Certains composants nutritionnels sont capables de moduler la réaction inflammatoire et la réponse immune. Ils pourraient être très utiles dans l’augmentation de la résistance de l’hôte aux maladies infectieuses, en particulier dans l’infection pulmonaire à P. aeruginosa qui est caractérisée par une réponse inflammatoire excessive et dont la sévérité est associée à une réponse immunitaire de type Th2. Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de tester l’effet anti-inflammatoire d’un régime enrichi acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (EPA/DHA) au cours d’une infection pulmonaire aigue à P. aeruginosa sur des souris déficientes pour le gène cftr. Des résultats antérieurs suggérant que les souris femelles sont plus sensibles à l’infection que les souris mâles, les bénéfices de cette alimentation ont été analysés selon le sexe des souris. Le second objectif a été d’étudier l’effet des oligosaccharides acides dérivés de la pectine de Citrus (pAOS) au cours d’une infection pulmonaire chronique à P. aeruginosa. L’hypothèse testée était que les pAOS en favorisant le balancement de la réponse Th2 vers une réponse Th1 pourrait améliorer le pronostic de l’infection. Leur effet immunomodulateur a été évalué chez deux fonds génétiques murins différents : des souris BALB/c et C57BL/6 connues pour développer respectivement une réponse immune de type Th2 et Th1. Ces 3 études sont basées sur l’administration endo-trachéale d’une suspension de P. aeruginosa pour l’infection aigue ou de P. aeruginosa inclus dans des billes d’agar pour une infection chronique chez des souris nourries pendant 6 semaines (souris cftr-/-) et 5 semaines (BALB/c et C57BL/6) par une diète contrôle ou d’une diète spécifique. Les paramètres cliniques mesurés sont la survie et la clairance bactérienne pulmonaire, et les paramètres biologiques sont pour la réponse inflammatoire le dénombrement des polynucléaires, des macrophages et le dosage de cytokines pro- et anti-inflammatoires et pour la réponse immune le dosage des cytokines Th1 et Th2, l’expression de marqueurs de différentiation des lymphocytes Th1, Th2 et de polarisation des macrophages M1 et M2. Les souris BALB/c et C57BL/6 survivantes à une première infection ont été réinfectées et leur charge bactérienne pulmonaire a été mesurée. / Some nutritional components are able to modulate the inflammatory response and the immune response. They could be very useful in increasing the host resistance to infectious diseases, particularly in the P. aeruginosa pulmonary infection which is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response and the severity of which is associated with a Th2 type immune response. The first objective of this study was to test the anti-inflammatory effect of a diet enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA/DHA) during an acute pulmonary infection with P. aeruginosa in mice deficient for the cftr gene. Because previous results suggested that female mice are more susceptible to infection than male mice, the benefits of this diet were analyzed according to the mice gender. The second objective was to study the effect of acidic oligosaccharides derived from citrus pectin (pAOS) during a chronic lung infection with P. aeruginosa. The hypothesis was that pAOS by promoting the balancing of the Th2 response towards a Th1 response could improve the prognosis of the infection. Their immunomodulatory effect was evaluated in two different murine genetic backgrounds: BALB/c and C57BL/6, known to develop respectively a Th2 and a Th1 immune response. These three studies are based on the endotracheal administration of a suspension of P. aeruginosa for the acute infection or P. aeruginosa embedded in agar beads for the chronic infection in mice fed a control diet or a specific diet for 6 weeks (cftr-/- mice) or 5 weeks (BALB/c and C57BL/6). The clinical parameters measured were survival and pulmonary bacterial clearance. Biological parameters for the inflammatory response were the polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages counting and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines assay in the bronchoalveolar lavage, and for the immune response the Th1 and Th2 cytokines assay, the expression of differentiation markers of Th1 and Th2 cells and M1 and M2 macrophages. BALB/c and C57BL/6 surviving at the first infection were reinfected and the pulmonary bacterial load was measured.

Chemical, physical and sensory properties of omega-3 fatty acid enriched chicken frankfurters developed with flax oil and microencapsulated fish oil at 1.2%, 2.4% and 3.6% were evaluated. Four replicate batches of frankfurters were produced for texture profile analysis and TBARS for assessment of lipid oxidation over four weeks of refrigerated storage. Gas chromatograph analysis indicated that omega-3 fatty acid levels increased (p<0.05) with flax and fish oils treatments resulting in a shift in omega-6/omega-3 with no increase in lipid oxidation over the storage period. The two highest levels of fish oil resulted in increased redness, hardness, gumminess and chewiness (p<0.05) with the highest fish oil having the lowest rating for acceptability. 1.2 and 2.4% flax oil and 1.2% fish oil samples were softer and juicier than commercial frankfurters. Addition of oils high in omega-3 fatty acids to chicken-based frankfurters can result in product resistant to oxidation and acceptable to consumers.

Six week old male obese fa/fa Zucker rats (n=10/group) were fed four different diets enriched in linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (safflower oil, flaxseed oil, EPA, and DHA oils, respectively) for 8 weeks. Fatty acids were analyzed in major lipid classes in the testes. Global gene expression was analyzed using the Affymetrix Rat Gene 2.0 ST Array. Annotated gene sets from the normal and underdeveloped testes were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). In lipid analysis, n-3 diet supplementation decreased n-6: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and n-6: n-3 very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in most lipid classes in comparison to the LA diet. ALA increased the level of DHA, but not to the same level as DHA diet. Compared to the normal sized testis, the underdeveloped testis showed a marked decrease in n-6 pentaenoic PUFA and VLCFA while increasing n-6 tetraenoic fatty acids. Out of the 3192 genes detected, 1121 and 309 were differentially expressed in the underdeveloped and normal testes, respectively. The IPA indicated that transcripts that are upregulated in the normal testes relative to underdeveloped testes are involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, sphingomyelin metabolism and phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis. Transcripts upregulated in underdeveloped testes relative to normal testes are involved in production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Downstream effect analysis showed an increased trend towards reproductive system diseases and endocrine system disorders in the underdeveloped testes compared to the normal testes. In conclusion, these results indicate that testicular lipids and their metabolism are closely related with normal testis development and function. / February 2016

A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of petroselinic acid, found in coriander oil, on fillet, hepatocyte and whole body FA composition and Δ6 desaturase gene expression in hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed vegetable oil (VO) based diets containing no fishmeal (FM) or fish oil (FO). In the first experiment, rainbow trout were fed one of eight diets containing fish, flax, canola or Camelina sativa oil with or without coriander oil. Coriander oil in the diet increased concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3, P < 0.05) in the fillet. There was a trend to increased 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3/20:4n-6 ratios when coriander oil was added to the diet (P = 0.067). The second trial set out to investigate the effects of varied levels of coriander oil in canola oil based diets, on i) the capacity of rainbow trout hepatocytes to desaturate, elongate and esterify [1-14C] α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3; ALA) and [1-14C] linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA), ii) reducing the production of 20:4n-6 in hepatocytes and iii) gene expression. This experiment demonstrated a significant increase in 22:6n-3 (P = 0.011) and a decrease 20:4n-6 (P = 0.023) in rainbow trout hepatocytes. Furthermore, there was a three-fold decrease in acetate for the [1-14C] 18:2n-6 and nearly a two-fold increase for the [1-14C] 18:3n-3 substrate when coriander was added at increasing levels, illustrating an increase in peroxisomal β-oxidation. Relative gene expression of ∆6 desaturase decreased with addition of coriander oil at the 0.5 inclusion level of coriander oil. The final experiment was conducted to determine if bypassing the first ∆6 desaturase and rate-limiting step in the n-3 FA pathway causes increased conversion of stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n-3) to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Rainbow trout were fed one of six diets containing either fish, conventional linseed (flax), or SDA enriched linseed oil (LO) with and without coriander oil. Inclusion of coriander oil did not affect any growth or feed intake parameters of rainbow trout. However, the addition of coriander oil caused a significant increase in whole body 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 concentrations in fish fed SDA enriched LO with coriander oil (SDA+C) compared to fish fed conventional linseed oil (LO). These results suggest that petroselinic acid, found in coriander oil, has the ability to influence FA bioconversion of the n-3 and n-6 FA pathway thereby increasing 22:6n-3 and possibly 20:5n-3 in rainbow trout and reducing ARA when fed VO-based diets. Furthermore, it seems as though petroselinic acid causes improved bioconversion to 22:6n-3 when the first ∆6 desaturase is bypassed. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of action that petroselinic acid has on FA bioconversion.

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2018-08-17T13:30:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Alves Silva.pdf: 1187936 bytes, checksum: 4436228a6d8425a8ba13dd03636f218a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Alves Silva.pdf: 1187936 bytes, checksum: 4436228a6d8425a8ba13dd03636f218a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of two omega 3 oral formulations with different ratios of EPA, DHA and antioxidants, as an adjuvant in the treatment of dogs affected by KCS and to evaluate by fractal analysis the palpebral conjunctiva of the treated dogs. Forty-five dogs with KCS were evaluated monthly for 6 months by the Schirmer Tear Test (TLS), Fluorescein Test (TF), Tear Film Break-up Time (TBUT), Lissamine Green Test (LGT), cytology of the conjunctiva at the beginning, middle and end of the study, biopsy and fractal analysis of the conjunctiva at the beginning and end of the study. The dogs were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n = 15): T group (tacrolimus 0.03% topical), TO group (tacrolimus + omegas EPA/DHA) and TOA group (tacrolimus + omegas EPA/DHA + Antioxidants). The result demonstrated that there was a significant improvement in clinical signs in both groups. In TBUT, all groups presented increase during the treatment, and the TO group presented the best result at all times when compared to the other groups. At the end of the experiment, the groups T, TO and TOA presented cytological analysis, reduction of lymphocytes, neutrophils, metaplastic and squamous cells, and histopathological analysis, reduction of lymphocytes and neutrophils and increase of goblet cells highlighting the best performance at TO. In the fractal analysis, at the end of the experiment, the TO group presented the best result and the values close to the values found in the fractals of healthy eyes. The difference between the TO group and the other groups is in the higher EPA concentration, being a natural anti-inflammatory, which may be one of the causes of its better performance. We concluded that oral omega 3, which contains a higher proportion of EPA than DHA, has shown greater benefit in terms of the improvement of clinical signs and the inflammatory process in the treatment of KCS in dogs. / O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia de duas formulações de ômega 3 por via oral, com diferentes proporções de EPA, DHA e antioxidantes, como adjuvante no tratamento de cães acometidos por CCS e avaliar por meio da análise fractal a conjuntiva palpebral dos cães tratados. Quarenta e cinco cães atendidos no HV da UNOESTE portadores de CCS foram avaliados mensalmente por 6 meses pelo Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS), Teste de Fluoresceína (TF), Tempo de Ruptura do Filme Lacrimal (TRFL), Teste de Rosa Bengala, citologia da conjuntiva no início, meio e fim do projeto, biopsia e análise fractal da conjuntiva no início e final do projeto. Os cães foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n=15): grupo T (tacrolimus 0.03% tópico), grupo TO (tacrolimus + ômegas EPA/DHA oral) e grupo TOA (tacrolimus + ômegas EPA/DHA + antioxidantes oral). Os resultados demonstraram que houve uma melhora significativa nos sinais clínicos em ambos os grupos. No TRFL todos os grupos apresentaram aumento no decorrer do tratamento, sendo que o grupo TO foi o que apresentou melhor resultado em todos momentos quando comparado aos demais grupos. Ao final do experimento, os grupos T, TO e TOA apresentaram na análise citológica, diminuição de linfócitos, neutrófilos, células metaplásicas e escamosas, e na análise histopatológica, diminuição de linfócitos e neutrófilos e aumento das células caliciformes, ressaltando o melhor desempenho ao TO. Na análise fractal, ao final do experimento, o grupo TO que apresentou melhor resultado e os valores próximos aos valores encontrados nos parâmetros fractais de olhos sadios. A diferença entre o grupo TO e os demais grupos está na concentração de EPA maior, sendo um anti-inflamatório natural, o que pode ser uma das causas de seu melhor desempenho. Concluímos que o ômega 3 oral que contém maior proporção de EPA do que DHA trouxe maior benefício quanto a melhora dos sinais clínicos e do processo inflamatório no tratamento de CCS em cães.

Certains composants nutritionnels sont capables de moduler la réaction inflammatoire et la réponse immune. Ils pourraient être très utiles dans l'augmentation de la résistance de l'hôte aux maladies infectieuses, en particulier dans l'infection pulmonaire à P. aeruginosa qui est caractérisée par une réponse inflammatoire excessive et dont la sévérité est associée à une réponse immunitaire de type Th2. Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de tester l'effet anti-inflammatoire d'un régime enrichi acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (EPA/DHA) au cours d'une infection pulmonaire aigue à P. aeruginosa sur des souris déficientes pour le gène cftr. Des résultats antérieurs suggérant que les souris femelles sont plus sensibles à l'infection que les souris mâles, les bénéfices de cette alimentation ont été analysés selon le sexe des souris. Le second objectif a été d'étudier l'effet des oligosaccharides acides dérivés de la pectine de Citrus (pAOS) au cours d'une infection pulmonaire chronique à P. aeruginosa. L'hypothèse testée était que les pAOS en favorisant le balancement de la réponse Th2 vers une réponse Th1 pourrait améliorer le pronostic de l'infection. Leur effet immunomodulateur a été évalué chez deux fonds génétiques murins différents : des souris BALB/c et C57BL/6 connues pour développer respectivement une réponse immune de type Th2 et Th1. Ces 3 études sont basées sur l'administration endo-trachéale d'une suspension de P. aeruginosa pour l'infection aigue ou de P. aeruginosa inclus dans des billes d'agar pour une infection chronique chez des souris nourries pendant 6 semaines (souris cftr-/-) et 5 semaines (BALB/c et C57BL/6) par une diète contrôle ou d'une diète spécifique. Les paramètres cliniques mesurés sont la survie et la clairance bactérienne pulmonaire, et les paramètres biologiques sont pour la réponse inflammatoire le dénombrement des polynucléaires, des macrophages et le dosage de cytokines pro- et anti-inflammatoires et pour la réponse immune le dosage des cytokines Th1 et Th2, l'expression de marqueurs de différentiation des lymphocytes Th1, Th2 et de polarisation des macrophages M1 et M2. Les souris BALB/c et C57BL/6 survivantes à une première infection ont été réinfectées et leur charge bactérienne pulmonaire a été mesurée.

La présente étude évalue la capacité de EPA:DHA 6:1, une formulation d’omega-3 capable d’induire la formation continue de monoxyde d’azote par la NO synthase endothéliale, à prévenir l’hypertension et la dysfonction endothéliale induites par l’angiotensine II (Ang II) chez le rat. L’hypertension induite par l’Ang II est associée à une dysfonction endothéliale caractérisée par une altération des composantes de la relaxation et une augmentation des réponses contractiles dépendantes de l’endothélium. L’Ang II augmente le stress oxydant vasculaire et l’expression de NADPH oxydase, COXs, eNOS, et AT1R, alors que SKCa et connexin 37 sont sous-exprimés. EPA:DHA 6:1 prévient l’hypertension, la dysfonction endothéliale et la surexpression des protéines cibles. En conclusion, la consommation chronique de EPA:DHA 6:1 prévient l’hypertension et la dysfonction endothéliale induites par l’Ang II chez le rat, probablement en prévenant le stress oxydant dû à la NADPH oxydase et aux cyclooxygénases. / EPA:DHA 6:1 has been shown to be a superior omega-3 formulation inducing a sustained endothelial NO synthase-derived formation of nitric oxide. This study examined whether chronic intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevents hypertension and endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in rats. Ang II-induced hypertension was associated with endothelial dysfunction characterized by blunted components of relaxation and increased endothelium-dependent contractile responses. Ang II increased the vascular oxidative stress, and the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, COXs, eNOS, and AT1R whereas SKCa and connexin 37 were down-regulated. Intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevented the Ang II-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction, and improved expression of target proteins. In conclusion, chronic intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevented the Ang II induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in rats, most likely by preventing NADPH oxidase and cyclooxygenase-derived oxidative stress.

INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar de classicamente a lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) ser descrita como um fator de risco independente para as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), devido ao seu papel no transporte reverso de colesterol (TRC), atualmente sabe-se que esta partícula exerce múltiplos mecanismos biológicos que podem contribuir para esta cardioproteção, com estudos indo além do conteúdo de colesterol associada à HDL (HDL-C). OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da suplementação de ?-3 no perfil de ácidos graxos, tamanho e capacidade antioxidante da HDL. MÉTODOS: Estudo clínico, aleatorizado, controlado, duplo cego e paralelo, onde foram incluídos 147 indivíduos adultos, com fatores de risco cardiovascular, que foram alocados no grupo ?-3 (n=77 - 3,0 g/dia contendo 1,8 g de EPA+DHA) ou no grupo ?-6 (n=70 - 3,0 g/dia de óleo de girassol contendo 1,95 g de ácido linoleico). No início (T0) e após 8 semanas (T8) amostras de sangue foram coletadas e, a partir do plasma ou soro, foram analisados o perfil lipídico (CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), as apolipoproteínas AI, CII e CIII, as subfrações da HDL (Lipoprint®), a atividade da paraoxonase (PON1) e da proteína transportadora de éster de colesterol (CETP), a capacidade antioxidante da HDL (método experimental) e o perfil de ácidos graxos e conteúdo de AGNEs da HDL. Os resultados do efeito do tempo, da intervenção e das interações entre os parâmetros monitorados e os desfechos foram realizados com o auxílio do programa SPSS® versão 20.0. O valor de significância considerado foi de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos ?-3 e ?-6 eram semelhantes entre si em relação a idade, sexo, tabagismo e uso de medicamentos, ambos apresentando alta prevalência de hipertensão e dislipidemia. Nos dois grupos, houve redução em todos os marcadores lipídicos, exceto a concentração de HDL-C, que aumentou. Observou-se o efeito do tempo no conteúdo de HDLAGNEs (?=-16,2%), no percentual de HDLGRANDE (?=20,1%) e de HDLPEQUENA (?=-5,0%). O aumento de EPA na HDL se associou à menor chance de ter elevação da atividade da PON1 (OR=0,446; IC=0,200-0,994), da concentração de HDLAGNEs (OR=0,275; IC=0,113-0,660) e do percentual de HDLPEQUENA (OR=0,337; IC=0,146-0,782). Observou-se ainda que o EPA se associou a, aproximadamente, 3,5 mais chances de aumento no percentual da HDLGRANDE (OR=3,522; IC=1,652-7,507). Quanto ao aumento de DHA na HDL, este esteve associado de maneira significativa à diminuição da concentração de Apo AI (OR=0,351; IC=0,150-0,821), além da atividade da PON1 (OR=0,226; IC=0,110-0,639) e da concentração de HDLAGNEs (OR=0,275; IC=0,113-0,668). Resultados similares aos obtidos com o EPA foram observados para o DHA e o tamanho da HDL. Não foi constatado efeito da incorporação de EPA e DHA na resistência à oxidação. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção com ?-3 promoveu mudanças na composição da partícula de HDL, aumentando o percentual das subfrações maiores, sem, contudo, modificar sua capacidade antioxidante. / BACKGROUND: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is classically described as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), because of its role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), currently, it is known that this particle exerts multiple biological mechanisms that may contribute to this cardioprotection, with studies going beyond HDL cholesterol content (HDL-C). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of ?-3 supplementation on the fatty acid profile, size and antioxidant capacity of HDL. METHODS: A randomized, controlled, double-blind, parallel clinical study involving 147 adult subjects with cardiovascular risk factors, who were allocated into the ?-3 group (n=77 -3.0 g/day containing 1.8 g EPA + DHA) or the ?-6 group (n=70 -3.0 g/day of sunflower oil containing 1.95 g of linoleic acid). In the beginning (T0) and after 8 weeks (T8) blood samples were collected and, from plasma or serum, were analyzed lipid profile (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG), apolipoproteins AI, CII and CIII, HDL subfractions (Lipoprint®), paraoxonase (PON1) and cholesterol ester carrier protein (CETP) activities, antioxidant capacity of HDL (experimental method), the fatty acid profile and NEFAs content HDL. Results of the effect of time, intervention and interactions between monitored parameters and outcomes were performed with the aid of SPSS® software version 20.0. The significance level considered was p<0.05. RESULTS: The ?-3 and ?-6 groups were similar in relation to age, sex, smoking and medication use, both presenting high prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. In both groups, there was a reduction in all lipid markers except HDL-C concentration, which increased. The effect of time on HDLNEFAs content (?=-16.2%), and on the percentage of HDLLARGE (?=20.1%) and HDLSMALL (?=-5.0%) were observed. Increasing EPA in HDL was associated with a lower chance of enhance PON1 activity (OR=0.446, CI=0.200-0.994), HDLNEFAs concentration (OR=0.275, CI=0.113-0.660), and HDLSMALL (OR=0.337, CI=0.146- 0.782). It was also observed that EPA was associated with approximately 3.5 more chances of raising the percentage of HDLLARGE (OR=3.522, CI=1.652-7.507). Increasing DHA in HDL was significantly associated with a decrease in Apo AI concentration (OR=0.351, CI=0.150- 0.821), and also PON1 activity (OR=0.226, CI=0.110-0.639) and concentration of HDLNEFAs (OR=0.275, CI=0.113-0.668). Similar results obtained with EPA were observed for DHA and HDL size. No effect of the incorporation of EPA and DHA on oxidation resistance was observed. CONCLUSION: The ?-3 intervention promoted changes in the composition of the HDL particle, increasing the percentage of the larger subfractions, without, however, modifying its antioxidant capacity.

The main source of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in our diet is supplied by fish, and an ever-increasing proportion of these are being produced by aquaculture. The drive for the growing market demand and production from sustainable sources has led to the use of high-energy (fat) diets and, recently, to the replacement of fishmeal and fish oil with non-marine components, such as plant meals and vegetable oils that are devoid of n-3 LC-PUFA. Both changes impact greatly on lipid and fatty acid metabolism in fish, with health implications for the fish and the human consumer. This impact highlights the need to investigate the basic molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid and fatty acid metabolism in fish, specifically focussing on the pathways of lipid homeostasis and LC-PUFA synthesis. The aim of this study was to develop and utilise Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cell line as a model for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to enable an integrated approach to study the biochemical and molecular regulation of lipid metabolism in fish. In particular, α-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (LOA, 18:2n-6), which are essential fatty acids abundantly found in vegetable oils, and are precursors of LC-PUFA, were supplemented in combination with other fatty acids, to explore the effect of these on total lipid content, lipid class, FA composition and gene expression of CHSE-214 cell line. Total lipid content was extracted, followed by determination of lipid class and fatty acid analyses. Gene expression analyses of transcription/nuclear factors and various target genes in Atlantic salmon, including those involved in pathways of LC-PUFA synthesis and fatty acid oxidation, were carried out. The results demonstrated that CHSE-214 cell line, under experimental conditions, is able to convert LNA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and LOA to arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), but not LNA and/or EPA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), highlighting the activity of elongase and desaturase enzymes during the conversion process. Changes occurring on the fatty acid profile and also at molecular level were observed. Understanding the role that transcription factors play in the regulation of lipid biosynthesis in fish will allow endogenous LC-PUFA synthesis to be optimised. The results from this study could be used to improve the efficiency of alternative, sustainable diets in aquaculture, while maintaining the nutritional quality of farmed fish for the final consumer. CHSE-214 cell line can therefore be used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis, particularly in the conversion of LNA to EPA, which can then be reproduced in vivo, saving time and money.