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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Distribution of Living Benthic Foraminifera and Its Relationship with the Pigment Concentration in the Sediments from Coastal Region off Southwestern Taiwan

Chen, Li-Ying 15 August 2012 (has links)
The surface sediments off Southwestern Taiwan were collected during three different cruises in May 2009, November 2009, and March 2010, respectively. The concentrations of chlorophyll-a and phaeopigment, as well as benthic foraminifera species, were analyzed. The results show that the concentration of chlorophyll-a decreases with the distance from the shore, and the concentration of chlorophyll-a also decreases with increasing water depth. The concentration of phaeopigment seems to have no significant relationship with the water depth. The relationships between the concentrations of benthic foraminifera, chlorophyll-a, and phaeopigment are also not significant. Because samples were collected from different water depths on the continental shelf, slope and in a canyon, the oceangraphic setting therefore may be one of the main factors which influences the distribution pattern of benthic foraminifera. According to the EOF analysis, the water depth in sampling sites plays a very important role in terms of the distribution of living benthic foraminifera in this study. The distribution do not show significant difference between collecting seasons. Finally, the concentrations of the chlorophyll-a and phaeopigment decrease drastically in a downcore record. Quinqueloculina spp., an epifaunal foraminifer, shows a significant peak concentration in the depth of 5-6 cm downcore. Bioturbation probably was responsible for this change.
2

On the use of satellite data to calibrate a parsimonious ecohydrological model in ungauged basins

Ruiz Pérez, Guiomar 24 October 2016 (has links)
[EN] Water is the foundation for all biological life on Earth and one of the basic links between the biosphere and atmosphere. It is equally fundamental for humans and nature (Tolba, 1982). In an environment of growing scarcity and competition for water, increasing the understanding of all fluxes of the water cycle lies at the heart of the scientific community's goals. Traditionally, water and vegetation have been considered as different systems. However, it is necessary to take a holistic approach which considers the question of the water cycle in an integrated manner by taking into account both: blue water and green water (Birot et al., 2011). Around this idea, the new discipline Ecohydrology emerged in the early 20th century and, from then; it has grown steadily as shown by the increasing number of research lines and scientific papers related to this new field. However, most of the current hydrological models includes the vegetation as static parameter and not as state variable. There are some exceptions taking explicitly the vegetation as state variable but in those cases, the models' complexity and parametrical requirements increase substantially. In practice, we have to deal against the 'data scarcity - high parametrical requirements' issue really often. To reduce that issue, two strategies can be applied: (1) simplification of the models' conceptual scheme and (2) increase of data availability by incorporating new sources of information. In this thesis, we explored the use of a distributed parsimonious ecohydrological modelling (with low parametrical requirements) calibrated and validated exclusively with remote sensing data. First, we used the parsimonious ecohydrological model proposed by Pasquato et al. (2015) in an experimental plot located in a semi-arid Mediterranean forest. The results in this previous stage suggested that the model was able to adequately reproduce the dynamics of vegetation as well as the soil moisture variations. In other words, it has been shown that a parsimonious model with simple equations can achieve good results in general terms. But, as long as we applied the model at plot scale, the challenging task to reproduce the spatial variation of the vegetation and water cycle remained. To explore the spatio-temporal variation of the vegetation and the water cycle, the distributed version of the parsimonious ecohydrological model used previously was applied in a basin located in Kenya, concretely in the Upper Ewaso Ngiro River basin. In order to explore the potential applicability of the satellite data, we calibrated the model using exclusively the NDVI provided by NASA. First of all, we had to deal with the fact that we were not calibrating the model with only one temporal series such as historical streamflow as usual. In fact, satellite data is composed by one temporal series per pixel. We had to identify how to use spatio-temporal (and not only temporal) data during models' calibration and validation. In that sense, unfortunately, there is still a deep lack in literature. A methodology based on the use of Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis was proposed and successfully applied. This experience provided amazing and promising results. The obtained results demonstrated that: (1) satellite data of vegetation dynamics contains an extraordinary amount of information that can be used to implement ecohydrological models in scarce data regions; (2) the proposed semi-automatic calibration methodology works satisfactorily and it allows to incorporate spatio-temporal data in the model parameterization and (3) the model calibrated only using satellite data is able to reproduce both the spatio-temporal vegetation dynamics and the observed discharge at the outlet point. It is important to highlight the positive consequences of this last result particularly in ungauged basins where the use of satellite data could be an alternative in order to obtain a proxy of the streamflow at outlet point. / [ES] El agua es la base de toda vida biológica en la Tierra y uno de los enlaces básicos entre la biosfera y la atmósfera. Es igualmente fundamental para los seres humanos y la naturaleza (Tolba, 1982). Tradicionalmente, el agua y la vegetación se han considerado como sistemas diferentes pero es claramente necesario tomar un enfoque holístico que considere la cuestión del ciclo del agua de una manera integrada, teniendo en cuenta tanto el agua azul como el agua verde (Birot et al., 2011). Alrededor de esta idea surgió la nueva disciplina llamada Ecohidrología a principios del siglo XX y desde entonces, no ha dejado de crecer tal y como demuestran el creciente aumento de líneas de investigación y publicaciones científicas relacionadas con este nuevo campo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los modelos hidrológicos actuales incluye la vegetación como un parámetro estático y no como una variable de estado. Hay algunas excepciones que toman explícitamente la vegetación como variable de estado, pero en esos casos, la complejidad y el número de parámetros a determinar de los modelos aumentan sustancialmente. En la práctica, tenemos que hacer frente a la temible combinación de "escasez de datos - alto número de parámetros a determinar" con mucha frecuencia. Para reducir este problema, se pueden aplicar dos estrategias: (1) simplificar la complejidad conceptual de los modelos y así reducir el número de parámetros a calibrar, y/o (2) aumentar la disponibilidad de datos mediante la incorporación de nuevas fuentes de información. En esta tesis, hemos explorado el uso de un modelo ecohidrológico distribuido y parsimonioso (con pocos parámetros a determinar) que ha sido completamente calibrado y validado exclusivamente con datos de teledetección. En primer lugar, se utilizó el modelo ecohidrológico parsimonioso propuesto por Pasquato et al. (2015) en una parcela experimental situada en un bosque mediterráneo semiárido. Los resultados obtenidos en esta primera etapa de la tesis sugirieron que el modelo era capaz de reproducir adecuadamente la dinámica de la vegetación, así como las variaciones de humedad del suelo. En otras palabras, se pudo demostrar que un modelo parsimonioso con ecuaciones simples puede lograr buenos resultados en términos generales. Pero, como el modelo había sido aplicado a escala de parcela, todavía quedaba como tarea pendiente reproducir la variación espacial de la vegetación y del ciclo hidrológico. Para explorar la variación espacio-temporal de la vegetación y del ciclo del agua, se aplicó la versión distribuida del modelo ecohidrológico y parsimonioso utilizado previamente en una cuenca situada en Kenia. Con el fin de explorar la posible aplicabilidad de los datos de satélite, calibramos el modelo utilizando exclusivamente el NDVI proporcionada por la NASA. Se aplicó con éxito una metodología basada en el uso de la identificación de las funciones ortogonales empíricas (EOF por sus siglas en inglés). Esta última prueba proporcionó resultados prometedores: (1) los datos de satélite contienen una cantidad extraordinaria de información que puede ser usado para implementar modelos ecohidrológicos en regiones donde no se dispone de tal cantidad de información; (2) la metodología de calibración propuesta funciona satisfactoriamente y permite incorporar datos espacio-temporales en el proceso de parametrización del modelo, y (3) el modelo calibrado sólo con datos de satélite es capaz de reproducir tanto la dinámica espacio-temporal de la vegetación así como el caudal observado en el punto de desagüe de la cuenca. Es importante destacar las consecuencias positivas de este último resultado sobre todo en cuencas no aforadas, donde el uso de datos de satélite podría ser una alternativa para obtener una aproximación del recurso en el punto de desagüe. / [CAT] L'aigua és la base de tota vida biològica a la Terra i un dels enllaços bàsics entre la biosfera i l'atmosfera. És igualment fonamental per als éssers humans i la naturalesa (Tolba, 1982). Tradicionalment, l'aigua i la vegetació s'han considerat com a sistemes diferents però és clarament necessari prendre un enfocament holístic que considere la qüestió del cicle de l'aigua d'una manera integrada, tenint en compte tant l'aigua blava com l'aigua verda (Birot et al., 2011). Al voltant d'aquesta idea va sorgir la nova disciplina anomenada Ecohidrología a principis del segle XX i des de llavors, no ha deixat de créixer tal com demostren el creixent augment de línies de recerca i publicacions científiques relacionades amb aquest nou camp. No obstant això, la majoria dels models hidrològics actuals inclou la vegetació com un paràmetre estàtic i no com una variable d'estat. Hi ha algunes excepcions que prenen explícitament la vegetació com a variable d'estat, però en aquests casos, la complexitat i el nombre de paràmetres a determinar dels models augmenten substancialment. En la pràctica, hem de fer front a la temible combinació de "escassetat de dades - alt nombre de paràmetres a determinar" amb molta freqüència. Per reduir aquest problema, es poden aplicar dues estratègies: (1) simplificar la complexitat conceptual dels models i així reduir el nombre de paràmetres a calibrar, i/o (2) augmentar la disponibilitat de dades mitjançant la incorporació de noves fonts d'informació. En aquesta tesi, hem explorat l'ús d'un model ecohidrològic distribuït i parsimoniòs (amb pocs paràmetres a determinar) que ha estat completament calibrat i validat exclusivament amb dades de teledetecció. En primer lloc, es va utilitzar el model ecohidrològic i parsimoniòs proposat per Pasquato et al. (2015) en una parcel·la experimental situada en un bosc mediterrani semi-àrid. Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta primera etapa de la tesi van suggerir que el model era capaç de reproduir adequadament la dinàmica de la vegetació, així com les variacions d'humitat del sòl. En altres paraules, es va poder demostrar que un model parsimoniòs amb equacions simples pot aconseguir bons resultats en termes generals. Però, com el model havia estat aplicat a escala de parcel·la, encara quedava com a tasca pendent reproduir la variació espacial de la vegetació i del cicle hidrològic. Per explorar la variació espai-temporal de la vegetació i del cicle de l'aigua, es va aplicar la versió distribuïda del model ecohidrològic i parsimoniòs utilitzat prèviament en una conca situada a Kenya. Al mateix temps, amb la finalitat d'explorar la possible aplicabilitat de les dades de satèl·lit, calibrem el model utilitzant exclusivament el NDVI proporcionat per la NASA. Es va aplicar amb èxit una metodologia basada en l'ús de la identificació de les funcions ortogonals empíriques (EOF per les seues sigles en anglès). Aquesta última prova va proporcionar resultats sorprenents i prometedors. De fet, els resultats obtinguts van demostrar que: (1) les dades de satèl·lit contenen una quantitat extraordinària d'informació que pot ser usada per implementar models ecohidrològics en regions on no es disposa de tal quantitat d'informació; (2) la metodologia de calibratge proposat funciona satisfactòriament i permet incorporar dades espai-temporals en el procés de parametrització del model, i (3) el model calibrat només amb dades de satèl·lit és capaç de reproduir tant la dinàmica espai-temporal de la vegetació així com el cabal observat en el punt de desguàs de la conca. És important destacar les conseqüències positives d'aquest últim resultat sobretot en conques no aforades, on l'ús de dades de satèl·lit podria ser una alternativa per obtenir una aproximació del recurs en el punt de desguàs. / Ruiz Pérez, G. (2016). On the use of satellite data to calibrate a parsimonious ecohydrological model in ungauged basins [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/72639 / TESIS
3

Small-Scale River Plume Dynamics at the Gaoping River Mouth

Huang, Sheng-feng 26 July 2012 (has links)
A major part of the terrestrial sediment in the ocean comes from the land via river plume. There are four stages in sediment dispersal from rivers into the sea: supply via plume, initial deposition, resuspension and transport by waves and currents or by the slope failure, and long-term net accumulation. We can understand the dispersion and transport of the river plume by in situ observations of hydrodynamic of the plume field. Therefore, it is helpful to study river plume hydrodynamics, such as winds, tides, waves, and currents. The purpose of this study is to identify the type of plume dynamics by analyzing the temporal and spatial variability of hydrological structures observed around the Gaoping River mouth. We observed the bottom and surface time series of temperature, salinity, turbidity, suspended sediment concentration, and velocity profile by instrument mounted at the tetrapods and a moored buoy during July 28 to 30 in 2009 and July 30 to August 2 in 2011. Besides, we investigated the spatial structures of the river plume in Gaoping River mouth by using a fishing boat in 2009. We also acquired satellite images to assist our study. The results showed that the river discharges during 2009 was lower than daily average discharge. Combined the temporal and spatial observations and satellite images, we determined that the river plume turned west during the ebb tide was influenced by Coriolis force and winds. The buoyancy-driven current velocity was 0.15 m/s and the maximum of wind-driven current velocity was 0.30 m/s. The wind strength index (Ws) determines whether a plume¡¦s along-shelf flow is in a wind-driven or buoyancy-driven state. Ws is the ratio of the wind-driven and buoyancy-driven along-shelf velocities. If |W_s | > 1 on average the wind velocity more than 5.9 m/s. The wind velocity reached this threshold during most of the ebb periods, and around that value in the flood time. Flood currents combined with cross-shore wind pushed the river plume to swing to the east. The data were analyzed by empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The results indicated that winds and waves were the main factors influencing plume dynamics during low-discharge period. During the field experiment in 2011, the river discharge was greater than daily average discharge. The buoyancy-driven and the maximum of wind-driven current velocities were 0.30 and 0.12 m/s, respectively. The wind velocity did not reach the threshold that was 11.67 m/s. The buoyancy-driven current was more significant than wind-driven current. By analyzing the ocean color of satellite images, the river plume was spreading from the river mouth and toward west during ebb. The time series data also showed that there was plume signal at the same time. The average cross-shore current velocity was 0.52 m/s, being larger than the buoyancy-driven current. Therefore, the tide was the main factor deciding where the plume discharged. The first eigemode of EOF suggested that current was the most important factor influencing plume dynamics during high-discharge period. The second eignmode described the dominant influence of wind.
4

Analysis Of Groundwater Dynamics In Semi-Arid Regions : Effect Of Rainfall Variability And Pumping

Javeed, Yusuf 10 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
5

Precipitation variability modulates the terrestrial carbon cycle in Scandinavia / Variation i nederbörd styr den terrestra kolcykeln i Skandinavien

Ek, Ella January 2021 (has links)
Climate variability and the carbon cycle (C-cycle) are tied together in complex feedback loops and due to these complexities there are still knowledge-gaps of this coupling. However, to make accurate predictions of future climate, profound understanding of the C-cycle and climate variability is essential. To gain more knowledge of climate variability, the study aims to identify recurring spatial patterns of the variability of precipitation anomalies over Scandinavia during spring and summer respectively between 1981 to 2014. These patterns will be related to the C-cycle through changes in summer vegetation greenness, measured as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Finally, the correlation between the patterns of precipitation variability in summer and the teleconnection patterns over the North Atlantic will be investigated. The precipitation data was obtained from ERA5 from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the patterns of variability were found through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The first three EOFs of the spring and the summer precipitation anomalies together explained 73.5 % and 65.5 % of the variance respectively. The patterns of precipitation variability bore apparent similarities when comparing the spring and summer patterns and the Scandes were identified to be important for the precipitation variability in Scandinavia during both seasons. Anomalous events of the spring EOFs indicated that spring precipitation variability had little impact on anomalies of summer NDVI. Contradictory, summer precipitation variability seemed to impact anomalies of summer NDVI in central- and northeastern Scandinavia, thus indicating that summer precipitation variability modulates some of the terrestrial C-cycle in these regions. Correlations were found between a large part of the summer precipitation variability and the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation and the East Atlantic pattern. Hence, there is a possibility these teleconnections have some impact, through the summer precipitation variability, on the terrestrial C-cycle. / Förändringar och variation i klimatet är sammankopplade med kolcykeln genom komplexa återkopplingsmekanismer. På grund av denna komplexitet är kunskapen om kopplingen mellan klimatvariation och kolcykeln fortfarande bristande, men för att möjliggöra precisa prognoser om framtida klimat är det viktigt att ha kunskap om denna koppling. För att få mer kunskap om klimatvariation syftar därför denna studie till att identifiera återkommande strukturer av nederbördsvariation över Skandinavien under vår respektive sommar från 1981 till 2014. Dessa relateras till förändringar i sommarväxtlighetens grönhet, uppmätt som skillnaden i normaliserat vegetationsindex (NDVI). Även korrelationen mellan sommarstrukturerna av nederbördsvariationen och storskaliga atmosfäriska svängningar, s.k. "teleconnections", över Nordatlanten undersöks. Nederbördsdatan erhölls från ERA5 analysdata från Europacentret för Medellånga Väderprognoser och strukturer av nederbördsvariationen identifierades genom empirisk ortogonal funktionsanalys (EOF) av nederbördsavvikelser. De tre första EOF av vår- respektive sommarnederbördsavvikelser förklarade tillsammans 73,5 % respektive 65,5 % av nederbördsvariationen. Strukturerna av nederbördsvariation under vår respektive sommar uppvisade tydliga likheter sinsemellan. Dessutom identifierades Skanderna vara av stor vikt för nederbördsvariationen i Skandinavien under båda årstider. Avvikande år av nederbördsvariation under våren indikerade att sagda nederbördsvariation haft liten påverkan på NDVI-avvikelser under sommaren. Emellertid verkade nederbördsvariationen under sommaren påverkat NDVI-avvikelser under sommaren i centrala och nordöstra Skandinavien. Detta indikerar att nederbördsvariationen under sommaren till viss del styr den terrestra kolcykeln i dessa regioner. För nederbördsvariationen under sommaren fanns korrelation mellan både Nordatlantiska sommaroscillationen och Östatlantiska svängningen. Det finns således en möjlighet att dessa "teleconnections" har en viss påverkan på den terrestra kolcykeln genom nederbördsvariationen under sommaren.

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