qual seja, a necessidade de industrialização da América Latina. / This dissertation presents a rhetorical analysis of the discourse of the Economic Comission of Latin America (ECLA), as it appears in its first important work, the "Economic Survey of Latin America - 1949". Such analysis is based upon the theory of argumentation developed by Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. The analysis itself consists in the identification of the public the discourse is addressed to, and attempts to demonstrate how the premises and arguments used are framed according to its public trying to make it accept ECLAs most central proposition, i.e., the need for industrialization in Latin America.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Thiago de Jesus Esteves.pdf: 760700 bytes, checksum: 9f3cc4ec678854dfa2be90d4ef0673c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The twentie century had begun to the latin-american contries with huge perspectives when we talk about changies in the economic models so far, that divided the contries into two blocks, on one side the industrialized contries and on the other side the manufacturer contries of raw material. When World War II finished, a period in which marked the end of about 30 years of crises and international conflicts, for the first time in history, the latin-american contries had na actual oportunity to put and end to a current model of International Labour Division. With this him, the UNO General Assembly approved the creation of the Economical Commission for Latin-America (ECLA) in 1948. In spite of the initial scepticism, the ECLA became the most important center of the estudies, analyses and diagnostic of the latin-american contries economical situations. So, it started to support different kinds of government of the region, implementine economical policies that cold guarantee its development, based on industrialization. With favorable international situation, even facine structural problems, the majority of the latin-american contries started to show a relative improvement relating to their economical development levels, due to the incredsing exportations.However, the 70 s was marked by lots of crises in many different fields, like politics, social, economical and military. These problematic areds reached the developed contries so much that they opened possibilities for the victory of the named Conservative Forces . It allowed a very important change in the target of the economical policies so far. Then, the well-known developmentism model fell down, in which the State owned a very relevant role therefore, it was adopted the neoliberalism , that in general lines released the markes of the state tutorship. The neoliberalism model started to be spread as a possible alternative to the other contries of the woeld as na encouraning way to its economical develoment. In this context, in 1989, a convetion took place in Washington D.C., the United States of America capital, and it was know as The Washington Consensus . In this agreement participated the north american congress and executive, lot of experts in latin-american issues, besides members of multilateral organism for credit and financing whicas lie in that renowned city, aiming for the discussion relating to a series of masures with political and economical purposes with a very clear neliberal point of view that could be adopted by the latin-american contries as a way of speedine very bad results motivated principally by na excessive interference of the state straight to the economy. By means of a brief biography survey, I m seeking in this text characterize historical, institutional, political and economical bases which since the 50 s try to contribute wich a solutionto the problem of the latin-america economical development. I m seeking to analyse and understand the models of the economical development proposed by the ECLA and the so called Washington Consensus to the region, wich by their own genesis constitute into two antagonic projects, since the former considers the State participation as an essential condition and the latter on the contrary intends a kind of economical development which is led by market, without the state interference. We come to a conclusion that both models demostred themselues ineffective in face of a great diversity of political, economical and cultural characteristics of the region. / A disserta??o busca analisar os modelos de integra??o regional que foram adotados nos pa?ses do continente americano sob duas perspectivas, a desenvolvimentista e a neoliberal. No que se refere ao modelo de integra??o desenvolvimentista, este tem como marco a aprova??o pela Assembl?ia Geral das Na??es Unidas, em 1948, da cria??o da Comiss?o econ?mica para a Am?rica Latina (CEPAL).Em rela??o ao modelo de integra??o regional sob a perspectiva neoliberal, este teve como marco a confer?ncia realizada em 1989, em Washington, capital dos Estados Unidos da Am?rica, que ficou conhecida como Consenso de Washington . Por meio de um levantamento bibliogr?fico, a presente disserta??o caracterizar as bases hist?ricas, institucionais, pol?ticas e econ?micas que desde a d?cada de 50 procuram contribuir com a solu??o do problema do desenvolvimento econ?mico da Am?rica Latina. Assim, a disserta??o se prop?e a analisar e compreender os modelos de desenvolvimento econ?mico proposto pela CEPAL e pelo chamado Consenso de Washington para a regi?o, que por sua pr?pria g?nese constituem em dois projetos antag?nicos, uma vez que o primeiro considera a participa??o do Estado como condi??o indispens?vel e o segundo ao contr?rio, pretende um modelo de desenvolvimento econ?mico capitaneado pelo mercado, sem a interfer?ncia estatal. Para atender este objetivo, s?o feitos estudos de caso sobre os modelos de integra??o regional adotados ou em processo de negocia??o nas Am?ricas, sob a perspectiva desenvolvimentista, a Associa??o Latino-Americana de Livre Com?rcio (ALALC), o Mercado Comum Centro-Americano e o Grupo Andino e no caso da perspectiva neoliberal, o Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul), o North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) e o projeto de cria??o da ?rea de Livre Com?rcio para as Am?ricas (ALCA). A conclus?o da disserta??o ? de que ambos os modelos se mostraram ineficazes diante da diversidade de caracter?sticas pol?ticas, econ?micas e culturais da regi?o.

Submitted by Sergio Wanderley (sergiow.gaz@terra.com.br) on 2015-04-08T15:36:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Sergio_Wanderley_versão_final.pdf: 5039778 bytes, checksum: c0ee12f333f32f7f1749dab0c1542144 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-04-13T14:32:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Sergio_Wanderley_versão_final.pdf: 5039778 bytes, checksum: c0ee12f333f32f7f1749dab0c1542144 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-04-14T18:02:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Sergio_Wanderley_versão_final.pdf: 5039778 bytes, checksum: c0ee12f333f32f7f1749dab0c1542144 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T18:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Sergio_Wanderley_versão_final.pdf: 5039778 bytes, checksum: c0ee12f333f32f7f1749dab0c1542144 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / The objective of this dissertation is to investigate how the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) and Superior Institute of Brazilian Studies (ISEB) have contributed to management history in Brazil. This dissertation departed from a consolidated historiography methodology, but employed the decolonial perspective to problematize the term history and, thus, proposes a new investigation agenda. The importation of historiography themes such as Americanization and Cold War fosters the mimicry of investigation agendas that subalternizes other local processes that have contributed to management historiography. The geo-historical investigation is carried out from the interaction of the two concepts of development(alism) that emerge from the literature review – one that emerges from the Latin American reality and the other received externally via Americanization – that come closer or get further away from each other, and that are inserted in the long durée of Latin America modernity/coloniality. The search for management science began, in Brazil, in connection with the modernization and development of the country that led to the creation of the first graduate management schools and the courses object of this dissertation, which formed 1.316 professionals at postgraduate level. During this period, the role of Americanization should be minimized and one should relativize the role of management schools in management geo-history. The aim is to bring to the fore knowledges belonging to the tradition of the Latin American social critical thought - subalternized by management literature - that can inform the area in Brazil and abroad. This is a way to decolonize historiography investigation agendas and to eschew the tendency of acritically repeating foreign content. / O objetivo desta tese é investigar a atuação da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina (CEPAL) e do Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (ISEB) na história da educação em administração no Brasil. Esta tese partiu de uma metodologia historiográfica consolidada na área, mas utilizou a abordagem descolonial para problematizar o termo história e, assim, propor uma nova agenda de pesquisa. A importação de temas de pesquisa historiográfica como americanização e Guerra Fria provoca um mimetismo de agendas de investigação e termina por subalternizar outros eventos locais que contribuíram para a historiografia da administração. A investigação geo-histórica desta tese é feita a partir da interação entre dois conceitos de desenvolviment(ism)o – o que emerge a partir da realidade da América Latina e o que é recebido de fora via americanização – que ora se aproximam, ora se afastam, e que estão inseridos na long durée da modernidade/colonialidade da América Latina. A busca pela ciência da administração se iniciou, no Brasil, vinculada ao processo de modernização e desenvolvimento do país, que levou à criação, durante a década de 1950, das primeiras escolas de ensino de graduação em administração e dos cursos objetos desta tese, que formaram 1.316 profissionais em nível de pós-graduação. Neste período deve ser minimizado o papel da americanização e relativizada a atuação destas escolas de ensino de graduação na geo-história da administração. Devemos, portanto, descolonizar a atuação da CEPAL e do ISEB como instituições de ensino e pesquisa para trazer à tona conhecimentos da tradição do pensamento social crítico latino-americano que foram subalternizados na literatura de administração, para que possam informar a área no Brasil e no exterior. Este é um caminho para descolonizar a agenda de pesquisa historiográfica e escapar da tendência de reproduzir acriticamente conhecimento recebido do exterior.