Fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to predict the properties of EPON 862 cross-linked with curing agent DETDA, a potentially useful epoxy resin for future applications of nanocomposites. The properties of interest were density (at nearambient pressure and temperature), glass transition temperature, bulk modulus, and shear modulus. The EPON molecular topology, degree of curing, and MD force-field were investigated as variables. The range of molecular weights explored was limited to the oligomer region, due to practical restrictions on model size. For high degrees of curing (greater than 90%), the density was found to be insensitive to the EPON molecular topology and precise value of degree of curing. Of the two force-fields that were investigated, cff91 and COMPASS, COMPASS clearly gave more accurate values for the density and moduli as compared to experiment. In fact, the density predicted by COMPASS was in excellent agreement with reported experimental values. However, the bulk and shear moduli predicted by simulation were about two times higher than the corresponding experimental values.

abstract: Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) network is the future network configuration that uses optical fiber as backbone transmission media and enables wireless network for the end user. Our study focuses on the Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithm for EPON upstream transmission. DBA, if designed properly, can dramatically improve the packet transmission delay and overall bandwidth utilization. With new DBA components coming out in research, a comprehensive study of DBA is conducted in this thesis, adding in Double Phase Polling coupled with novel Limited with Share credits Excess distribution method. By conducting a series simulation of DBAs using different components, we found out that grant sizing has the strongest impact on average packet delay and grant scheduling also has a significant impact on the average packet delay; grant scheduling has the strongest impact on the stability limit or maximum achievable channel utilization. Whereas the grant sizing only has a modest impact on the stability limit; the SPD grant scheduling policy in the Double Phase Polling scheduling framework coupled with Limited with Share credits Excess distribution grant sizing produced both the lowest average packet delay and the highest stability limit. / Dissertation/Thesis / Thesis figures / Thesis simulation data / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2011

By envisioning that the future broadband access networks have to support many bandwidth consuming applications, such as VoIP, IPTV, VoD, and HDTV, the integration of WiMAX and EPON networks have been taken as one of the most promising network architecture due to numerous advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, massive-bandwidth provisioning, Ethernet-based technology, reliable transmissions, and QoS guarantee. Under the EPON-WiMAX integration, the development of a scheduling algorithm that could be channel-aware and queue-aware will be a great plus on top of the numerous merits and flexibility in such an integrated architecture. In this thesis, a novel two-level scheduling algorithm for the uplink transmission are proposed by using the principle of proportional fairness for the transmissions from SSs over the WiMAX channels, while a centralized algorithm at the OLT for the EPON uplink from different WiMAX-ONUs. The scheduler at the OLT receives a Report message from each WiMAX-ONU, which contains the average channel condition per cell, queues length, and head-of-line (HOL) delay for rtPS traffic. The EPON data frame is then scheduled based on these Report messages. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme could satisfy the end-to-end real-time QoS requirements. In addition, the centralized scheduler at the OLT can achieve high throughput in presence of traffic load variation.

By envisioning that the future broadband access networks have to support many bandwidth consuming applications, such as VoIP, IPTV, VoD, and HDTV, the integration of WiMAX and EPON networks have been taken as one of the most promising network architecture due to numerous advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, massive-bandwidth provisioning, Ethernet-based technology, reliable transmissions, and QoS guarantee. Under the EPON-WiMAX integration, the development of a scheduling algorithm that could be channel-aware and queue-aware will be a great plus on top of the numerous merits and flexibility in such an integrated architecture. In this thesis, a novel two-level scheduling algorithm for the uplink transmission are proposed by using the principle of proportional fairness for the transmissions from SSs over the WiMAX channels, while a centralized algorithm at the OLT for the EPON uplink from different WiMAX-ONUs. The scheduler at the OLT receives a Report message from each WiMAX-ONU, which contains the average channel condition per cell, queues length, and head-of-line (HOL) delay for rtPS traffic. The EPON data frame is then scheduled based on these Report messages. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme could satisfy the end-to-end real-time QoS requirements. In addition, the centralized scheduler at the OLT can achieve high throughput in presence of traffic load variation.

The aim of master's thesis was to demonstrate chosen PON network in simulation software OPNET Modeler. The work deals with passive optical networks. In particular, solutions that are based on the transmission of Ethernet frames. EPON and 10GEPON standards are described in theoretical section. EPON Standard was introduced already in 2004. Newer 10GEOPN is back compatible, which is ideal as a suitable solution for modern network with a high data rates demands. The practical part describes process of developing network nodes for passive optical network. EPON model was developed in simulation tool, that demonstrates basic features of the standard IEEE 802.3ah. The simulation results are demonstrated in last section.

As redes de telecomunicações se dividem em redes de longa distância, redes metropolitanas e redes de acesso. As redes de longa distância e metropolitana usufruem a alta capacidade de largura de banda da fibra óptica, enquanto nas redes de acesso há um gargalo de largura de banda por causa do uso de pares de fios e cabo coaxial. Para solucionar este problema e oferecer aos usuários acesso banda larga de baixo custo foram propostas as redes ópticas passivas (passive optical network - PON). A PON é formada por dois elementos básicos, a unidade de rede óptica (optical network unit - ONU), localizada perto dos assinantes, e o terminal de linha óptica (optical line terminal - OLT), localizado próximo ao provedor de serviços. Dentre os padrões disponíveis para redes PON, o Ethernet (EPON), padronizado pelo grupo IEEE 802.3ah, é opção atraente porque ele é bastante difundido nas redes locais. O protocolo de controle multiponto (multipoint control protocol - MPCP), já especificado, é responsável pelo controle de acesso ao meio, fornecendo infra-estrutura de sinalização para transmissão entre OLT e ONUs. Entretanto, o algoritmo de alocação de largura de banda, que realiza o controle de acesso ao meio com base no MPCP, foi considerado fora do escopo de trabalho do grupo de trabalho, permitindo que seja desenvolvido pelos fornecedores de equipamentos. Neste trabalho, arquiteturas de rede EPON e o protocolo MPCP são descritos e algoritmos de alocação de largura de banda são avaliados mediante simulação computacional. São abordados os algoritmos de alocação de largura de banda que integram multiplexação estatística e técnicas para o suporte a classes de serviços diferenciados, com base no esquema de multiplexação por divisão no tempo (time division multiplexing - TDM). Algoritmos que integram a multiplexação por divisão em comprimento de onda (wavelength division multiplexing - WDM) à arquitetura EPON TDM são também investigados. Os algoritmos WDM-TDM permitem a atualização progressiva da EPON que emprega o esquema TDM para WDM. / Telecommunication networks are divided into core, metropolitan and access networks. The core and metropolitan networks use high capacity bandwidth optical fibers, while the access networks have bandwidth bottlenecks because of the use of twisted-pair wires and coaxial cable. To solve this problem and to offers the users broadband access at low cost the use of passive optical networks (PON) is proposed. A PON is formed by two basic elements, the optical network unit (ONU), positioned close to the customers and the optical line terminal (OLT), located close to the service provider. Within the available standards for PON networks, the Ethernet (EPON), standardised by the IEEE group 802.3ah, is an attractive option because it is already widely used in local networks. The multipoint control protocol (MPCP), already specified, is responsible for the media access control, providing signaling infrastructure for transmission between OLT and ONUs. However, the bandwidth allocation algorithm, that controls access based on MPCP, was considered outside the scope of the work group, permitting that this be developed by equipment providers. In this work, EPON architectures and the MPCP protocol are described and bandwidth allocation algorithms are evaluated with computational simulation. Bandwidth allocation algorithms which integrate statistical multiplexing and techniques to support for differentiated classes of service, based on time division multiplexing (TDM) scheme are investigated. Algorithms that integrate wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to the EPON TDM architecture are also investigated. The WDM-TDM algorithms permit the progressive upgrade of EPON based TDM to WDM schemes.

As redes de telecomunicações se dividem em redes de longa distância, redes metropolitanas e redes de acesso. As redes de longa distância e metropolitana usufruem a alta capacidade de largura de banda da fibra óptica, enquanto nas redes de acesso há um gargalo de largura de banda por causa do uso de pares de fios e cabo coaxial. Para solucionar este problema e oferecer aos usuários acesso banda larga de baixo custo foram propostas as redes ópticas passivas (passive optical network - PON). A PON é formada por dois elementos básicos, a unidade de rede óptica (optical network unit - ONU), localizada perto dos assinantes, e o terminal de linha óptica (optical line terminal - OLT), localizado próximo ao provedor de serviços. Dentre os padrões disponíveis para redes PON, o Ethernet (EPON), padronizado pelo grupo IEEE 802.3ah, é opção atraente porque ele é bastante difundido nas redes locais. O protocolo de controle multiponto (multipoint control protocol - MPCP), já especificado, é responsável pelo controle de acesso ao meio, fornecendo infra-estrutura de sinalização para transmissão entre OLT e ONUs. Entretanto, o algoritmo de alocação de largura de banda, que realiza o controle de acesso ao meio com base no MPCP, foi considerado fora do escopo de trabalho do grupo de trabalho, permitindo que seja desenvolvido pelos fornecedores de equipamentos. Neste trabalho, arquiteturas de rede EPON e o protocolo MPCP são descritos e algoritmos de alocação de largura de banda são avaliados mediante simulação computacional. São abordados os algoritmos de alocação de largura de banda que integram multiplexação estatística e técnicas para o suporte a classes de serviços diferenciados, com base no esquema de multiplexação por divisão no tempo (time division multiplexing - TDM). Algoritmos que integram a multiplexação por divisão em comprimento de onda (wavelength division multiplexing - WDM) à arquitetura EPON TDM são também investigados. Os algoritmos WDM-TDM permitem a atualização progressiva da EPON que emprega o esquema TDM para WDM. / Telecommunication networks are divided into core, metropolitan and access networks. The core and metropolitan networks use high capacity bandwidth optical fibers, while the access networks have bandwidth bottlenecks because of the use of twisted-pair wires and coaxial cable. To solve this problem and to offers the users broadband access at low cost the use of passive optical networks (PON) is proposed. A PON is formed by two basic elements, the optical network unit (ONU), positioned close to the customers and the optical line terminal (OLT), located close to the service provider. Within the available standards for PON networks, the Ethernet (EPON), standardised by the IEEE group 802.3ah, is an attractive option because it is already widely used in local networks. The multipoint control protocol (MPCP), already specified, is responsible for the media access control, providing signaling infrastructure for transmission between OLT and ONUs. However, the bandwidth allocation algorithm, that controls access based on MPCP, was considered outside the scope of the work group, permitting that this be developed by equipment providers. In this work, EPON architectures and the MPCP protocol are described and bandwidth allocation algorithms are evaluated with computational simulation. Bandwidth allocation algorithms which integrate statistical multiplexing and techniques to support for differentiated classes of service, based on time division multiplexing (TDM) scheme are investigated. Algorithms that integrate wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to the EPON TDM architecture are also investigated. The WDM-TDM algorithms permit the progressive upgrade of EPON based TDM to WDM schemes.

Με την ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας οπτικών ινών κατά την τελευταία δεκαετία, η υποδομή των τηλεπικοινωνιών έχει παρουσιάσει μία τρομερή ανάπτυξη στη χωρητικότητα εύρους ζώνης των δικτύων κορμού. Η ανάπτυξη αυτή ξεκίνησε με τα δίκτυα ευρείας περιοχής (WANs) που παρέχουν συνδεσιμότητα μεταξύ πόλεων μέσω των δικτύων μητροπολιτικής περιοχής (MANs), τα οποία συνδέουν τα τηλεπικοινωνιακά κέντρα των παρόχων υπηρεσιών. Ωστόσο, τα δίκτυα πρόσβασης, που εξυπηρετούν πολυάριθμους οικιακούς χρήστες, μικρές επιχειρήσεις και οργανισμούς, δεν έχουν αναπτυχθεί ανάλογα. Παρόλο που η πρόσφατη ανάπτυξη των πρωτοποριακών τεχνολογιών xDSL και CaTV έχει αναβαθμίσει σημαντικά το τμήμα αυτό, οι τεχνολογίες αυτές είναι ακόμη ανεπαρκείς για να καλύψουν την ολοένα και αυξανόμενη ζήτηση εύρους ζώνης των χρηστών. Για την αντιμετώπιση αυτού του προβλήματος, οι τεχνολογίες της οπτικής ίνας μέχρι το σπίτι/το πεζοδρόμιο/το κτίριο (Fiber To The Home/Curb/Building – FTTH/FTTC/FTTB) έχουν θεωρηθεί από καιρό ως μια προτιμώμενη λύση και τα παθητικά οπτικά δίκτυα (PONs) θεωρούνται ευρέως ως μία πολλά υποσχόμενη τεχνολογία για την εφαρμογή διάφορων λύσεων FTTx. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αρχικά εισάγει το πρόβλημα σχετικά με την ανάγκη εφαρμογής οπτικών δικτύων πρόσβασης. Στη συνέχεια, εξετάζει πιθανές λύσεις στο πρόβλημα αυτό και αναδεικνύει τα παθητικά οπτικά δίκτυα (PONs) ως την καλύτερη επιλογή. Επιπλέον, γίνεται αναφορά στις διάφορες τεχνολογίες πολλαπλής πρόσβασης στα PONs (TDMA, OCDMA και WDMA). Η εφαρμογή της TDMA τεχνολογίας στα PONs αποδεικνύεται η πιο οικονομικά αποδοτική. Για τη χρήση της TDMA τεχνολογίας στα PONs αναπτύχθηκαν τα πρότυπα ATM PON (BPON), Ethernet PON (EPON) και Gigabit PON (GPON). Μετά από σχετική σύγκριση των προτύπων αυτών, το EPON θεωρείται η καλύτερη επιλογή για την εφαρμογή της TDMA τεχνολογίας στα PONs. Αυτή η διπλωματική εργασία στη συνέχεια εισάγει τις θεμελιώδεις έννοιες σχετικά με τα EPONs, εξετάζει τα κύρια ζητήματα που σχετίζονται με τη διάθεση εύρους ζώνης του ανοδικού καναλιού (από τον τελικό χρήστη προς το τηλεπικοινωνιακό κέντρο) στα συστήματα EPONs και παρουσιάζει μία επισκόπηση των πιο πρόσφατων αλγορίθμων δυναμικής διάθεσης εύρους ζώνης (Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation – DBA) για ανοδικές μεταδόσεις στα EPONs. Τέλος, γίνεται περιγραφή και υλοποίηση ενός εκ των πρώτων DBA αλγορίθμων που προτάθηκαν για τη διάθεση του ανοδικού εύρους ζώνης στα EPONs, του αλγορίθμου IPACT (Interleave Polling with Adaptive Cycle Time – IPACT). Κατά την περιγραφή, η limited service του αλγορίθμου IPACT προκύπτει ως η καλύτερη, με βάση διάφορα κριτήρια, μεταξύ των διάφορων υπηρεσιών αυτού του DBA αλγορίθμου και αποτελεί σημείο αναφοράς για μεταγενέστερες δημοσιευμένες εργασίες που υπάρχουν στη βιβλιογραφία. Η υλοποίηση περιλαμβάνει προσομοίωση της limited service του αλγορίθμου IPACT με χρήση της γλώσσας προσομοίωσης SIMSCRIPT II.5 και εξαγωγή αναλυτικών αποτελεσμάτων από εξισώσεις που μοντελοποιούν τη συμπεριφορά του αλγορίθμου, με χρήση της γλώσσας προγραμματισμού C. Τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης και της προσομοίωσης συγκρίνονται και προκύπτουν τα κατάλληλα συμπεράσματα. / With the development of fiber-optic technology over the last decade, the telecommunications infrastructure has shown a tremendous growth in the bandwidth capacity of backbone networks. This development began with the wide area networks (WANs) that provide connectivity between cities through the metropolitan area networks (MANs), which connect service providers’ central offices. However, access networks that serve numerous residential users, small businesses and organizations have not been developed accordingly. Although the recent development of innovative xDSL and CaTV technologies has significantly upgraded this segment, these technologies are still inadequate to meet the ever-increasing bandwidth demand of users. To address this problem, fiber to the home / curb / building (FTTH / FTTC / FTTB) technologies have long been regarded as a preferred solution, and passive optical networks (PONs) are widely regarded as a promising technology for implementing various FTTx solutions. This thesis first introduces the problem concerning the need for optical access networks. Then, examines possible solutions to this problem and highlights the passive optical networks (PONs) as the best option. Furthermore, a reference is made to the various multiple access technologies in PONs (TDMA, OCDMA and WDMA). The implementation of the TDMA technology in PONs proved the most cost-effective. The ATM PON (BPON), Ethernet PON (EPON) and Gigabit PON (GPON) standards have been developed for the use of the TDMA technology in PONs. Upon comparison of these standards, the EPON is considered the best option for the implementation of the TDMA technology in PONs. This thesis then introduces the fundamental concepts on EPONs, examines the major issues related to bandwidth allocation of the upstream channel (from the end user to the central office) in EPONs systems and presents a survey of the most recent dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms for upstream transmissions in EPONs. Finally, a description and an implementation are made of one of the first DBA algorithms proposed for upstream bandwidth allocation in EPONs, the IPACT (Interleave Polling with Adaptive Cycle Time - IPACT) algorithm. In the description, the limited service of the IPACT algorithm emerges as the best among the different services of this DBA algorithm according to various criteria and is a benchmark for subsequent published papers in the literature. The implementation includes the simulation of the limited service of the IPACT algorithm, using the SIMSCRIPT II.5 simulation language and extraction of analytical results from equations modeling the behavior of the algorithm, using the C programming language. The analysis and simulation results are compared and the appropriate conclusions arise.

The aim of this thesis is to clarify the issue of optical access networks, and to acquaint the reader with problems of their design and implementation. The introductory chapter describes the technologies and topologies, which are the most experienced in dealing with optical access network. There are a comparison of their basic parameters and limiting factors. Another part of the work is dedicated to progressive methods of construction such as microtubes and solution using the hanging cables, which due to the efficiency of construction, rapidity, economic and facilitate implementation. In conclusion the theoretical part there is issues of measurement. It describes a Optical Loss Test Set, OTDR method and method of measuring dispersion. Increasing demands on the capacity of the transmission paths, and their quality are caused of monitoring optical access networks, which can evaluate the failure on a route, target problems and inform service. The practical part compares EPON and GPON. In program OptiSystem was created model which these technologies are evaluated in terms of performance parameters, noise, jitter and eye diagram quality. The common feature of technology is transmission TDM frames, where EPON uses Ethernet and GPON technologies ATM. The outcome of simulation don´t show which technology is better, but result shows the conditions of the proposal of these technologies. At the end of work there are created several models for solving the optical access network with pricing per user. The most developed technology is FTTB in urban areas, when transmission in last mile uses copper circuit. This solution causing a rapid return on investment. Other technologies such as point-to-point FTTH or PON are implemented as individual proposals. Each of these solutions has advantages and disadvantages, so each project is unique and the solution is dependent on the project site and the requirements of customers.

The aim of this work is an overview of the proposal for FTTx Optical Access Networks. In the introductory chapter written about the optical fiber and the transmission. Furthermore, as already discussed various options with regard to the implementation instead of the end of optical fiber - FTTN, FTTC, FTTP, FTTB, FTTH and standards, which are used to build fiber optic networks. The next chapter is an overview of the network elements that are in different layers reference model ISO / OSI used. The final theoretical chapter is devoted to progressive technologies for the construction of optical access networks, which has recently been used. Concepts are explained as HDPE pipe, microtubing or self-supporting cables. The practical part design model, passive optical networks in the area Slavičín, located in the Zlín region. FTTB architecture was chosen, where for each connection object is used in the existing copper lines. The proposed route will use a standard technology GEPON Wavelength division WDM, so to connect the individual buildings will be used only one thread. Realization of optical networking technology will be excavation. The optical cables and optical fiber bundles are protected by HDPE pipes stored in the bed of sand. For the optical signal split into multiple lines will be used by an optical splitter 1 / 16, located in an outdoor cabinet optic pathway. The distribution of signals for the settlement will take care Alloptic central station, which is optimized for the transmission of Triple Play services. On the basis of the proposal is to created a financial analysis that shows the return on the project. An important part of the network is also monitoring the network. The last part of this work therefore deals with the possibilities of monitoring networks in order to continuously monitor the network, in order to prevent any disturbances or quickly respond to network problems.