Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [135]-147).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-154).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2005. / [School of Medicine] Department of Molecular Virology. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2005. / Embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 118-133.

Phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) on Serine 51 (Ser51) is an early event associated with downregulation of protein synthesis at the level of translation and constitutes a potent mechanism to overcome various stress conditions. In mammals, four eIF2alpha-kinases PERK, PKR, HRI and GCN2, activated following specific stresses, have been involved in this process. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that the adaptor protein Nck, composed only of Src homology domains and classically implicated in cell signaling by activated plasma membrane receptor tyrosine kinases, modulates translation through its interaction with the beta-subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2beta). Moreover, we reported that Nck-1 overexpression antagonizes the inhibition of translation in endoplasmic reticulum stress condition and prevents the PERK-mediated phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of eIF2 on Ser51. In this thesis, I demonstrate that the adaptor protein Nck-1 modulates eIF2alpha-kinase-mediated eIF2alphaSer51 phosphorylation in a specific manner. More particularly, I show that Nck-1 overexpression reduces eIF2alpha phosphorylation in conditions activating PKR or HRI as described previously for PERK. In contrast, I observe that overexpression of Nck-1 in mammalian cells fails to attenuate eIF2alphaSer51 phosphorylation in response to amino acid starvation, a stress condition activating GCN2. I further confirm this observation by showing that Nck-1 fails to alter eIF2alphaSer51 phosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for which the sole eIF2alpha-kinase is GCN2. In addition, I report that Nck-1 reduces PKR activation in response to dsRNA. I also find that Nck-1 reduces dsRNA-induced activation of p38 MAPK, a PKR-downstream substrate, and cell death. Finally, I show that Nck-1 interacts exclusively with the inactivated form of PKR in a Src homology domain independent manner. All together these data uncover the existence of a novel mechanism regulating phosphorylation of eIF2alphaSer51 under various stress conditions and identifies Nck-1 as a modulator of the tumor suppressor and antiviral protein kinase PKR.

No description available.

No presente estudo, foram selecionados 33 pacientes infectados com HCV genótipo 3a, tratados com IFN e Ribavirina, incluindo pacientes cirróticos (C) e não-cirróticos (NC), respondedores (R) e não-respondedores (NR). Foi realizado o seqüenciamento das regiões E2 e NS5A do genoma do HCV. As seqüências geradas foram analisadas quanto a presença de mutações para correlacionarmos com a resposta virológica sustentada ao tratamento e com a presença de cirrose. Na análise estatística as mutações na região E2 não apresentaram diferença significante. As mutações conservadoras encontradas nas regiões NLS e V3 da NS5A apresentaram diferença significante. Estudos funcionais envolvendo a proteína NS5A são necessários para que possamos avaliar o valor preditivo das mutações conservadoras e não-conservadoras encontradas na NS5A / The aim of this study was to analyse the sequences of fragments of E2 and NS5A regions from 33 outpatients infected with HCV genotype 3, including cirrhotic (C) and non-cirrhotic (NC) patients that have responded (R) or not (NR) to treatment. In the E2 region, we did observe few amino acids changes between patients without statistical significance. In the NLS region and in V3 domain, we found conservatives mutations with statistical significance. In conclusion, our results confirm that the ISDR domain is not predictive for treatment success in patients infected with HCV genotype 3. The carboxy-terminal region and especifically V3 domain region showed most of variations. Structure-function studies are required to identify precisely how NS5A and IFN interact

No presente estudo, foram selecionados 33 pacientes infectados com HCV genótipo 3a, tratados com IFN e Ribavirina, incluindo pacientes cirróticos (C) e não-cirróticos (NC), respondedores (R) e não-respondedores (NR). Foi realizado o seqüenciamento das regiões E2 e NS5A do genoma do HCV. As seqüências geradas foram analisadas quanto a presença de mutações para correlacionarmos com a resposta virológica sustentada ao tratamento e com a presença de cirrose. Na análise estatística as mutações na região E2 não apresentaram diferença significante. As mutações conservadoras encontradas nas regiões NLS e V3 da NS5A apresentaram diferença significante. Estudos funcionais envolvendo a proteína NS5A são necessários para que possamos avaliar o valor preditivo das mutações conservadoras e não-conservadoras encontradas na NS5A / The aim of this study was to analyse the sequences of fragments of E2 and NS5A regions from 33 outpatients infected with HCV genotype 3, including cirrhotic (C) and non-cirrhotic (NC) patients that have responded (R) or not (NR) to treatment. In the E2 region, we did observe few amino acids changes between patients without statistical significance. In the NLS region and in V3 domain, we found conservatives mutations with statistical significance. In conclusion, our results confirm that the ISDR domain is not predictive for treatment success in patients infected with HCV genotype 3. The carboxy-terminal region and especifically V3 domain region showed most of variations. Structure-function studies are required to identify precisely how NS5A and IFN interact

The endoplasmic reticulum is the primary organelle in the cell which has the responsibility of properly folding proteins belonging to the secretory pathway. Secretory proteins are essential for a variety of functions within the body like metabolism, growth and survival. Hence, proper folding of the proteins in the ER is absolutely essential to maintain cellular and body function. The environment of the ER is substantially different from that of the cytoplasm and is primed essentially to provide the optimum conditions to fold newly synthesized polypeptides following translation by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the ER. In order for secretory proteins to fold properly, ER homeostasis must be maintained. ER homeostasis is defined by the dynamic balance between the ER protein load and the ER capacity to process this load. The optimum environment of the ER, or ER homeostasis, can be perturbed by pathological processes such as hypoxia, glucose deprivation, viral infections, environmental toxins, inflammatory cytokines, and mutant protein expression, as well as by physiological processes such as aging. Disruption of ER homeostasis causes accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER. This condition is referred to as ER stress. Cells cope with ER stress by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is initiated by three ER transmembrane proteins: Inositol requiring 1 (IRE1), PKR-like ER kinase, and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). These three master regulators sense and interpret protein folding conditions in the ER and translate this information across the ER membrane to activate downstream effectors, spliced XBP1, phosphorylated eIF2α and ATF4, and cleaved active ATF6 respectively. These effectors have two distinct outputs, homeostatic and apoptotic. Homeostatic outputs are adaptive responses that function to attenuate ER stress and restore ER homeostasis. These responses include the attenuation of protein translation to reduce ER workload and prevent further accumulation of unfolded proteins, upregulation of molecular chaperones and protein processing enzymes to enhance the ER folding activity, and the increase in ER-associated degradation (ERAD) components to promote clearance of unfolded proteins. When ER stress reaches a point where the cells cannot tolerate the load of unfolded proteins any more, apoptosis sets in. One of the major secretory proteins in mammals, vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF, is essential for either normal or pathological angiogenesis (blood vessel development). VEGFA is the primary member of this family which is expressed in all endothelial cells and is responsible for sprouting and invasion of blood vessels into the interstitium and thus helps in supplying nutrients and oxygen to growing cells. Recent studies have indicated that cells suffering from insufficient blood supply experience ER stress. The ER needs energy and oxygen for the folding process, thus nutrient deprivation (low ATP production) and hypoxia caused by insufficient blood supply leads to inefficient protein folding and ER stress in cells, especially in cancer cells that grow and spread rapidly. This condition also occurs in the development of the mammalian placenta. The placenta is an essential tissue characterized by a lot of blood vessels. It is responsible for the exchange of nutrients and growth factors between maternal and fetal blood vessels and hence is essential for survival of the embryo. Nutrient deprivation and hypoxia stimulate the production of VEGFA and other angiogenic factors, leading to protection against ischaemic injury in both cancer cells as well as the developing placenta. In this dissertation, we report that the three master regulators of the UPR, IRE1α, PERK and ATF6α, mediate transcriptional regulation of VEGFA under ER stress in cancer cells. Inactivation of any of the three master regulators leads to attenuation of VEGFA expression under ER stress. We show that IRE1α is able to regulate VEGFA through its downstream transcription factor XBP1 which activates the VEGFA promoter. IRE1α mediated VEGFA regulation is also essential for normal development of labyrinthine trophoblast cells in the placenta. ATF6α also regulates VEGFA via its promoter. PERK is able to activate VEGFA by preferential activation of its downstream effector, ATF4, which binds intron 1 of the VEGFA gene. Thus our work reveals a twopronged differential regulatory action of the UPR sensors on VEGFA gene expression. This work suggests that a fully active UPR is essential for VEGFA upregulation under ER stress. All three regulators are required in cancer cells for normal VEGFA expression. This tight regulation of VEGFA by the UPR presents a wonderful opportunity for therapeutic intervention into angiogenic growth of tumors.