The gradually communitisation of migration policies in the European Union (EU) coincides with the increase of human flows in the Schengen area, driven largely by the characteristics and economic demands of the global network society. In this process, the tension is deposited between the need for Community harmonization in the embryonic foundations of a principle of solidarity aimed at protecting humanana mobility ("Europe without borders") and the effective adoption of legal acts sustained by the security perception of migration ("Fortress Europe"). Under such assumptions, the research analyzes the communitarisation process of selective migration policies (refoulement of irregular immigrants and attracting highly skilled workers) and the emergence of immigration restriction techniques (technological surveillance of external borders and landless of migration control), with special Featured establishing a European Border Surveillance System (EUROSUR). We opted for the dialectical-inductive approach to the topic in order to suit the analysis of the intertwining of migration policies, normative acts and judicial decisions and their itineraries and contextual contradictions. As for the procedure, especially the monographic methods were used, historical, comparative and case study. It investigates how human mobility in Europe fall within the overall context of migration, through the analysis of normative sources devoted to ticket management and national residence of third countries in the EU, with the purpose of gauging how is the division of powers on migration. We analyze also the human rights guaranteed to migrants through the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and the Agency's reports of the European Union Fundamental Rights (EU). Community Directives were analyzed related to the co-optation of qualified immigrants and immigrant repulsion undocumented, featured reflections of the security obsession that marks the European migration strategies. Finally, it approaches the implementation of EUROSUR, relating to the consolidation of surveillance as an emerging paradigm in the global legal scenario. Finally, it is concluded that the regional management of migration under the logic of selectivity by giving a Community surveillance, accelerates economic crises in countries of origin, increasing the volume of mobility towards the destination countries. / A progressiva comunitarização das políticas migratórias no âmbito da União Europeia (UE) coincide com o aumento dos fluxos humanos no espaço Schengen, motivado, em larga medida, pelas características e demandas econômicas da sociedade global em rede. Nesse processo, sedimenta-se a tensão entre a necessidade de harmonização comunitária sobre os fundamentos embrionários de um princípio de solidariedade voltado à proteção da mobilidade humana ( Europa sem fronteiras ) e a efetiva adoção de atos jurídicos sustentados por uma percepção securitária das migrações ( fortaleza Europa ). Sob tais premissas, a pesquisa analisa o processo de comunitarização de políticas migratórias seletivas (repulsão de imigrantes irregulares e atração de trabalhadores altamente qualificados) e a emergência de técnicas de restrição migratória (vigilância tecnológica das fronteiras externas e desterritorialização do controle migratório), com especial destaque à criação do Sistema Europeu de Vigilância de Fronteiras (EUROSUR). Optou-se pela abordagem dialético-indutiva do tema, a fim de adequar a análise ao entrelaçamento entre políticas migratórias, atos normativos, decisões judiciais e seus respectivos itinerários e contradições contextuais. Já quanto ao procedimento, foram utilizados sobretudo os métodos monográfico, histórico, comparativo e estudos de caso. Investiga-se de que modo a mobilidade humana na Europa se insere no contexto global das migrações, através da análise das fontes normativas consagradas à gestão do ingresso e permanência de nacionais de países terceiros no território da UE, com o fim de aferir como se dá a repartição de competências em matéria migratória. Analisa-se, também, os direitos humanos garantidos aos migrantes através da jurisprudência da Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos e dos relatórios da Agência dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia. Foram analisadas Diretivas comunitárias relacionadas à cooptação de imigrantes qualificados e repulsão de imigrantes em situação irregular, reflexos destacados da obssessão securitária que marca as estratégias migratórias europeias. Por fim, aborda-se a implementação do EUROSUR, relacionando-a à consolidação da vigilância como paradigma emergente no cenário jurídico global. Ao final, conclui-se que a gestão regional da migração sob a lógica da seletividade, através da comunitarização da vigilância, além de incompatível com as diretrizes do cosmopolitismo migratório, também acelera as crises econômicas nos países de origem, intensificando o volume da mobilidade rumo aos países de destino.

Centrée sur le droit pénal face à la migration transfrontière, la présente étude prend le parti d’intégrer en son sein deux formes de migration spécifiques : la migration irrégulière et la migration pour motif terroriste. Elle choisit également de faire du droit pénal son objet central. Ce choix conduit naturellement à renverser les perspectives initiales et à envisager, non les effets du droit pénal sur la migration transfrontière, mais l’inverse : les incidences de la migration transfrontière sur le droit pénal. À cet égard, migration irrégulière et migration pour motif terroriste ont en commun d’ébranler le droit pénal. Face à la migration irrégulière, le droit pénal subit une instrumentalisation : sa mobilisation n’est effectuée que dans une finalité administrative d’éloignement de la migration présente à la frontière (particulièrement dans les zones d’attente et frontalières). Plus encore, la politique de prévention contre l’immigration irrégulière développée à l’échelle de l’Union européenne a entraîné un véritable enchevêtrement de normes pénales, agissant dans de multiples espaces géographiques, dont certaines sont détournées afin d’entraver la migration en mer, et d’autres créées pour l’empêcher de se former sur terre, au sein des États tiers de départ. À l’inverse, le droit pénal apparaît absent face à la migration pour motif terroriste. Alors qu’il pourrait se saisir de ce phénomène, il semble au contraire dépassé par la montée en puissance de mesures de police administrative. De nature à anticiper d’une manière quasiment prédictive le risque terroriste porté par la migration transfrontière, ces mesures entraînent l’obsolescence du droit pénal. Penser le droit pénal face à la migration transfrontière permet enfin de révéler que la migration irrégulière et la migration pour motif terroriste sont liées par le droit, en étant envisagées sous le prisme du risque qu’elles portent en elle. / This study focuses on the link between criminal law and crossborder migration and will address two specific forms of migration : irregular migration and migration with a terrorist purpose. The main focus of this study is criminal law. This choice has resulted in a reversal of the original focus ; that is to say the effects of crossborder migration on criminal law as opposed to the effects of criminal law on crossborder migration. Both irregular migration and migration with a terrorist purpose undermine criminal law. With respect to irregular migration, criminal law is used as an administrative instrument to repel migrants from national borders particularly those in waiting zones and crossborder zones. Prevention policies against irregular migration implemented at the EU level have resulted in an entanglement of criminal norms, in various geographic areas, some of them were diverted to prevent migration by sea and other were created to stop migrants trying to enter by land via third countries. On the contrary, criminal law seems absent with regards to migration with a terrorist purpose. While it could effectively tackle this phenomenon, it seems overwhelmed by the rise of administrative police measures. These measures are able to anticipate in a quasi-predictive manner the risk of terrorism via crossborder migration and they in fact render criminal law ineffective. Thinking criminal law in the face of crossborder migration has allowed to reveal that irregular migration and migration with a terrorist purpose are legally contected, when they are considered through the prism of the risk conveyed.