Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-13T14:56:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Lais Braga Caneppele.pdf: 3158379 bytes, checksum: a65db45405ae56bd3a9e969a02ce9bb5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-11-06T16:34:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Lais Braga Caneppele.pdf: 3158379 bytes, checksum: a65db45405ae56bd3a9e969a02ce9bb5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T16:34:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Lais Braga Caneppele.pdf: 3158379 bytes, checksum: a65db45405ae56bd3a9e969a02ce9bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / CAPES / Este trabalho avalia o desempenho térmico e o nível de eficiência energética propondo alterações de estratégias bioclimáticas em uma residência de Cuiabá/MT. Foi escolhida uma habitação consequente da atual forma de produção do espaço. A edificação possui sistema construtivo de rápida execução (“Jetcasa”). A edificação foi dividida em seis zonas térmicas, sendo três dela de permanência prolongada. Uma estação micrometeorológica foi utilizada para a obtenção de dados instantâneos ambientais. Quatro registradores HOBO U12-012 com cabos TMC20HD foram utilizados para medição de temperatura do solo e variáveis internas das zonas da sala, home office e quarto do casal, de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura de globo para a avaliação de desempenho térmico da edificação pelo métodos da NBR 15.575 (ABNT, 2013). Três registradores HOBO UX90-006x são empregados nas zonas de permanência para analisar a gestão de utilização de luz e ocupação. A câmera de infravermelho registrou as temperaturas superficiais dos elementos construtivos. Foi utilizado o programa EnergyPlus 8.0 para a determinação do nível de eficiência energética da edificação pelo método do RTQ-R. As medições foram em dois períodos de 15 dias: quente-seco (28/06 a 12/07/2013) e quente-úmido (31/12/2013 a 14/01/2014). O período quente seco possui baixas umidades e altas amplitudes térmicas diárias e o quente úmido, altas umidades e baixas variações diárias de temperatura. A sala de estar foi a zona térmica com piores condições de desempenho térmico e eficiência energética e o quarto de casal apresentou as melhores. As paredes possuem maior interferência para o ganho térmico da sala e do home office. A eficiência energética foi nível C. As propostas para alterações da edificação sob estudo são proteções às aberturas, proteções às paredes, plantio de vegetação e instalação de sistemas de aquecimento de águas. / This study evaluates the thermal performance and the level of energy efficiency and proposing changes with bioclimatic strategies in a residence of Cuiabá/MT. It was chosen housing consequent of the current production space. The building has construction system for fast execution ("Jetcasa"). The building was divided into six thermal zones, three of them with prolonged permanency. A micrometeorological station was used to obtain snapshots environmental data. Four HOBO U12-012 datalogger with TMC20HD cables were used to measure soil temperature and internal variables of the living room, home office and double room zones which air temperature, relative humidity and temperature of the globe to the thermal performance evaluation of building by NBR 15.575 (ABNT, 2013) methods. Three HOBO UX90-006x datalogger are used to examine the occupancy and light. The infrared camera recorded the surface temperatures of building elements. EnergyPlus 8.0 software was used to determine the level of energy efficiency of the building by the RTQ -R method. Measurements were two periods of 15 days: warm dry (28/06 to 12/07/2013) and warm humid (31/12/2013 to 14/01/2014). The warm dry period has low humidity and high daily temperature ranges and warm wet, high humidity and low daily temperature variations. The living room was the thermal zone with worse thermal performance and energy efficiency and the double room had the best. The walls have greater interference for the heating gain of the room and the home office. Energy efficiency was level C. The proposed changes to the building of study are the protections openings, protections walls, planting vegetation and installing water heating systems.

Buildings are one of the major consumers of energy and make up a considerable portion in the generation of greenhouse gases. Green roofs are regarded as an appropriate strategy to reduce the heating and cooling loads in buildings. However, their energy performance is influenced by different design parameters which should be optimized based on the corresponding climate zone. Previous investigations mainly analyzed various design parameters in a single climate zone. However, the interaction of parameters in different climate zones was not considered. Also, the studies have been conducted mostly for commercial or residential buildings. Among different building types, schools with large roof surface are one of the major consumers of energy in North America. However, the literature review shows the lack of study on the effect of green roof on the thermal and energy performance of this type of building. This study performs a comprehensive parametric analysis to evaluate the influence of the green roof design parameters on the thermal or energy performance of a secondary school building in four climate zones in North America (i.e. Toronto, ON; Vancouver, BC; Las Vegas, NV and Miami, FL). Soil moisture content, soil thermal properties, leaf area index, plant height, leaf albedo, thermal insulation thickness and soil thickness were used as variables. Optimal parameters of green roofs were found to be closely related to meteorological conditions in each city. In terms of energy savings, the results show that the light substrate has better thermal performance for the uninsulated green roof. Also, the recommended soil thickness and leaf area index in the four cities are 0.15 m and 5, respectively. The optimal plant height for the cooling dominated climates is 0.3 m and for the heating dominated cities are 0.1 m. The plant albedo had the least impact on the energy consumption while it is effective in mitigation effect of heat island effect. Finally, unlike the cooling load which is largely influenced by the substrate and vegetation, the heating load is considerably affected by the thermal insulation instead of green roof design parameters. / Graduate

Estágio realizano no Instituto Electrotécnico Português e orientado pela Eng.ª Ana Teresa Pinto Azevedo Costa / Documento confidencial. Não pode ser disponibilizado para consulta / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (Major Automação). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2010

Combined heat and power (CHP) systems produce electricity and useful heat from fuel. When power is produced near a building which consumes power, transmission losses are averted, and heat which is a byproduct of power production may be useful to the building. That thermal energy can be used for hot water or space heating, among other applications. This dissertation focuses on CHP systems using natural gas, a common fuel, and systems serving commercial buildings in the United States. First, the necessary price difference between purchased electricity and purchased fuel is analyzed in terms of the efficiencies of system components by comparing CHP with a conventional separate heat and power (SHP) configuration, where power is purchased from the electrical grid and heat is provided by a gas boiler. Similarly, the relationship between CDE due to electricity purchases and due to fuel purchases is analyzed as well as the relationship between primary energy conversion factors for electricity and fuel. The primary energy conversion factor indicates the quantity of source energy necessary to produce the energy purchased at the site. Next, greenhouse gas emissions are investigated for a variety of commercial buildings using CHP or SHP. The relationship between the magnitude of the reduction in emissions and the parameters of the CHP system is explored. The cost savings and reduction in primary energy consumption are evaluated for the same buildings. Finally, a CHP system is analyzed with the addition of a thermal energy storage (TES) component, which can store excess thermal energy and deliver it later if necessary. The potential for CHP with TES to reduce cost, emissions, and primary energy consumption is investigated for a variety of buildings. A case study is developed for one building for which TES does provide additional benefits over a CHP system alone, and the requirements for a water tank TES device are examined.

No description available.

No Brasil e em São Paulo, a ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings ganhou rápida aceitação nos últimos anos. A norma é referenciada pelo sistema de certificação Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - LEED para estabelecer padrões mínimos de desempenho energético. Apesar do desenvolvimento de atividade de consultoria para comprovação de conformidade com esse código, a consultoria tem se limitado a intervir no projeto de arquitetura após sua concepção. A fim de investigar a influência da arquitetura no desempenho de edifícios de escritório e justificar a consultoria desde as primeiras etapas do projeto, o desempenho de uma série de modelos é estimado com auxílio da ferramenta de simulação computacional EnergyPlus. As alternativas avaliadas incluem diferentes percentagens de área de fachada envidraçada, propriedades ópticas e térmicas dos fechamentos transparentes, persianas automatizadas, orientação do edifício e proporções do pavimento tipo. Os resultados comprovaram a influência da arquitetura no desempenho energético de edifícios de escritório. Portanto, as decisões tomadas durante a fase de concepção do projeto têm impacto considerável no desempenho final do edifício e, apesar do tempo e dos esforços necessários, devem ser estudadas. / In Brazil and Sao Paulo, ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings has rapidly gained acceptance in recent years. The standard is referred by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - LEED rating system to set minimum energy performance levels. Although consulting activity was developed to demonstrate compliance to the code, it has been limited to intervene in the architectural design after its conception. With the aim of investigating the influence of architecture on the performance of office buildings and justify the consultancy since early design stages, the performance of a set of models is estimated using EnergyPlus computer simulation tool. The assessed alternatives include different Window-to-Wall Ratios - WWR, optical and thermal properties of glazing systems, automated roller shades, building orientation and proportions of typical floors. The results confirmed the influence of architecture on the energy performance of office buildings. Therefore, decisions taken during early design stages have considerable impact on the final performance of buildings and, despite the time and effort involved, should be studied.

No Brasil e em São Paulo, a ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings ganhou rápida aceitação nos últimos anos. A norma é referenciada pelo sistema de certificação Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - LEED para estabelecer padrões mínimos de desempenho energético. Apesar do desenvolvimento de atividade de consultoria para comprovação de conformidade com esse código, a consultoria tem se limitado a intervir no projeto de arquitetura após sua concepção. A fim de investigar a influência da arquitetura no desempenho de edifícios de escritório e justificar a consultoria desde as primeiras etapas do projeto, o desempenho de uma série de modelos é estimado com auxílio da ferramenta de simulação computacional EnergyPlus. As alternativas avaliadas incluem diferentes percentagens de área de fachada envidraçada, propriedades ópticas e térmicas dos fechamentos transparentes, persianas automatizadas, orientação do edifício e proporções do pavimento tipo. Os resultados comprovaram a influência da arquitetura no desempenho energético de edifícios de escritório. Portanto, as decisões tomadas durante a fase de concepção do projeto têm impacto considerável no desempenho final do edifício e, apesar do tempo e dos esforços necessários, devem ser estudadas. / In Brazil and Sao Paulo, ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings has rapidly gained acceptance in recent years. The standard is referred by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - LEED rating system to set minimum energy performance levels. Although consulting activity was developed to demonstrate compliance to the code, it has been limited to intervene in the architectural design after its conception. With the aim of investigating the influence of architecture on the performance of office buildings and justify the consultancy since early design stages, the performance of a set of models is estimated using EnergyPlus computer simulation tool. The assessed alternatives include different Window-to-Wall Ratios - WWR, optical and thermal properties of glazing systems, automated roller shades, building orientation and proportions of typical floors. The results confirmed the influence of architecture on the energy performance of office buildings. Therefore, decisions taken during early design stages have considerable impact on the final performance of buildings and, despite the time and effort involved, should be studied.

Daylight is renewable energy and abundant source. When used to balance the entrance of daylight and heat load within the room, brings benefits as the reduction in energy consumption. In commercial buildings lighting and air conditioning are responsible for larger proportion of final energy consumption. These buildings have great potential to reduce this consumption through balanced daylighting and air conditioning, avoiding waste. To find this balance, the computational simulation programs have been presented as a good alternative to estimate the consumption of an integrated way. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of daylighting in reducing the consumption of electric energy, whereas also, the use of air conditioning for models based on commercial buildings in Maceió. For this evaluation three models of different proportions, with a focus on depth and two sizes of different apertures were simulated in programs EnergyPlus and TropLux. In a first stage illuminances useful generated by computational simulations were evaluated where also the laminated reflective glass was used. In a second stage, the consumptions of daylighting and air conditioning were simulated integrated, considering a system of artificial lighting control. According to the analyzes were observed the illuminances useful are found in higher concentration in models with larger apertures, with lower depth and in points located closer to apertures. In the simulation integrated, the highest percentages of economy vary according to the PJFs, being considerable influence of heat load generated by the system of artificial lighting. Therefore, in the face of the cases studied, natural lighting can contribute significantly to reduce the consumption of electric energy, being important the existence of instruments which indicate guidelines for the use of daylighting in commercial buildings. / A luz natural é uma fonte de energia renovável e abundante. Quando utilizada visando equilibrar a entrada de luz natural e de carga térmica dentro do ambiente traz benefícios como a redução no consumo de energia. Em edificações comerciais a iluminação e o condicionamento de ar são responsáveis pela maior parcela do consumo final de energia. Estas edificações têm grande potencial de reduzir este consumo através da utilização balanceada da iluminação natural e do condicionamento de ar, evitando assim, desperdícios. Para encontrar este equilíbrio, o uso de programas de simulação computacional tem se apresentado como uma boa alternativa para estimar este consumo de forma integrada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da iluminação natural na redução do consumo de energia elétrica, considerando também a utilização do condicionamento de ar para modelos baseados em edifícios comerciais da cidade de Maceió. Para esta avaliação foram simulados no programas TropLux e EnergyPlus três modelos de proporções diferenciadas com enfoque na profundidade e dois tamanhos de aberturas diferentes. Foram avaliadas em uma primeira etapa as iluminâncias úteis geradas pelas simulações computacionais quando da utilização de vidro laminado refletivo. E numa segunda etapa foram simulados os consumos integrados, da iluminação natural e do condicionamento de ar considerando, para isso, um sistema de controle de iluminação artificial. A partir destas análises observou-se que as iluminâncias úteis são encontradas em maior concentração nos modelos com aberturas maiores, com menor profundidade e nos pontos localizados mais próximos a abertura. Na simulação integrada, nota-se que os maiores percentuais de economia variam em função dos PJFs, sendo também considerável a influência da carga térmica gerada pelo sistema de iluminação artificial. Portanto, observa-se que diante dos casos estudados a iluminação natural pode contribuir significativamente na redução do consumo de energia elétrica, sendo importante a existência de instrumentos que apontem diretrizes para a utilização da iluminação natural em edifícios comerciais.

The data center industry currently focuses on initiatives to reduce its enormous energy consumption and minimize its adverse environmental impact. Modular data centers provide considerable operational flexibility in that they are mobile, and are manufactured using standard containers. This thesis aims at developing steady-state energy and exergy destruction models for modular data centers using four different cooling approaches: direct expansion cooling, direct and indirect evaporative cooling, and free air cooling. Furthermore, transient thermal response of these data centers to dynamic loads, such as varying server load through change in user requirement over the cloud, and/or to changes in outside weather conditions has been studied. The effect of server thermal mass has also been accounted for in developing the transient regime. The change in performance of the data center is reported through changes in the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) metric, and through change in the exergy destruction in the individual hot and cold aisles. The core simulation software used for this work is EnergyPlus, an open source software from the U.S. Department of Energy. Moreover, EnergyPlus is used as the simulation engine within the in-house developed software package Data Center EnergyPlus (DCE+).

Tese de Mestrado Integrado. Engenharia Civil. Área de Especialização de Construções. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012