Hindi and Urdu are two branches of the same language sometimes known as Hindustani. They are divided by orthography and geography but when spoken are sometimes indistinguishable. Both have contributed loanwords that have now been completely assimilated into the language. The question of how the eye behaves during Hindi reading when it encounters Urdu loanwords has not been focused on extensively in prior research. The main purpose of this thesis is to document the eye behavior during reading Sanskrit-based words and Urdu loanwords in Hindi. We place fifteen word pairs consisting of one target Hindi Sanskrit-based word and its Urdu loanword equivalent in different sentences. Native Hindi speakers participate to read Hindi sentences containing either Urdu loanwords or the Sanskrit root word in Hindi. To quantify the differences in reading Hindi and Urdu loanwords in Devanagari (Hindi script) sentences we use an eye tracking methodology, which is used to measure eye movements of a participant during reading. We discover very distinctive eye behavior during reading of Urdu loanwords in comparison to reading Hindi Sanskrit-based words. Analysis also shows an interaction in eye behavior due to language and frequency.

Background : Frequency Doubling Perimetry ( FDP ) is a recently developed form of perimetry, which may be more sensitive for detecting visual field loss from glaucoma than conventional Achromatic Automated Perimetry ( AAP ). This thesis was undertaken to study aspects of FDP for the detection of early glaucoma. Method : FDP was compared with other forms of perimetry at one point in time using one dataset ( n = 83 ) and longitudinally over a four - year period with another dataset ( n = 62 ). Several aspects were studied : ( 1 ) the ability of FDP to detect visual field loss earlier than AAP, ( 2 ) its ability to detect early functional abnormality in the presence of mild glaucomatous structural abnormality ( 3 ) visual field topography compared with other perimetry and ( 4 ) its ability to predict future field loss when only the nasal quadrants were considered. Results : When subjects at risk of glaucoma with initial visual field loss on FDP were followed over a three - year period, a significant proportion developed field loss with AAP, whilst those without initial FDP loss did not. FDP detected cases of early glaucomatous optic disc damage, which had not been detected using AAP ; however, there was still a proportion of those with abnormal optic discs which remained normal on FDP. FDP field topography was hill - shaped with the most sensitive point centrally ; however, it was considerably flatter and more sensitive than AAP. Finally, if FDP field loss was only considered significant when it occurred within the nasal step location of the visual field, then this may improve the accuracy of glaucoma diagnosis. Conclusion : This thesis has demonstrated that FDP is not only more sensitive than AAP in the detection of glaucomatous optic disc damage, but it is able to predict future field loss on AAP. FDP may therefore be useful in the early detection and management of glaucoma. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Medicine, 2006.

When a moving dot, which is tracked by the eyes and enclosed in a moving framework, suddenly stops while the enclosing framework continues its motion, the dot is seen to describe a curved path. This illusion can be explained only by assuming that extra-retinal signals are taken into account in interpreting retinal information. The form of the illusion, and the fact that the phenomenal path cannot be explained on the basis of positional information alone, suggests that the perceived path is computed by integrating (instantaneous) velocity information over time. A vector addition model embodying a number of simplifying assumptions is found to qualitatively fit the experimental data. A number of follow-up studies are suggested.

There is evidence to suggest that people from different cultures have different cognitive processing styles. For example, by measuring the eye movements of American and Chinese students when viewing pictures, Chua, Boland, and Nisbett (2005) found that American students fixated more on the focal object, whereas Chinese students fixated more on the background. In a subsequent object-recognition task, the Chinese students were less likely to correctly recognize old objects presented in new backgrounds than Americans did. This study used a similar scene-viewing task to investigate whether aging modulates these cultural differences in cognitive processing style. Like Chua et al., we found that young Chinese students spent longer fixating the background than did their Western counterparts. However, we failed to replicate the accompanying memory bias observed by Chua et al. Our strongest finding was that maintaining the original background facilitated memory for objects in young participants of both cultures but not for older participants. This result suggests that older adults had poorer memory for background details and/or had poorer integration of object and background.

Research applying eye-tracking to usability testing is increasing in popularity. A great deal of data can be obtained with eye-tracking, but there is little guidance as to how eye-movement data can be used in software usability testing. In the current study, users’ eye-movements were recorded while they completed a series of tasks on one of three e-commerce websites specializing in educational toys. Four main research questions were addressed in this study: (1) Are eye-tracking measures correlated with the more traditional measures of website usability (e.g., success, time on task, number of pages visited); (2) Are eye-tracking measures sensitive to differences in task difficulty; (3) Are eye-tracking measures sensitive to differences in site usability; and (4) How does the design of a website drive user eye-movements? Traditional usability performance measures consisted of time on task, number of pages visited, and perceived task difficulty. Eye-tracking measures included the number of fixations, total dwell time, and average fixation duration. In general, all these measures were found to be highly correlated with one another, with the exception of average fixation duration. The two groups of measures generally agreed on differences in task difficulty; tasks showing high scores on one variable (e.g., time on task) showed high results on other measures (e.g., number of fixations). Similar agreement among measures was observed in comparisons of the sites on each task. The unique contributions of eye-tracking to usability testing were best realized in qualitative examinations of eye-tracking data in relation to specific areas of interest (AOIs) on site pages, which demonstrated this to be a useful tool in understanding how aspects of design may drive users’ visual exploration of a web page. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. / "May 2005."

There is evidence to suggest that people from different cultures have different cognitive processing styles. For example, by measuring the eye movements of American and Chinese students when viewing pictures, Chua, Boland, and Nisbett (2005) found that American students fixated more on the focal object, whereas Chinese students fixated more on the background. In a subsequent object-recognition task, the Chinese students were less likely to correctly recognize old objects presented in new backgrounds than Americans did. This study used a similar scene-viewing task to investigate whether aging modulates these cultural differences in cognitive processing style. Like Chua et al., we found that young Chinese students spent longer fixating the background than did their Western counterparts. However, we failed to replicate the accompanying memory bias observed by Chua et al. Our strongest finding was that maintaining the original background facilitated memory for objects in young participants of both cultures but not for older participants. This result suggests that older adults had poorer memory for background details and/or had poorer integration of object and background.

In the BGA family package, plating bars must be added in the manufactured processing , However they will cause discontinuities[1]¡Bradiation effect[2] and bad transmission efficiency[3]~[6].This paper considers the signal transmission problem caused by the couple plating lines. This thesis starts from analyzing the different terminations of the couple lines, then proposes a novel L-stub element structure which can decrease the crosstalk noise efficiently on the plating lines. Discussion of the L-stub length ratio, L-stub position and the numbers of the L-stub then provides the useful range. The basic idea is to use the reflection of source to cancel the original couple and doesn¡¦t have to add additional element. In addition, it compares well with other methods which are also designed for reducing crosstalk and circuits are implemented to prove our design. Last of all, using the eye diagram to manifest the signal quality improvement.

The time-course of the attentional bias to threat in women and men was examined in order to clarify the validity of the "vigilant-avoidant hypothesis" and extend findings with spider pictures (Rinck and Becker, 2006) to other ecologically valid stimuli. Two hundred thirty-one (104 men, 127 women) participants pre-selected for high and low trait anxiety completed a battery of mood measures and viewed a series of slides with competing angry versus friendly faces. For a subset of these participants (54 men, 50 women), fixations and gaze durations were recorded via an eye tracker. All participants completed a face recognition task and provided copy and live measures of digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker of prenatal androgen exposure. Consistent with results from Rinck and Becker (2006), it was predicted that highly anxious individuals would show a vigilant-avoidant pattern toward angry faces while lesser anxious individuals would attend equally to angry and friendly faces over time. In addition, it was hypothesized that the vigilant-avoidant pattern would be stronger in highly anxious women. For secondary hypotheses, it was expected that digit ratio would correlate positively with trait anxiety and that attentional patterns for threat would differ between those with low and high digit ratio. Results did not support a heightened threat bias in high anxious versus low anxious individuals. Both groups showed an early bias for the angry female face during the first 1500 ms of presentation and a general avoidance for the angry male face over the course of 60 s. Although no association was found between trait anxiety and digit ratio, there was a negative correlation between reports of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and live left hand digit ratio in men. Moreover, early attentional patterns for angry faces appeared to differ between women with low and high digit ratio, suggesting that prenatal androgen action may lead to cognitive biases associated with the development and maintenance of anxiety.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-116).