This investigation examined the relationship between teachers' credentials and teachers' child-rearing beliefs and preschoolers' social development at Jordan/ Amman private preschool settings. The participants were 946 (474 boys and 474 girls) 4 to 5-year-old preschool children attending private schools at the directorate of Amman /Jordan and their teachers (70). An instrument was administrated to the teachers in order to measure the degree to which their credentials and beliefs relate to preschool children's social development. Teachers' credentials and child-rearing beliefs were assessed by using Parental Modernity (PM) Scale for Child-rearing and Educational Beliefs (Schaefer and Edgerton, 1985). Preschool children's social development was assessed using Social Skills Improvement System (Gresham & Elliot, 2008). Pearson Moment Product Correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze existence of possible relationships. The analyses examined differences in teachers' credentials and child-rearing beliefs. The Analyses also examined differences in problem behaviors and social skills of preschoolers whose teachers possess traditional beliefs and had low credentials. The findings suggested that more than half of the preschool teachers (71.43%) had low credentials and (77.14%) had traditional beliefs. There were significant, relationship between teachers' credentials and teachers' child-rearing beliefs. Also the findings suggested that teachers' credentials and beliefs were consistent with preschool children's social development and problem behaviors. / A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Teacher Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2010. / June 24, 2010. / Preschoolers Social Development, Early Childhood Education, Teachers' Education / Includes bibliographical references. / Ithel Jones, Professor Directing Dissertation; Robert A. Schwartz, Committee Member; Diana Rice, Committee Member; Joseph Valente, Committee Member.

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Annually, about 3.5 million Americans of all ages, ethnicities, and professions experience homelessness (National Coalition for the Homeless [NCH], 2009c). About one-third of the total homeless population is comprised of families, and families with children are among the fastest growing segments of the population (NCH, 2009b). It is reported that homelessness is typically a recurrent experience that results in children’s educational, emotional, and physical needs being neglected as families struggle to obtain stable housing and other basic needs (Nunez, 2000). While families in homeless situations – currently homeless, previously homeless, and at-risk of homelessness – face many challenges and issues, one frequent difficulty is the enrollment of their young children in child care or preschool programs. Although the McKinney-Vento Act stipulates that educational agencies must review and revise laws, regulations, practices, or policies that may act as a barrier to the enrollment, attendance, or success in school of homeless children and youth (National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth [NAEHCY], n.d.a.; United States Department of Education [U.S. DOE], 2002, 2004), it is estimated that only 16-21% of homeless preschoolers are enrolled in child care programs, while the rate of all children nationally is 53% (Nunez 2000; U.S. DOE, 2004). Clearly, the existence of the McKinney-Vento Act alone is not enough to remove the barriers to enrolling children in homeless situations in child care programs. Early childhood professionals – center owners/ directors (O/Ds), family advocates (FAs), assistant center directors/center lead teachers (ADs/CLs), lead teachers (LTs), and assistant teachers (ATs) – are also in key positions to ensure that the requirements of the McKinney-Vento Act are consistently applied to assist families in homeless situations access educational opportunities for their young children. However, very few empirical studies have addressed the ways or the extent to which early childhood professionals (ECPs) are responsive to the needs of children and families in homeless situations. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how ECPs work with children and families who are in homeless situations. Specifically, the researcher examined (1) the specialized knowledge ECPs have about children and families in homeless situations and their unique needs; (2) the practices ECPs implement to be responsive to the needs of children and families in homeless situations; and (3) what ECPs believe they need so that they can work more effectively with children and families in homeless situations. In-depth interview data and supporting documents were collected from a purposeful sample of 14 ECPs employed at six different child care centers. Then, the data were analyzed using a qualitative thematic approach. The data revealed that ECPs have specialized knowledge about who is likely to experience homelessness; they understand the adverse impact of homelessness on child development and family well-being; and they recognize the need and importance of providing family-oriented child care services. The practices ECPs implement to be responsive to the needs of children and families in homeless situations include the three Rs – recruiting families, reducing barriers to enrollment and attendance, and referring families to community agencies; building trusting and supportive relationships; and implementing individualized strategies in the classroom. In order to work more effectively with children and families in homeless situations, ECPs believe they need public and private funding to make child care programs more accessible; specialized professional development to learn best practices for working with this population; and policy changes to support child success and family stability. / A Dissertation submitted to the School of Teacher Education in partial fulfillment of the Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2016. / November 16, 2016. / Children and families, Early childhood, Exploratory study, Homeless, Qualitative / Includes bibliographical references. / Ithel Jones, Professor Directing Dissertation; Motoko Akiba, University Representative; Lindsay Dennis, Committee Member; Diana Rice, Committee Member.

Many Christian faith-based preschools in the Oyo State of Nigeria are realising that spiritual development is an essential part of young children’s natural growth and should be given due attention. Accordingly, activities at preschools should be geared to support young children’s spiritual development. In conjunction with the administrators, the preschool teachers at Christian faith-based schools are charged with the responsibility of attending to the spiritual development of young children in their care. This research study examined factors affecting the spiritual development of young children in the Oyo State of Nigeria by employing a qualitative method with phenomenological research design. The research highlighted realities via developmental theories regarding the spiritual development of young children; government’s stand on the spiritual development of young children; how spiritual development of young children is facilitated in an early childhood setting; the benefits of spiritual development during early childhood; and the implications of spiritual development for practice in the Oyo State of Nigeria. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, observation of practices and document analyses of the records of four preschools. All were purposefully selected, including the twenty teachers and four administrators. The results of the research revealed that all the pre-school teachers who showed interest in fostering spirituality in young children should gain experience, understanding and training in best practices. It was also found that although the Nigerian government has policies and curricula for early childhood education (ECE), these do not include spirituality or faith-based teaching. Further, to exacerbate the situation, the government does not monitor and evaluate the implementation of policies and ECE curricula. This study discovered that preschool teachers have a general understanding of how to enhance the spiritual development of young children by drawing on their own (i.e. the preschool teachers’) personal spiritual development processes, which should be complemented by formal training. The benefits of spiritual development in young children include the inculcation of sound moral values, feelings of joy, academic excellence, unity and development in the community, the development of committed future leaders and the promotion of national peace. The research study recommends that the government of Nigeria intervene in early childhood education by providing financial support and formal training for preschool teachers in the area of spiritual development of young children and by motivating administrators and preschool teachers to be more cooperative and creative in including spiritual development in their school’s curriculum. / Early Childhood Education

Glaucoma is a silent disease, and by the time patients are diagnosed, there is a significant vision loss, and the clinicians are left to deal with monitoring the disease progression. Therefore, early glaucoma detection would be the ultimate goal for researchers as well as clinicians. This study assessed the sensitivity and specificity of pattern electroretinography (PERG) and uniform field electroretinography (UF-ERG) in detecting glaucomatous changes using the Diagnosys D-341 Attaché-Envoy Electrophysiology System. One hundred eyes of 50 glaucoma patients, including 42 glaucoma-suspect eyes, and 58 confirmed glaucoma eyes went through ophthalmic examination including PERG, UF-ERG (to measure the photopic negative response (PhNR)), Optical coherence tomography (OCT), and standard automated perimetry (SAP). The results were compared to 72 eyes of 36 healthy control subjects. PERG and PhNR parameters showed a significant decrease in the amplitude and longer latency in glaucoma suspects and glaucoma groups compared to the control group. The PhNR amplitude was more sensitive at detecting glaucomatous changes in the glaucoma suspect group than the PERG in terms of low amplitude. Furthermore, two different PERG tests showed a similar ability to recognize individuals without glaucomatous changes and PhNR amplitude and latency were able to identify people with and without glaucoma-related changes, respectively.

This article discusses how instant video revisiting (IVR) promotes reflective thinking for both teachers and children. IVR was used as a daily classroom experience with both the children and the teachers throughout one semester in two preschool classrooms with children 2.5 to 5 years old. The teachers used a digital video camera to generate data to help them understand the behavior of the children and revisit the children's actions immediately, with the children using the video clips to extend their learning. Two classroom examples illustrate how IVR supports the children's learning and the teacher's reflection of this learning. The first example describes how IVR helped the children reflect on their actions and solve their own conflicts. The second example describes the use of IVR to scaffold the children's idea of the middle of a story, thereby strengthening their own thought processes in relation to a story construction.

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The Cycle of Inquiry (COI) is a tool for emergent curriculum planning and for professional development of early childhood teachers and teacher education students. The COI includes a sequence of five organizational forms connecting analysis of documentation data with intentional planning for long-term emergent inquiry inspired by the Reggio Emilia Approach. The authors discuss and analyze the COI System through examination and analysis of the work of a student in a university early childhood teacher preparation program. Through this case study, the authors explore (1) whether a preservice teacher can learn to use the COI form-driven process to plan and facilitate emergent curriculum and (2) whether a mentor can scaffold and assess the development of an inservice or preservice teacher using the teacher's COI documentation. The authors also describe ongoing research into use of the COI System and outline potential directions for future research.

Objective: This study explored the effectiveness of a parent-implemented, focused stimulation program on the speech characteristics of children younger than 3 years with cleft lip and palate. The research questions included the following: (1) Can parents be trained to deliver an early intervention (EI) program for children with cleft palate? (2) Does a parent-implemented EI program result in positive changes in speech characteristics? Participants: Ten mother-child pairs in which the child had cleft lip and palate (CLP) and 10 mother-child pairs in which the child did not have a cleft (NCLP). The children ranged in age from 14 to 36 months of age and were matched between the CLP and the NCLP groups for vocabulary size, age, and socioeconomic status. Main Outcome Measures: Group differences (CLP and the NCLP) for preintervention and postintervention language and speech measures were compared. Results: The results of this study showed that the mothers could be trained to deliver the intervention reliably. Furthermore, the results indicated that the intervention resulted in increased sound inventories, increased speech accuracy, and reduced use of glottal stops for the children with clefts. Conclusions: While the intervention resulted in speech gains for the children with clefts, speech measures did not exceed those made by the children without clefts. The results of the study have implications for service delivery models where the services of speech-language pathologists are limited.