The reduction of fuel consumption and the reduction of toxic emissions are the main goals of research and development in the area of internal combustion engines. The use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to come further in that direction is today an established method for diesel engines. EGR reduces the emissions of nitrogen oxides with a low penalty in fuel consumption. The increasingly hard regulations on emissions put high pressure on the manufacturers to improve these systems. The present work aims at increasing the knowledge in the area of EGR. Two of the main challenges when applying EGR are addressed, efficiency and mixing. The efficiency of the EGR-system is analyzed, focusing on keeping the fuel penalty low for a given EGR-rate. Different layouts of the EGR system are studied and compared regarding their stationary and transient properties. Exergy analysis is used to show the potential for improvement in different system components. In the same time, exergy analysis as a tool is introduced and compared to energy analysis of a system. The usefulness of exergy analysis of the entire gas exchange is shown by the example of a heavy-duty diesel engine. The problem of EGR and air mixing is approached by a detailed study of the mixing process in a heavy-duty diesel engine. Different methods for the measurement of EGR distribution are presented and compared. Additionally, the possibility to predict the mixing effects by 1-D and 3-D simulation is assessed. It is shown that the mixing between air and EGR is highly dependent on the pulsating nature of the flow. The EGR is shown to be transported in packets in the air flow. This leads to the conclusion that mixing not only at the mixing point, but also mixing in flow direction needs to be optimized, as the distribution of EGR between the cylinders is dependent on the timing between the passage of the EGR packets and the valve opening time. / <p>QC 20140203</p>

Because of environmental pollution, forces the automotive industry constantly reduced emissions requirements legislated by the authorities. Improved techniques for engine control are a must for bringing down emissions. The use of an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) reduces NOx emissions significantly. Faulty EGR valves affect the emissions negative and therefore needs to be eliminated. It is possible to create malfunctions on the EGR valve by modifying the software of the control unit (ECU), but it does not create realistic malfunctions. The problem by modifying the software is that flags and various parameters are set to confirm the malfunction of the ECU. To create actual failure of the EGR valve an external tool to modify the control signal is needed. The project's main objective is on a flexible way creating malfunctions on the EGR valve in a truck engine. By investigating engine behavior in a realistic and credible way, one can eliminate malfunctions on the EGR valve. The aim was achieved by a model that has been developed that can, using electronics and a microprocessor read and create a control signal. The electronic circuit is controlled by the microprocessor, which can modify the signal and create malfunctions in the form of a slow valve "slow-response". A graphical user interface is used to change and influence the error signal. The circuit with the microprocessor is placed safely in a box to both protect and preserve the components. Simulation of Slow response has resulted in an incorrect operated valve being created. Using two different methods a Slow-response can be created. One method is a delay in time, which occurs when the new position is given, the second method is a ramp function when the control signal is gradually increasing. The software can also create an error that mimics a stuck valve of a fixed value. With the above listed methods it is possible in theory to find unknown malfunctions on the EGR valve that influence emissions negatively.

No description available.

[EN] The use of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) as a technique to reduce nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) in Diesel engines started with the EURO regulations and continues to the present day. While aftertreatment systems were proposed as an alternative to replace EGR, the combination of both technologies has achieved the current strict regulations (EURO6, TIER 2). The fact that EGR reduces NOx originated into the combustion process with high effectiveness and with easy implementation in the engine, are the most important advantages which have kept EGR as one of the main techniques against NOx. Additionally, from another point of view, the use of EGR is spreading in other applications such as SI engines and HCCI, as a strategy to manage functional tasks on them. So far, the cooled high pressure EGR system (HPEGR) has been the most widespread configuration to perform EGR. Nonetheless, it is limited in achieving high EGR rates by its effects on Tintake, BSFC and particulate emissions (PM). In this context, low pressure EGR (LPEGR) was raised as an alternative to overcome these limitations. However, LPEGR has other disadvantages such as low value of Pexh-intk which prevents high EGR rates during some engine conditions or the effect on other pollutant emissions during engine warm up at the emissions cycle. Considering the new challenges that light vehicles will face in the future regulations (WLTP or TIER 3) and the aforementioned individual limitations for HPEGR and LPEGR systems, this PhD. Thesis propounds the analysis of the combination of both EGR techniques, HPEGR and LPEGR, in order to show the ability to reach high EGR rates and the effects on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. To accomplish this objective, by means of experimental tests, two different combination strategies are evaluated: firstly, a simultaneous combination of both HPEGR and LPEGR systems and, secondly, a sequential combination of the individual systems. For simultaneous combination of HPEGR and LPEGR, a sweep of EGR rates combining the use of both systems is performed at five engine operation points within the engine operating range of EGR. For all tested points, the ability of reaching higher rates of EGR with the combination than with individual systems is analyzed from the air management point of view. The analysis is performed by studying the evolution of the properties of the trapped mass into the cylinder, the engine volumetric efficiency and the turbocharger performance. Besides analyzing the evolution of BSFC and pollutant emissions. Regarding the sequential combination of HPEGR and LPEGR, various tests of the NEDC emission cycle are performed in different ambient temperatures (20ºC, 0ºC and -7ºC). The sequential combination strategy involves starting the test cycle with HPEGR and, after a given time (600s and 800s), switching to LPEGR system. For these tests, the engine warm up evolution and pollutant emissions evolution are analyzed. Finally, as a practical contribution, an estimation technique of LPEGR mass flow is proposed by means of an energy balance into the control volume defined at the joint between the LPEGR and the fresh air ducts, just before the compressor intake. / [ES] El uso de la técnica de Recirculación de Gases de Escape (EGR) para la reducción de las emisiones de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) en motores Diésel se inicia con las primeras normativas EURO y se extiende hasta hoy en día. Si bien los sistemas post-tratamiento se planteaban como alternativa para sustituir al EGR, finalmente, ambas tecnologías se han complementado para lograr alcanzar las estrictas limitaciones impuestas por las actuales normativas vigentes (EURO6, TIER 2). El hecho de que el EGR actúe en la reducción de NOx desde su origen en el proceso de combustión de forma efectiva y la simplicidad de ser implementado en un motor, han sido algunas de las ventajas que han mantenido al EGR como una de las principales técnicas contra los NOx. Además, desde otro punto de vista, el uso del EGR se está extendiendo en otras aplicaciones como los MEP o HCCI para gestionar estrategias de funcionamiento propias de dichas motorizaciones. Hasta ahora el EGR de alta presión refrigerado (HPEGR) había sido la configuración más generalizada para llevar a cabo la tasa de EGR. Sin embargo, se ve limitado para alcanzar altas tasas de EGR por su efecto en la Tadm, el incremento del gef o en las emisiones de partículas (PM). Ante esta situación, se planteaba el EGR de baja presión (LPEGR) como alternativa para superar estas limitaciones, aunque conlleva otras desventajas como el bajo valor de Pesc-adm que impide realizar altas tasas de EGR o su efecto sobre otras emisiones contaminante durante el calentamiento motor en el ciclo de homologación. En el marco de los nuevo retos a los que se enfrentan los vehículos ligeros con las futuras normativas (WLTP o TIER 3) y con las citadas limitaciones individuales de los sistemas HPEGR y LPEGR, en esta Tesis Doctoral se plantea el análisis de la combinación de las técnicas de EGR de alta y baja presión para alcanzar altas tasas de EGR y sus efectos sobre el consumo y las emisiones. Para llevar a cabo este objetivo, desde el punto de vista experimental, se plantean dos estrategias diversas de combinación: por una parte la combinación simultánea de ambos sistemas y por otra la combinación secuencial. Para la combinación simultánea de los sistemas de HPEGR y LPEGR, se realiza un barrido de combinación de ambos sistemas en cinco puntos de funcionamiento del motor dentro del área de EGR. Para todos los puntos ensayados se analiza la capacidad de realizar mayores tasas de EGR que los sistemas individuales, desde el punto de vista de la renovación de la carga. Dicho análisis se lleva a cabo mediante el estudio de la evolución de las propiedades de la masa atrapada en el cilindro, el rendimiento volumétrico y las condiciones de funcionamiento del turbocompresor. Además se analizan las evoluciones del gef y de las emisiones contaminantes. Respecto a la combinación secuencial de HPEGR y LPEGR, se realizan diversos ensayos de un ciclo de homologación NEDC a distintas temperaturas de funcionamiento (20ºC, 0ºC y -7ºC). La estrategia de combinación secuencial implica empezar el ciclo de homologación con el sistema HPEGR y en determinado instante del ciclo (600s y 800s) cambiar al sistema LPEGR. Para estos ensayos se ha realizado el estudio de la evolución del calentamiento motor y el efecto en las emisiones de NOx. / [CAT] L'ús de la tècnica de Recirculació de Gasos d'Escapament (EGR) per a la reducció de les emissions d'òxids de nitrogen en motors Dièsel s'inicia amb les primeres normatives EURO i s'ha anat utilitzant fins l'actualitat. Si bé els sistemes post-tractament es plantejaven com a alternativa per a substituir al EGR, finalment ambdós tecnologies s'han complementat per a aconseguir les estrictes limitacions imposades a hores d'ara (EURO6, TIER 2). El fet de que l'EGR actua en la reducció de NOx des del seu origen en el procés de combustió de forma efectiva i la simplicitat per a ser implementat en un motor, han sigut alguns dels avantatges que han mantingut al EGR com una de les principals tècniques contra els NOx. A més, des d'un altre punt de vista, s'està estenent l'ús del EGR en altres aplicacions com en els MEP o HCCI per a gestionar estratègies de funcionament pròpies de dites motoritzacions. Fins ara l'EGR d'alta pressió refrigerat (HPEGR) havia sigut la configuració més generalitzada per a dur a terme la taxa de EGR. No obstant, això es veu limitat per a aconseguir altes taxes d'EGR pel seu efecte en la Tadm, l'increment del gef o en les emissions de partícules (PM). Davant d'aquesta situació, es planteja l'EGR de baixa pressió (LPEGR) com a alternativa per a superar estes limitacions, encara que comporta altres desavantatges com el seu efecte a les altres emissions en condicions de funcionament de motor fred o el baix valor de Pesc-adm que impedix realitzar altes taxes de EGR. En el marc dels nous reptes als què s'enfronten els vehicles lleugers amb les futures normatives (WLTP o TIER 3) i de les esmentades limitacions individuals dels sistemes HPEGR i LPEGR, en esta Tesi Doctoral es planteja l'anàlisi de la combinació de les tècniques de EGR d'alta i baixa pressió per a aconseguir altes taxes de EGR, des del punt de vista del procés de renovació de la càrrega, i els seus efectes sobre el consum i les emissions. Per a dur a terme este objectiu es plantegen dos estratègies diverses de combinació: d'una banda la combinació simultània d'ambdós sistemes i per una altra la combinació seqüencial. Per a la combinació simultània dels sistemes de HPEGR i LPEGR, es realitza un mostreig de combinació d'ambdós sistemes en cinc punts dins de l'àrea de EGR del motor. Per a tots els punts assajats es realitza una anàlisi de la capacitat de realitzar majors taxes de EGR que els sistemes individuals, des del punt de vista de la renovació de la càrrega. Aquest anàlisi es du a terme per mitjà de l'estudi de l'evolució de les propietats de la massa atrapada en el cilindre, el rendiment volumètric i les condicions de funcionament del turbocompressor. A més es realitza l'anàlisi de les evolucions del gef i de les emissions contaminants. Respecte a la combinació seqüencial de HPEGR i LPEGR, es realitzen diversos assajos d'un cicle d'homologació NEDC a distintes temperatures de funcionament (20ºC, 0ºC i -7ºC). L'estratègia de combinació seqüencial implica comen car el cicle d'homologació amb el sistema HPEGR i en determinat instant del cicle (600s i 800s) canviar al sistema LPEGR. Per a estos assajos s'ha realitzat l'estudi de l'evolució del calfament del motor i l'efecte en les emissions de NOx. Finalment, com a aportació pràctica, es planteja una tècnica d'estimació de gast màsic de LPEGR. per mitjà del balanç energètic en el volum de control definit en la unió del sistema de LPEGR amb el conducte d'aire fresc abans del compressor. / Soler Muniesa, JA. (2016). Análisis de la combinación de los sistemas de recirculación de gases de Alta y Baja presión sobre el comportamiento de un motor Diesel sobrealimentado [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62198 / TESIS

<p>To fulfil emission requirements specified by environment demands, such as Euro 4 and Euro 5, there is a need to utilize engines based on technologies such as Variable Turbine Geometry (VGT) and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). A model of an engine using VGT and EGR was created by Ph.D student Johan Wahlström at Linköping University. This thesis evaluates Wahlström's model and shows how it successfully describes the engine and its behaviour. The thesis also confirms theories about the occurrens of non.minimum phase behaviour in different transfer functions, e.g. from VGT signal to the mass flow through the compressor.</p><p>An interesting phenomenon when applying VGT and EGR is a nonlinearity leading to, for example, that the same pressure in the intake manifold can occur for two different VGT signals. Such phenomenon can cause problems when designing a control system. Furthermore, this nonlinearity also results in a replacement of the nonminimum phase behaviour with an overshoot when a large (above 80%) VGT control signal is used.</p><p>This thesis also provides a linearized model, which describes the engine satisfactory. The linearization results in transfer functions with two zeros and three poles, whose locations do not change much when varying engine speed and load (except at high load and low engine speed). This fact will most likely make it possible to utilize just a few different linearizations for all speeds and loads. However, altering VGT and EGR positions greatly affect the transfer functions. Thus, several linearizations are probably needed to cover all operating points.</p><p>When designing a future control system a good strategy is to utilize a decoupled system since the model has strong cross-connections. Another solution would be to apply multi dimensional control strategy, e.g. LQ-theory.</p>

The recent pollution norms have brought a strong emphasis on the reduction of diesel engine emissions. Low temperature combustion technology such as premixed compression ignition (PCI) has the capability to significantly and simultaneously reduce nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), thus meeting these specific pollution norms. There has been, however, observed loss in fuel conversion efficiency in some cases. This study analyzes how energy transfer and brake fuel conversion efficiency alter with (or are affected by) injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate. The study is conducted for PCI combustion for four injection timings of 9°, 12°, 15° and 18° before top dead center (BTDC) and for four exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates of 39%, 40%, 41% and 42%. The data is collected from the experimental apparatus located in General Motors Collaborative Research Laboratory at the University of Michigan. The heat release is calculated to obtain various in-cylinder energy transfers. The brake fuel conversion efficiency decreases with an increase in EGR. The decrease in the brake fuel conversion efficiency is due to the decrease in work output. This decrease is due to an increase in the pumping work and an increase in friction and decrease in gross indicated work. The decrease in the combustion efficiency is because of the increased formation of unburnt products due to increased ignition delay caused by the application of EGR and decreasing air-fuel (A/F) ratio. A definite trend is not obtained for the contribution of heat transfer to the total energy distribution. However the total heat transfer decreases with retardation of injection timing because of decreasing combustion temperature. As the injection timing is retarded, the brake fuel conversion efficiency is found to decrease. This decrease is because of a decrease in net work output. This is because the time available for utilization of the energy released is less because of late combustion. The total heat transfer decreases with retardation of injection timing because of decreasing combustion temperature. The contribution of heat transfer to the total energy distribution decreases with increase in EGR.

To fulfil emission requirements specified by environment demands, such as Euro 4 and Euro 5, there is a need to utilize engines based on technologies such as Variable Turbine Geometry (VGT) and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). A model of an engine using VGT and EGR was created by Ph.D student Johan Wahlström at Linköping University. This thesis evaluates Wahlström's model and shows how it successfully describes the engine and its behaviour. The thesis also confirms theories about the occurrens of non.minimum phase behaviour in different transfer functions, e.g. from VGT signal to the mass flow through the compressor. An interesting phenomenon when applying VGT and EGR is a nonlinearity leading to, for example, that the same pressure in the intake manifold can occur for two different VGT signals. Such phenomenon can cause problems when designing a control system. Furthermore, this nonlinearity also results in a replacement of the nonminimum phase behaviour with an overshoot when a large (above 80%) VGT control signal is used. This thesis also provides a linearized model, which describes the engine satisfactory. The linearization results in transfer functions with two zeros and three poles, whose locations do not change much when varying engine speed and load (except at high load and low engine speed). This fact will most likely make it possible to utilize just a few different linearizations for all speeds and loads. However, altering VGT and EGR positions greatly affect the transfer functions. Thus, several linearizations are probably needed to cover all operating points. When designing a future control system a good strategy is to utilize a decoupled system since the model has strong cross-connections. Another solution would be to apply multi dimensional control strategy, e.g. LQ-theory.

The recent pollution norms have brought a strong emphasis on the reduction of diesel engine emissions. Low temperature combustion technology such as premixed compression ignition (PCI) has the capability to significantly and simultaneously reduce nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), thus meeting these specific pollution norms. There has been, however, observed loss in fuel conversion efficiency in some cases. This study analyzes how energy transfer and brake fuel conversion efficiency alter with (or are affected by) injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate. The study is conducted for PCI combustion for four injection timings of 9°, 12°, 15° and 18° before top dead center (BTDC) and for four exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates of 39%, 40%, 41% and 42%. The data is collected from the experimental apparatus located in General Motors Collaborative Research Laboratory at the University of Michigan. The heat release is calculated to obtain various in-cylinder energy transfers. The brake fuel conversion efficiency decreases with an increase in EGR. The decrease in the brake fuel conversion efficiency is due to the decrease in work output. This decrease is due to an increase in the pumping work and an increase in friction and decrease in gross indicated work. The decrease in the combustion efficiency is because of the increased formation of unburnt products due to increased ignition delay caused by the application of EGR and decreasing air-fuel (A/F) ratio. A definite trend is not obtained for the contribution of heat transfer to the total energy distribution. However the total heat transfer decreases with retardation of injection timing because of decreasing combustion temperature. As the injection timing is retarded, the brake fuel conversion efficiency is found to decrease. This decrease is because of a decrease in net work output. This is because the time available for utilization of the energy released is less because of late combustion. The total heat transfer decreases with retardation of injection timing because of decreasing combustion temperature. The contribution of heat transfer to the total energy distribution decreases with increase in EGR.

Les normes européennes EURO 5 / EURO 6 de réduction des émissions polluantes des véhicules automobile sont de plus en plus sévères. La boucle de recirculation des gaz d’échappement, dite boucle EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation), est une solution de dépollution à la source car elle réduit les quantités émises d’oxydes d’azote et de particules de suie. Ce contexte entraîne une utilisation plus intensive de la boucle EGR, d’où une augmentation de son encrassement. Assurer la fiabilité de cette boucle est un enjeu important pour les constructeurs automobiles. Un montage expérimental dont on contrôle les conditions opératoires a été conçu pour recréer les dépôts observés dans l'échangeur EGR d'un moteur Diesel. Il permet de déterminer les paramètres pilotant la formation et l’évolution du dépôt d'encrassement, via une mesure de sa masse, une analyse de sa composition chimique et un suivi des transferts thermiques (thermocouples, caméra infra rouge) dans l’échangeur au cours du temps. / The EURO 5 and EURO 6 European norms on the vehicle pollutant emission reduction are stricter than the previous. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation system, also called as EGR system, is a solution for the remediation at source, because it reduces the quantity of emitted nitrogen oxides and soot particles. The resulting intensive use of the EGR system increases the fouling in the involved heat exchanger. Ensuring the reliability of the EGR system is an important challenge for car manufacturers. An experimental set-up, with controlled operating conditions, has been built to recreate the deposit observed in the EGR heat-exchanger of Diesel engines. It enables to determine the parameters driving the fouling deposit formation and evolution, via a weight measurement, a chemical composition analysis and a follow-up of the thermal transfer (thermocouples, IR camera) in the heat-exchanger over the time.

[ES] Hoy en día, las regulaciones sobre emisiones de los automóviles se están haciendo más estrictas. Además de los ciclos de homologación estándar, actualmente se están empezando a considerar nuevos métodos de homologación que tienen en cuenta las condiciones reales que se dan en la carretera. Los sistemas de Recirculación de Gases de Escape (EGR) son estrategias que han demostrado ser efectivas durante estacionarios y que también pueden ser usadas en ese tipo de ciclos dinámicos que corresponden a condiciones reales de conducción. Esta tesis se centra en la implementación de diferentes sistemas EGR para su uso en condiciones dinámicas en motores diésel turbosobrealimentados. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo un análisis del ciclo de conducción para identificar las operaciones específicas de tipo transitorio más frecuentes en los ciclos dinámicos como WLTC y RDE. Los resultados muestran que la frecuencia en la que se producen fuertes transitorios en carga es mayor que en la que se producen transitorios de velocidad. Entre ellos, el número de operaciones de tipo Tip-out es superior a las de tipo Tip-Ins, especialmente en el rango de 1250-2000 rpm. Estos fuertes transitorios se repiten en el banco de ensayos de motor equipado con analizadores de gas de alta frecuencia, de forma que se registran la concentración instantánea de CO2 y NOx. También se ha realizado un estudio paramétrico de la actuación de la válvula de EGR durante la operación de varios transitorios fuertes, cuantificando el retraso en el transporte, la concentración de NOx y las partículas. El lazo de EGR de baja presión, LPEGR, ha resultado ser más efectivo cuando se operaba a plena carga, así como durante los transitorios, comparado con el lazo de EGR de alta presión, HPEGR. De esta forma, se propone la válvula de control más adecuada para LPEGR, lo que puede ser útil para la calibración de los transitorios de los motores diésel turbosobrealimentados. Además de ello, se señala el compromiso entre rendimiento y emisiones durante los transitorios de EGR. Al implementar la recirculación de los gases de escape a lo largo de todo el mapa del motor se minimiza la aparición de picos inesperados de emisión de NOx. Concretamente, las estrategias LPEGR consiguen reducir alrededor de un 20-60% los NOx emitidos durante los primeros pocos segundos con menos de un 5% de penalización en el rendimiento. Adicionalmente, en el documento también se presentan las simulaciones que se han realizado de los modelos unidimensionales de los transitorios. El control de la turbina de geometría variable juega un papel importante a la hora de calibrar el modelo para transitorios de EGR. Además de ello, se lleva a cabo una optimización de la separación de EGR para varios puntos estacionarios por medio de simulaciones que están basadas en el compromiso entre rendimiento y emisiones. Además, se propone un algoritmo para optimizar la separación de EGR, reduciendo en alrededor de un 80% el tiempo de cálculo de un DOE o un método de algoritmo genético. Finalmente, se crea un modelo simple de NOx 3D cuasi-estacionario para predecir las emisiones durante el transitorio en condiciones de conducción reales. La tasa de EGR, como tercera entrada del modelo, muestra una mejora significativa a la hora de predecir el transitorio de NOx con respecto al modelo 2D. / [EN] The automotive emission regulations are getting more stringent these days. New methods of homologation are being considered other than standard cycles considering the real driving behavior on road. The EGR system is one of the proven and well tested strategies in steady state which can be used on those dynamic real driving conditions too. This dissertation focuses on implementation of different EGR systems during dynamic operations of turbocharged diesel engine. Firstly, a driving cycle analysis is carried out to identify the specific and frequent transient operations on dynamic cycles like WLTC and RDE. The results show that, the frequency of harsh load transients is higher than speed transients. Among them, the number of Tip-Out operations outnumber the Tip-Ins with higher density in 1250-2000 RPM range. Therefore, these harsh transients are repeated separately on the dynamic engine test bench equipped with high frequency gas analyzers to track the instantaneous CO2 and NOx concentration. A parametric study is carried out with EGR valve actuation during various severe load transients, quantifying the transportation delays, NOx concentration and particulate matter. The LPEGR is found to be more effective at the full load as well as during transient operations compared to HPEGR. The best suited LPEGR valve control is proposed, which can be helpful for transient calibration of a turbocharged diesel engine. Moreover, the trade-off between the performance and emission during EGR transients is also pointed out. The implementation of EGR all over the engine map minimizes the unexpected NOx peaks during transients. Specifically, LPEGR strategies manages to reduce around 20-60% of NOx in first few seconds with less than 5% of penalty in performance. Additionally, 1D model simulation results of load transient operations are presented in the document. The VGT control plays important role to calibrate the model for transient operations with EGR. Apart from this, the EGR split optimization on various steady points is carried out by simulations following the trade-off between performance and emissions. Furthermore, an algorithm to search the optimum split is proposed, reducing around 80% of the calculation time consumed by DOE or genetic algorithm method. Finally, a simple 3D quasi steady NOx model is created to predict the transient emissions in real driving conditions. EGR rate, as 3rd input in model shows significant improvement in prediction of transient NOx over the 2D model. / [CA] En els darrers temps, les regulacions sobre emissions contaminants dels vehicles s'han fet més estrictes. A més dels cicles d'homologació estàndards, actualment s'estan començant a considerar nous mètodes d'homologació que tinguen en compte les condicions reals que es donen en la carretera. Els sistemes de Recirculació de Gasos d'Escapament (EGR) són estratègies que s'han demostrat com a efectives durant condicions estacionàries i que també poden ser emprades en aquest tipus de cicles dinàmics, que corresponen a condicions reals de conducció. Aquesta tesi està centrada en la implementació de diferents sistemes EGR per al seu ús en condicions dinàmiques en motors dièsel turbosobrealimentats. En primer lloc, es du a terme un anàlisi del cicle de conducció per a identificar les operacions específiques de tipus transitori més freqüents en els cicles dinàmics WLTC i RDE. Els resultats mostren que la freqüència a la que s'obtenen forts transitoris de càrrega és major que en aquella en la que es produeixen transitoris de velocitat. Entre aquestos, el nombre d'operacions de tipus Tip-out és superior a les del tipus Tip-ins, especialment en l'interval de 1250-2000 rpm. Aquestos forts transitoris es repeteixen en el banc d'assajos de motor equipat amb analitzadors de gasos d'alta freqüència, de manera que es registren les concentracions de CO2 i NOx. També s'ha realitzat un estudi paramètric de l'actuació de la vàlvula d'EGR durant l'operació de diversos transitoris forts, quantificant el retard en el transport, la concentració de NOx i les partícules. El llaç d'EGR de baixa pressió, LPEGR, ha resultat ser més efectiu quan s'operava a plena càrrega, així com durant els transitoris, comparat amb el llaç d'EGR d'alta pressió, HPEGR. D'aquesta forma, es proposa la vàlvula de control més adequada per a LPEGR, el que pot resultar útil per a la calibratge dels transitoris dels motors dièsel turbosobrealimentats. A banda d'això, s'ha assenyalat el compromís entre rendiment i emissions durant els transitoris d'EGR. Al implementar la recirculació dels gasos d'escapament a tot arreu del mapa del motor es minimitza l'aparició de pics inesperats d'emissió de NOx. Més concretament, les estratègies LPEGR aconsegueixen reduir al voltant d'un 20-60% els NOx emesos durant els primers pocs segons amb menys d'un 5% de penalització en el rendiment. Addicionalment, en el document també es presenten les simulacions que s'han realitzat dels models unidimensionals dels transitoris. El control de la turbina de geometria variable juga un paper important a l'hora de calibrar el model per a transitoris d'EGR. A més d'això, s'ha dut a terme una optimització de la separació d'EGR en diversos punts estacionaris per mitjà de simulacions que estan basades en el compromís entre rendiment i emissions. També es proposa un algoritme per a optimitzar la separació d'EGR, reduint al voltant d'un 80\% el temps de càlcul d'un DOE o un mètode d'algoritme genètic. Finalment, es crea un model simple de NOx 3D quasi-estacionari per a predir les emissions durant el transitori en condicions de conducció real. La taxa d'EGR, com a tercera entrada del model, mostra una millora significativa a l'hora de predir el transitori de NOx respecte al model 2D. / Patil, CY. (2020). Effects of EGR transient operation on emissions and performance of automotive engines during RDE cycles [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149498 / TESIS