This thesis comprises translations of five articles by the Russian ethnolinguist Nikita Iljich Tolstoy, some of which deal with the theory of the ethnolinguistic approach to language and the Slavic culture and others demonstrate a practical application of such an approach and such methods on the traditional Slavic culture. They present this approach as a continuous development of linguistic research which draws on the rich tradition and at the same time transcends its past and enriches it with new points of view. This also constitutes a unique way of preserving the legacy of our ancestors while simultaneously showing it in a new light. Aside from the translations the present thesis also includes an introductory study dealing with general characteristics of ethnolinguistics, its goals, subject, methods, and various schools of thought. In addition, chapters are included introducing the scientific work of N. I. Tolstoy and other members of the Moscow School of Ethnolinguistics. Present are also notes and comments on the translation, clarifying terms from the Russian cultural tradition not necessarily familiar in the Czech environment and explaining certain terms that may be difficult to translate.

This dissertation examines the uses, functions, and meaningfulness of traditional personal names and naming practices in Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Indian) culture. The current study indicates that Niitsitapi personal names appear to play a major role in capturing and conveying various aspects of traditional Niitsitapi sociocultural knowledge. Niitsitapi personal names thus appear to form an integral part of Niitsitapi oral tradition, and also seem to play a powerful role in establishing and maintaining Niitsitapi conceptualisations of individual, as well as social and cultural, identity. This dissertation supports the position that, in addition to their nominative function, names contain and communicate sociocultural meaning, based on their associations with a wide range of non-linguistic factors which form part of the sociocultural environment within which they are used. The methodological approach stresses the importance of studying personal names in cultural context and strongly emphasises the use of indigenous knowledge as a means of explaining personal naming phenomena from a native cultural perspective. / Linguistics / M. A. (Sociolinguistics)

Cette thèse se donne pour objet la rédaction d’un dictionnaire des noms de lieux d’un territoire gascon. Ce travail exige une réflexion sur les pratiques disciplinaires en microtoponymie romane. Il s’avère, après analyse,que les modèles offerts restent insuffisants. Nous proposons une refonte méthodologique en privilégiant le recours aux acquis de la lexicogaphie. Nos sources documentaires placent à égalité les deux piliers de la recherche que sont la documentation écrite et le discours oral recueilli lors d’enquêtes réalisées auprès des locuteurs. Nos enquêtes ont connu un prolongement inattendu avec la mise en place progressive d’un travail d’investigation linguistique et ethnographique et de diffusion dans le département des Hautes-Pyrénées.L’élaboration de notre dictionnaire microtoponymique aboutit à une nomenclature de 1198 noms répartis sur un domaine de 27,7 km2, ce qui correspond à une moyenne de 43 noms / km2 (17 noms / km2 sont en usage en2009). Nous présentons chaque fois que cela est possible le nom de lieu en contexte. La rédaction de notre dictionnaire a donné lieu à de multiples observations d’ordre linguistique, sur les faits de langue ou de graphie,historique, ethnographique et sociolinguistique. Une base de données permet d’appréhender en diachronie et en synchronie la nature et la fonction des microtoponymes : motivation, création et effacement, densité, etc.D’indispensables index sont confectionnés et prennent place à la fin de notre thèse afin de permettre plusieurs types d’accès aux informations. / This thesis consists in the redaction of a dictionary about names of places of a gascon territory. This work requires a reflection about the disciplinary practices in Roman microtoponym. After the analysis, the offered models remain not enough. We propose a methodological combination which privileges the acquired tools of lexicography. Our documentary sources put at the same level the two pillars of researches, which are the written documentation and the oral speech gathered by the means of questionnaires given to the speakers. Our questionnaires suffered an unexpected prolongation with the progressive creation of a linguistic and ethnographic research and it diffusion in the Hautes-Pyrénées department.The elaboration of our microtoponym dictionary brought to a nomenclature of 1198 names distributed on adomain of 27,7 km2 which correspond to an average of 43 names/km2 (17 names/km2 are in use in 2009). Eachtime we present that the name of places is possible in given context. The redaction of our dictionary has givenplace to multiple observations under a linguistic order, about the facts of language or about the graph, history,ethnography and sociolinguistic. A data base allows us to understand the nature and function of themicrotoponyms in diachrony and synchrony: motivation, creation and elimination, density, etc. In our thesissome indispensable indexes are confectioned and given in order to allow several types of access to information.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Dissertation thesis Eva Obrátilová Expressions of the traditional world-view of Mongolians, as reflected in the spoken language (with an emphasis on crisis-situation Topics) Abstract The aim of this work is to describe some of the traditional world-view of the speakers of Mongolian. Based on my research, I have placed research emphasis on the connection between culturally specific phenomena and language, the influence between the world-view and linguistic expressions connected with the nomadic way of life of the Mongolians. The material is classified and explicated from an ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic point of view, with a strong emphasis on the ethnography of communication and intercultural communication. Based on the analysis of communication situations, this dissertation describes some of the manifestations of world-view, taboo, values as well as the traditional world-view of the Mongolian speakers. Keywords: ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethnography of communication, intercultural communication, Mongolian studies

This dissertation examines the uses, functions, and meaningfulness of traditional personal names and naming practices in Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Indian) culture. The current study indicates that Niitsitapi personal names appear to play a major role in capturing and conveying various aspects of traditional Niitsitapi sociocultural knowledge. Niitsitapi personal names thus appear to form an integral part of Niitsitapi oral tradition, and also seem to play a powerful role in establishing and maintaining Niitsitapi conceptualisations of individual, as well as social and cultural, identity. This dissertation supports the position that, in addition to their nominative function, names contain and communicate sociocultural meaning, based on their associations with a wide range of non-linguistic factors which form part of the sociocultural environment within which they are used. The methodological approach stresses the importance of studying personal names in cultural context and strongly emphasises the use of indigenous knowledge as a means of explaining personal naming phenomena from a native cultural perspective. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M. A. (Sociolinguistics)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / No Brasil e, mais especificamente, no MaranhÃo, os atuais quilombos ou comunidades quilombolas estÃo entre os grupos humanos que desenvolvem particularidades denominativas e, mais comumente, conceptuais em decorrÃncia das especificidades que emergem de sua circunscriÃÃo Ãtnica, histÃrica, cultural, social, geogrÃfica, das diversificadas experiÃncias construÃdas com seus pares, com o outro, com o espaÃo circundante, com o cosmo, enfim, de sua singular visÃo de mundo. Partindo desse pressuposto, esta pesquisa, de natureza empÃrica, descritiva e qualitativa, objetiva identificar e analisar especificidades denominativas e, principalmente, especificidades semÃntico-conceptuais no lÃxico do quilombo Jamary dos Pretos, no municÃpio de TuriaÃu/MA, que revelem a singularidade da visÃo de mundo semioticamente construÃda por esse grupo, a partir das orientaÃÃes teÃrico-metodolÃgicas da SemiÃtica (GREIMAS 1973, 2008), (HJELMSLEV 1975), da EtnolinguÃstica (SAPIR 1912, 1921, 1929), (POTTIER 1970), (HYMES 1962, 1964) e da Etnoterminologia (BARBOSA 1993, 2004, 2007, 2009), (PAIS 1995, 2003). Mais especificamente, analisam-se as relaÃÃes lÃxico-semÃnticas e, sobretudo, as semÃntico-conceptuais estabelecidas nas 24 (vinte e quatro) unidades lexicais constitutivas desta pesquisa â distribuÃdas nos campos semÃnticos territorialidade, tipo humano, ritual/espiritualidade, alimentaÃÃo, trabalho/entretenimento, doenÃa, lazer, vestuÃrio, modo â Ã luz da etnicidade e das prÃticas culturais, histÃricas e sociais caracterÃsticas da formaÃÃo de Jamary dos Pretos a fim de identificar, especialmente, os traÃos semÃnticos atribuÃdos, ampliados ou suprimidos por esse grupo para representar sua concepÃÃo de mundo. Para tanto, baseia-se em um corpus oral constituÃdo por 24 (vinte e quatro) entrevistas â 18 (dezoito) realizadas com quilombolas e 06 (seis) com nÃo quilombolas, e se esmiuÃa, mediante uso de fichas etnoterminolÃgicas, as diferentes etapas do processo de conceptualizaÃÃo lato sensu de cada uma dessas unidades lexicais. Como resultado da anÃlise etnoterminolÃgica dos dados desta pesquisa, apresenta-se uma panorÃmica da visÃo de mundo especÃfica do quilombo Jamary dos Pretos, a qual revela as particulares raÃzes Ãtnico-culturais, histÃricas e organizacionais dos sistemas de significaÃÃo desse quilombo, atestando, por conseguinte, que as especificidades denominativas e conceituais do lÃxico desse grupo se convertem em signos-sÃmbolos de sua axiologia. / In Brazil and, more specifically, in MaranhÃo, current Quilombos or Quilombo communities are among the human groups that develop denominational and, more commonly, conceptual peculiarities as a result of specificities that emerge from their ethnic, historical, cultural, social and geographical constituency, as well as of diverse experiences built with their peers, with the other, with the surrounding space and, ultimately, of its worldview. From this presupposition, this research of empirical, descriptive and qualitative nature, aims to identify and analyze denominational specificity and especially specific semantic-conceptual lexicon from Jamary dos Pretos, in the city of TuriaÃu/MA, which reveals the uniqueness of the worldview semiotically constructed by this group, from the theoretical and methodological orientations of Semiotics (GREIMAS, 1973, 2008), (HJELMSLEV, 1975), Ethnolinguistics (SAPIR, 1912, 1921, 1929), (POTTIER 1970), (HYMES, 1962, 1964) and Ethnoterminology (BARBOSA, 1993, 2004, 2007, 2009), (PAIS 1995, 2003). More specifically it is analyzed the lexical-semantic relations and, especially, the semantic-conceptual established in 24 (twenty four) lexical units constituent of this research - distributed in the semantic fields territoriality, human type, ritual/spirituality, power, work/entertainment, disease, leisure, clothing, manner â based on ethnicity and cultural, historical practices, and social characteristics of the formation of Jamary dos Pretos in order to identify the semantic features assigned, extended or waived by this group to represent their worldâs conception . For this, it is based on an oral corpus consisting of 24 (twenty four) interviews - eighteen (18) performed with quilombolas and six (06 ) with non-quilombolas, and crumbles apart, by usage of cards , the different procesâs stages of lato sensu conceptualization of each of these lexical units. As a result of the data analysis of this research, it is presented an overview of the particular world view from Jamary dos Pretos, which reveals the particularities of ethnic-cultural, historical and organizational significance of this Quilombo, attesting, therefore, that denominational and conceptual specificities of the lexicon of this group are converted into signs-symbols of its axiology.

Notre étude prend pour objet la façon dont la jeunesse polonaise comprend aujourd’hui les gentilés européens tels que Polacy (les Polonais), Niemcy (les Allemands) et Francuzi (les Français), ainsi que le gentilé Europejczycy (les Européens) lui-même, plusieurs années après l’adhésion de la Pologne à l’Union européenne, faisant suite à la chute du régime communiste. Ces deux évènements historiques relativement récents sont en effet susceptibles d’avoir affecté la perception du monde des Polonais. En appréhendant la signification des gentilés précités par la vision d’une communauté de locuteurs, les jeunes locuteurs Polonais, cette étude s’inscrit dans le courant linguistique des recherches cognitives. Ces recherches mettent en avant, dans l’étude des structures sémantiques de la langue, le lien fondamental entre langue et pensée et prennent pour objectif de parvenir au sujet parlant (en tant que membre d’une communauté de locuteurs), à sa perception, à sa conceptualisation du monde (liée à son expérience) et à son système de valeurs. Notre étude adhère ainsi plus particulièrement au courant de l’ethnolinguistique de Lublin tel que l’a défini Jerzy Bartmiński et selon lequel nous ne saurions chercher le sens des gentilés Polacy, Niemcy, Francuzi et Europejczycy dans les dictionnaires, puisqu’il se trouve avant tout, pour ainsi dire, dans la tête des locuteurs. / Our study takes as its object the way the Polish youth understands today European ethnonyms such as Polacy (the Polish), Niemcy (the Germans), Francuzi (the French), and also the name Europejczycy (the Europeans) itself, several years after the accession of Poland to the European Union, following the fall of the communistic regime. These two historical events, these advances, could affect the way that Polish people perceive the world. This study situates itself in the mainstream of the cognitive linguistics research, which puts in the foreground the crucial link between language and thinking in the study of the semantic structures of language and aims to reach the speaking subject (as a member of a linguistic community), his perception and his conceptualization of the world (connected to his experience) together with his system of values. Therefore this thesis falls within the mainstream of the ethnolinguistic school of Lublin, the basic assumptions of which were described by Jerzy Bartmiński. According to this, the meaning of words such as Polacy, Niemcy, Francuzi and Europejczycy cannot be found in dictionaries, because their meaning exists primarily in the mind of the speakers.

Cette recherche se penche sur l’organisation post-migratoire de la communauté turque de Montréal et sur l’influence de cette organisation sur l’utilisation de la langue turque. La recherche a pour but de vérifier deux hypothèses interdépendantes. La première hypothèse est que la communauté turque de Montréal, loin d’être monolithique, est hautement structurée. La deuxième hypothèse est que la structuration de la communauté se reflète dans le discours et se manifeste dans l’utilisation de la langue turque. Afin de vérifier ces deux hypothèses, nous avons utilisé une triple méthodologie. D’abord, les caractéristiques et les dynamiques sociales de la communauté immigrante ont été notées et décrites selon la méthode d’observation participante. Par la suite, des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de quarante immigrants turcs (17 femmes et 23 hommes, âgés de 18 à 70 ans et à Montréal depuis au moins 5 ans). Les entrevues ont été structurées en trois modules thématiques : le premier portait sur l’histoire personnelle ; le deuxième traitait de la langue, et le troisième était consacré à l’organisation de la communauté turque et à l’actualité. Finalement, des variables linguistiques pouvant révéler les différences d'utilisation de la langue des groupes de la communauté turque ont été étudiées : 1- le choix lexical pour parler des femmes et des conjoints, et 2- la variété et la fréquence des marqueurs métadiscursifs. Notre étude ethnographique démontre que les Turcs de Montréal forment une communauté immigrante divisée en au moins deux communautés de pratique (CP), traditionnaliste et progressiste, chacune avec ses propres lieux d'interaction sociale, son propre discours et son propre style. L'affiliation des participants à l’une ou à l’autre est tributaire de leurs orientations politiques et de leurs pratiques religieuses. Notre étude a permis d’identifier parmi les participants un troisième groupe, périphérique, n’appartenant à aucune des deux CP. L’analyse du choix lexical a montré que la caractérisation lexicale de la conjointe variait considérablement entre les CP. Il a été observé que les hommes de la communauté traditionnelle préféraient le mot hanım (fr. dame) lorsqu'ils parlaient de leurs femmes, tandis que ceux de la communauté progressiste choisissaient le mot eş (fr. épouse). Ce résultat vient confirmer notre 4 hypothèse selon laquelle les membres de la communauté indexent leur identité sociale à travers la variation lexicale dans les vocables liés au genre. L’analyse a aussi montré que l’identité sociale des individus influence l’utilisation des marqueurs métadiscursifs selon le thème de discussion. Même si l’utilisation des supporteurs semble favorisée par les membres périphériques, les tests statistiques n’ont pas montré de différence significative entre les groupes. Dans le cas des atténuateurs, leur utilisation est significativement favorisée par les membres périphériques, ce qui reflète leur neutralité sociopolitique. L’utilisation des marqueurs métadiscursifs varie également en fonction des thèmes abordés. Si l’utilisation de marqueurs métadiscursifs atténuateurs et supporteurs des participants est équilibrée lorsqu’ils parlent de leur histoire personnelle d’immigration ou de la langue, l'utilisation d'atténuateurs augmente et l'utilisation de supporteurs diminue lorsqu’ils parlent de l’organisation de la communauté turque et de l’actualité. C’est surtout parmi les membres progressistes et traditionnels que cette différence est plus évidente. Cette tendance des participants peut s’expliquer par la volonté d’éviter de marquer son identité en lien avec des enjeux sociopolitiques sensibles en contexte d’entrevue sociolinguistique. / This research examines the post-migration organization of the Turkish community in Montreal and the influence of this organization on the use of the Turkish language. The research aims to test two interrelated hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that the Turkish community in Montreal, far from being monolithic, is highly structured. The second hypothesis is that the structuring of the community is reflected in the discourse and manifested in the use of the Turkish language. In order to test these two hypotheses, we used a triple methodology. First, the characteristics and social dynamics of the immigrant community were noted and described using the participant observation method. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 Turkish immigrants (17 women and 23 men, aged 18 to 70 and in Montreal for at least 5 years). The interviews were structured in three thematic modules: the first dealt with personal history; the second with language; and the third with Turkish community organization and current events. Finally, linguistic variables that may reveal differences in language use among groups in the Turkish community were studied: 1- the lexical choice to talk about women and spouses, and 2- the variety and frequency of metadiscursive markers. Our ethnographic study shows that Montreal Turks form an immigrant community divided into at least two communities of practice (CP), traditionalist and progressive, each with its own sites of social interaction, its own discourse and its own style. Participants' affiliation to one or the other is dependent on their political orientations and religious practices. Our study identified a third, peripheral group of participants who do not belong to either CP. The analysis of lexical choice showed that the characterization of the spouse in particular varied considerably between the CPs. It was observed that men from the traditional community preferred the word hanım (eng. lady) when talking about their wives, while those from the progressive community chose the word eş (eng. spouse). This result supports our participant observation that community members index their social identity through lexical variation in gender context. The analysis also showed that individuals' social identity influences the use of metadiscursive markers according to the topic of discussion. Although the use of boosters appeared to be favored by peripheral members, statistical tests did not show a significant difference between groups. In 6 the case of hedges, use was significantly favored by peripheral members, reflecting their socio political neutrality. The use of metadiscursive markers also varied by topic. While participants' use of hedge and booster is balanced when talking about their personal immigration history or language, the use of hedge increases and the use of booster decreases when talking about Turkish community organization and current events. This differentiation is most evident among progressive and traditional members. This tendency of participants may be explained by the desire to avoid the risk of marking one's identity in connection with such sensitive socio-political issues in the context of a sociolinguistic interview.