The material remains of ancient Egypt provide extensive and wide ranging data about the empire throughout its history. However, little evidence is available from ancient Egypt, or any past culture, with which to rebuild an image of social identity or individual experiences. This is especially problematic when the dominant narrative ignores experiences of minorities and minimizes the variation existing throughout the empire. Stable isotope analysis has the potential to reveal variability in lived experience of past peoples by acting as a proxy for behavior that can be analyzed from bone. Such an approach has been applied on individuals from the Romano-Christian Kellis 2 cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis to explore diversity of lived experiences in relation to age, sex, and gender. Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen values from bone collagen of 138 adults revealed a predominately C3 plant based diet with the addition of some animal protein. Statistical analysis of these values uncovered discernable differences in the values of young males and older adults which may suggest differences in the biological experiences of these groups and unique social experiences for those individuals. These findings offer a starting point with which to explore social organization at this site and others in ancient Egypt and the methods provide a useful approach to exploring individual experience in the past in ways not possible from other sources.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: This study is an attempt to determine the degree to which the Higher Institute of Nursing is meeting the contemporary needs of the United Arab Republic. The purposes of this investigation are: 1. To determine to what extent the existing program has accomplished the following: a) the philosophy and goals have been in accordance with the educational program; b) the functions and goals of graduates have been specified and were in accordance with these objectives and aims; c) graduates have been educationally prepared to assume the positions to which they were assigned. 2. To view nursing in the broad social context and investigate the socio-cultural, political, and economic factors which have influenced the development of the nursing profession in the United Arab Republic. 3. To propose a plan for developing a curriculum for nursing at the university level which will take into account the general characteristics of the society and will satisfy the medical and health needs that are evident in the country. PROCEDURAL METHOD: The case study method has been employed in the research and writing of this dissertation. This method was selected for reasons related to the nature of the study undertaken: 1. The writer was working in an unformulated area where there was relatively little available in terms of previous studies on nursing education in the United Arab Republic which would serve as a guide. 2. The intensive case method which involves the case study of a group has been found to be a particularly fruitful method for stimulating insights and suggesting hypotheses. 3. The attitude of the investigator is one of alert receptivity of seeking rather than testing. Instead of limiting himself to the testing of hypotheses, the investigator is guided by the features of the object being studied; his inquiries are constantly in the process of reformulation and redirection as new information is obtained. 4. The intensity of the study of the group selected for investigation and the intensity of the attempt to obtain sufficient information will characterize and explain the unique features of the case and those which it has in common with other cases. 5. It relies on the integrative powers of the investigator, on his ability to draw together many bits and pieces of information into a unified interpretation. FINDINGS: 1. The United Arab Republic is undergoing rapid social, economic and political changes which the education institutions both reflect and effect. 2. In founding the Higher Institute of Nursing with the aid of World Health Organization, the United Arab Republic adopted the program of studies from foreign curriculae patterns. International nursing leaders were among those who helped establish this institute because no Egyptian nurses were qualified at that time to participate in this program. The program did not have the necessary adjustments made to meet the needs of the culture concerned: a) the program does not deal with problems and issues which are peculiar to the culture and contribute to its health and nursing problems; b) the program does not equip students with the necessary tools and techniques which would enable them to attempt to reach a solution to some of the most urgent nursing problems. 3. The Higher Institute of Nursing prepared students who, upon termination, were not assigned to positions which were in accordance with the education they received. 4. The Institute has not made explicit what the role of the university educated nurse is to be. 5. Changes in medical and health practices have influenced the responsibilities of nurses. CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of a foreign curricula pattern without taking into consideration possible outcomes and consequences due to cultural forces may bring about not only unfavorable results but total failure. From the findings, suggestions were made to improve the situation. / 2031-01-01

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"We started the 2011 revolution and the rest of Egypt followed," say Egyptian workers with strong conviction. Egyptian independent workers' continuous claims of contention and repertoires of protest were one of several main factors leading to the January 25, 2011 uprising. After thirty-two years of a Mubarak-led authoritarian regime, massive protests began in January 2011 and forced President Mubarak to step down from his position. The first question of this research endeavor is: how did Egyptian workers challenge the regime and how they became one of the factors leading to the January 2011 uprising? These workers were organized into loose networks of different independent groups that had been protesting for a decade and longer prior to January 2011. However, their regular protests for over a decade before 2011 challenged the authoritarian regime. This dissertation examines the combative role of Egyptian independent workers' formal and informal organizations as a contentious social movement to challenge the regime. It will examine the evolving role of workers as socio-economic actors and then as political actors in political transitions. Social Movement Theory (SMT) and its mechanisms and Social Movement Unionism (SMU) will be the lenses through which this research will be presented. The methodology will be the comparative case studies of two different movements where workers who advocated for their rights for a decade prior to January 2011 experienced significantly differing outcomes. One case study showcases the municipal real estate tax collection workers who were able to establish a successful social movement and then create an independent trade union. The second case study examines an influential group of garment and textile workers, who also developed an effective social movement, yet were not able to take it to the next step to establish an independent union. I will explore within this research a second question: why one group of workers was able to establish an independent union while the other arguably more influential group of workers, the garment and textile workers, was not able to do so. This had an impact on the influence they were able to exercise over the regime in addition to their effectiveness as a social movement for change. / Ph. D.

The tremendous increase of population in Egypt has caused the Egyptian government to rethink its settlement policy by planning for the development of new desert communities in remote arid regions outside of the Nile Valley. Presented here is a methodology for generating appropriate energy design guidelines for desert housing in these new communities. The methodology also takes into account the culture, climate and economy of the country. This interdisciplinary study starts by examining the current government national policy for regional and urban development in Egypt with emphasis on the new desert settlement programs in general and on the Sadat City in particular. The criteria which determines human thermal comfort requirements for the indigenous people of Egypt is then presented. This part of the study also includes a climatic analysis of Egypt showing the major climatic components, the factors modifying the climate, the country's major climatic zones, and microclimatic considerations. In the next chapter on energy analysis, the concepts and the mathematical basis of the methodology are presented. The process is based on balancing the incremental cost/benefit of conservation and passive solar designs in an optimum mix yielding the best performance and economic advantages for any given set of weather characteristics. Finally, the method is generalized and reduced to a set of formulas which generate energy guidelines for conservation levels with selected passive solar system(s). A computer model of the method is developed and energy guidelines for six major locations in Egypt are illustrated. In conclusion, a preliminary design for low-energy cluster houses at the new desert community Sadat City is developed using the computer generated guidelines for that region. The energy results are then validated using the CalPas3 energy simulation program, and a matrix is also developed for assessing the socio-cultural aspects of the design model.

An analysis of the cause-effect relationship of a free water table aquifer that changes laterally to an artesian aquifer was made for regions bounded internally by a circular cylinder. For a hydrologic system with a large pressure-head energy, development of the water resource by a single well is not the most practical approach and thus the study was extended to solve the problem of a line array of wells. The flow characteristic of the hydrologic system was divided into a regime of flow near the line array of wells which is titled the conduit regime, and a regime of flow distant from the line array, which is called the reservoir regime. This classification of flow type is based on the fact that the storage coefficient is not constant and accordingly the hydraulic diffusivity of the aquifer in the conduit region is much smaller than that in the reservoir region. Therefore, the mathematical continuity, which was assumed in previous analyses by other authors becomes discontinuous because linearity does not prevail throughout the flow system. The superposition principle, which is based on linearity and homogeneity, can not be applied to this non-linear system. By subdividing the flow system into the two regimes of conduit and reservoir, Carslaw's solution for the circular cylinder may be amplified by two integrations to achieve mathematical continuity of the whole system. The range that Goldenberg solved analytically for a similar problem was extended to meet practical requirements in the field of ground-water hydrology. A new approach was developed for the solution of the mutual interference problem of an infinite line array of wells. The interference is expressed in terms of what is called the discharge efficiency factor. The findings were applied to a hydrologic analysis of the ground-water resources of the Western Desert, U. A. R. (Egypt) in or der to describe its significance and importance in the design of systems for water resources development in extensive aquifers. The results aid also in defining the applicability limits of the theory of images, which has been used by several authors to solve for the interference problem of an infinite line array of wells.

Adolescents’ Perception of Parental Involvement Scale (APPIS) and Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ) were administrated to a sample (N = 300) of Egyptian high school students to investigate the effect of students' perception of parental involvement on their achievement motivation. Parental involvement was investigated as a multidimensional concept that covers home, school, and community according to three main concepts in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. These concepts are phenomenology, microsystem, and mesosystem. Achievement motivation was investigated as a tripartite construct that includes performanceapproach goal, mastery goal, and performance-avoidance goal according to Elliot's approach and avoidance achievement motivation model.Students' perception of parental involvement was found to differ significantly by the type of parental involvement and parents' educational level. There was a significant univariate interaction effect between the type of parental involvement and parents' educational level on students' perception of parental involvement at school, while there were non-significant univariate interaction effects on students' perception of parental involvement at home and within community respectively.Students' achievement motivation was found to differ significantly by students' gender and grade. There was a significant univariate interaction effect between students' gender and grade on students' performance-avoidance goal, while there were non-significant univariate interaction effects on students' performanceapproach goal, and mastery goal respectively.Students' perception of parental involvement was found to differ significantly by students' gender and grade. There were significant univariate interaction effects between students' gender and grade on students' perception of parental involvement at home, and within community respectively, while there was a non-significant univariate interaction effect on students' perception of parental involvement at school.Students' perception of parental involvement at home has a statistically significant relationship with students' perception of parental involvement at school, within the community, and mastery goal, while it has a statistically non-significant relationship with performance-approach goal, and performance-avoidance goal. Students' perception of parental involvement at school has a statistically significant relationship with students' perception of parental involvement within the community,and mastery goal, while it has a statistically non-significant relationship with performance-approach goal, and performance-avoidance goal. Students' perception of parental involvement within the community has a statistically non-significant relationship with students' performance-approach goal, mastery goal, and performance-avoidance goal. Students' performance-approach goal has a statistically significant relationship with students' performance-avoidance goal, however it has a statically non-significant relationship with mastery goal. Students' mastery goal has a statistically non-significant relationship with their performance-avoidance goal. / Department of Educational Psychology

Thesis. 1978. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 88-91. / M.C.P.