<p>In this dissertation I explore the relationship between spatial organization of domestic practices and their role in the process of community constitution at the local and regional levels during an enigmatic time period on the Iranian Plateau called the Proto-Elamite horizon. This horizon spans from the end of the fourth millennium and the beginning of the third millennium BCE (i.e. 3100-2700 B.C.E.) and marks the beginning of a period of widespread social and political administrative complexity on the Iranian Plateau. For this study, I reviewed the preliminary and published reports of 12 settlements that contain material culture of the Proto-Elamite horizon. I have chosen to investigate the daily practices and patterns of usage of domestic spaces in four of these settlements. I have studied the quality and quantity of macro-remains and artifacts, including architectural features, ceramics and small finds, to infer the types and intensities of daily practices, subsistence patterns and the way indoor and outdoor areas were used in each of these settlements. Then the results are compared in order to examine the similarities and differences among local communities and the possibility of the existence of a larger imagined community in this vast territory during this time period. In this study, I demonstrate that the perceived uniformity of the Proto-Elamite horizon in different settlements is only superficial. Due to the variations in the types and intensities of daily practices and the pattern of presumed domestic space usage, certainly social practices involved in creating and maintaining the Proto-Elamite communities were far from homogenous. The Proto-Elamite horizon as an imagined community functioned more or less as a network with nodes and links that in some cases bypassed certain geographic areas. The Proto-Elamite phenomenon was constituted of local and imagined communities coexisting as nested and/or cross-cutting entities. Shared living conditions in local communities and frequent interactions among their members gave each local community its own character different from the fluid larger imagined community. Ultimately however, local and imagined Proto-Elamite communities were not fully separate and distinct. The Proto-Elamite network was dynamic and did not penetrate every location into the same cultural mould.

This dissertation consists of two parts. Part one is a translation of the Egyptian history within the Futuh Misr wa Akhbaruha of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam. The Futuh Misr, as I refer to it in this dissertation, is a ninth century history written by the Egyptian historian/legalist, Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam. Its pages encompass the history of pre-Islamic Egypt, as Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam saw it, the conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain. The section on Egypt, and even North Africa and Spain, is one of the oldest histories we have dealing with this conquest. The second half of this dissertation is an historical analysis of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's history on the conquest of Egypt. Although at first glance the Futuh Misr does not seem to yield much useful information, it is surprisingly deceptive, particularly the Egyptian section. I have examined this section and have analyzed the contents to see what they reveal about the history of that time. From the themes that emerge, it is obvious that Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's Futuh Misr not only provides useful information about the Arab conquest of 640 CE, but gives modern scholars an incite into the mentality of the author and his time period, and thus adds to our understanding of the attitude of historians during the medieval period in the Islamic world.

Arabic literature mirrors the aspirations, sufferings and hopes of the Arabic people from the past to the future. In 1920, the Exiled Arab men of letters from Syria and Lebanon formed a literary guild, al-Rābiṭa al-galamiyya (The Pen League) which advocated innovation in Arabic literature to fortify their society in the struggle for liberation and progress. Iliya Abu Madi became the most celebrated poet of al-Rābiṭa; with the poetry of his third diwān (collection), al-Jadāwil (The Brooks), he cast a magnificent pearl into the treasury of Arabic literature. These poems portray the poet's views about his art, his struggle with life in the Exile and his hopes and fears for the homeland. Philosophically his poetic ideals are transmitted through a naturalistic imagry that gives a universal hue to his humanistic perspectives. It is hoped that the English translation of these poems, not previously translated from Arabic, will allow the English reader to feel and sense the universalistic world of The Brooks.

Little theoretical or empirical research has examined how an animal that has found and exploited a new patch should determine whether and when it will renew. A rapid series of visits to the patch should provide information concerning the probability of a quick renewal. If a renewal is not encountered, however, a subsequent decrease in the rate of visits should allow monitoring of the patch at minimal cost. After a long period without renewal, a patch should not be visited at all. By analogy with area-concentrated search, I propose the term 'time-concentrated sampling' (TCS) for this pattern of visits and suggest that it should be widespread for species foraging on patchy prey in environments where the probability of renewal and latency to renewal of patches are variable between patches. In this study, I tested whether eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) presented with a small number of peanuts followed by a small patch of sunflower seeds exhibit TCS following their depletion of these and, if so, whether their patterns of visits are influenced by potential indicators of patch value. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1984. / In any consideration of teacher education reforms, priority should be given to an examination of the formative forces and determinant factors which have combined to influence and shape the existing structure of the teacher education system of the country concerned. This study spans the development of teacher education in Transkei from the early days of simple tribal community education through the era of missionary endeavour and the colonial peried to the application of the Nationalist Government's policy of separate development to education in the country. The main thrust of the investigation, however, is concerned with the achievement of independent internal administration and the granting of sovereign independence in 1976 and their effects upon teacher education. Considerable attention is devoted to the period of independence and the respective roles of the University of Transkei and the Government Department of Education in the development of a new approach to teacher education in the Republic of Transkei. Teacher education in the post-independence era is not properly planned, is fragmented and split into a bewildering number of agencies. Problems of co-ordination between the University of Transkei and the Colleges for the education of teachers and between the University and the Government Department of Education, point to an urgent need for an effective instrument of College-University affiliation which will replace the existing Affiliated College Board and make possible the establishment of cordial wholesome interpersonal and institutional relationships. Acomparative study of models of affiliation which have been tried in some selected countries of the world is provided in order to suggest possible alternatives. The role of the University in teacher education is examined in some considerable detail and central to this is the analysis of the concepts of 'Africanisation' and 'pragmatisation'. The study of the curricula and courses offered by the University of Transkei reveals that their current proliferation is not the answer. It is instead the improvement, modification, careful implementation and consolidation of existing programmes which are required. Other issues which arise in this connection are the overloading and improper weighting of courses, lack of organic unity amongst them and sound co-ordination in their design and implementation, readiness to accept and adopt without modification every innovation in the RepUblic of South Africa and the low quality of College lecturers. The final upshot of the study is a recommendation in respect of a National policy for the education of teachers based upon aims and objectives which are clearly outlined. Priorities formulated in a smaller number of general categories are determined and it is recommended that these be adhered to in the strictest style. Effective communication between institutions and organisations concerned with teacher education, involving, in the main, radical changes in the Affiliated College Board structure and recognition of the status of the Colleges, is strongly recommended. To achieve these ends, a firm proposal is made for the creation of: (i) A Teacher Education Division within the Government Department of Education; (ii) A Professional Planning Council representative of all bodies concerned; (iii) An Institute of Education based on the English model to replace the existing Affiliated College Board, and representative of all the institutions concerned. A view is stressed, however, that an approach to the solution of the major teacher education problems identified. will to a great extent depend not only on the institution of the proposed structure. but also on the will cordial wholesome interpersonal and institutional relationships and commitment. It is suggested that this should be implemented without delay.

<p> This dissertation provides a history from below of Palestinian national movement and Arab society during the tumultuous decade of the 1930s. It argues that the influence and authority of the small group of factionalized and disunited notable politicians that are conventionally understood to have monopolized the leadership of the national struggle during the era of British Mandatory rule has been greatly overstated. This is especially so for the restive and rebellious middle period of the Mandate (1929-1939), during which the movement turned from a conciliatory and quietist strategy of gentlemanly diplomacy preferred by elite politicians to confrontation, mass mobilization and armed struggle, culminating in "the Great Revolt" (1936-1939), a prolonged anti-colonial rebellion against both British rule and the Zionist project it sponsored. By examining the political practices, organizing, self-understanding, and leadership capacities of "youth" and peasants, the dissertation explicates the eclipse of elite preeminence within the national movement and the rise of the new, horizontally-organized social forces that reshaped and radicalized Palestinian politics in the 1930s. </p><p> The dissertation first explores the proliferation of youth associations in the early 1930s and illuminates how the rise of youth as an assertive, ambitious, and politically frustrated element had profound ramifications for the tactics, strategy, and trajectory of the national movement. The narrative then turns to track the decomposition of the Arab rural order from the late Ottoman era to 1936, paying particular attention to the crisis of the countryside under the British, who fecklessly intensified pre-existing tendencies towards peasant destitution, bankruptcy, and dispossession, thereby helping to create a disaffected class of uprooted ex-peasants. The final section analyzes the Great Revolt, focusing on the critical roles of youth, peasants, and workers in initiating and propelling it and on the popular and revolutionary institutions that organized and sustained it against great odds for over three years. This section also interrogates British counterinsurgency, highlighting the role of specific forms of colonial violence, especially collective punishments, in ending the rebellion, and with it the ascent of popular forces within the national movement.</p>

In Tripsacum dactyloides, an ancestor of modem maize, genes that control floral development have not been described. A research program to identify and analyze the genes that control and regulate floral development in Tripsacum, has been undertaken through the bioinformatics analysis of Tripsacum cDNA libraries and suppression subtractive EST libraries of stage- and developmentally- specific Tripsacum floral tissue. Comparative analysis of nucleotide sequence data has revealed numerous genes previously described within other floral genomes such as Oryza sativa (rice), Zea mays (maize), Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress), Triticum spp. (wheat) and Rosa rosesum (rose) well as unique gene sequences. Attempts have been made to characterize the unique genes through analysis of conserved domain sequence segments. / Department of Biology

<p> This dissertation explores the process, effects, and results of codification of Egyptian personal status laws as seen through the eyes of the <i> 'ulam&amacr;'.</i> The codification process began in the mid-1800s and continued until the abolishment of the Shar&imacr;'a courts in 1955 with the absorption of personal status statutes into the newly drafted civil code and the national courts that administered them. Throughout this time period the codification process entailed finding appropriate rulings from the annals of Islamic law and structuring these rulings using the model and language of European legal codes, usually the French code. </p><p> Prior to the abolition of the Shar&imacr;'a courts in 1955 the area of personal status law was the exclusive domain of the <i>'ulam&amacr;' </i> and the Shar&imacr;'a. In Egypt, personal status laws were exclusively based on H&dotbelow;anaf&imacr; law, and issues of consolidation and codification of these laws first took place <i>within</i> the framework of classical Islamic law, not outside of it. To understand the significance of the process of codification of personal status law, therefore, one must examine the attitudes of the <i>'ulam&amacr;'</i> regarding it and consider its place within the edifice of Islamic law. </p><p> From a prima facie reading it would seem that a codification of Islamic law is something that the <i>'ulam&amacr;'</i> would consider an anathema. There were those, however, who supported it. In fact early drafts of codified personal status and civil laws were written and compiled by certain <i> 'ulam&amacr;'.</i> There were also others who had mixed feelings about it. The purpose of this study is to acknowledge and understand these various positions since they have been largely ignored throughout the secondary literature, and when they have been considered, have been viewed as uniform and singular. </p><p> Ultimately this dissertation seeks to draw out these nuances and to draw conclusions as to why the codification of Islamic law is today a forgone conclusion amongst the <i>'ulam&amacr;'.</i></p>

Specimens of freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta) and sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae), two of the most poorly known faunal groups in Canada, were obtained from various locations in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. A total of 14 species of bryozoans and 15 species of sponges were identified. In 31 cases, these species were recorded from a province for the first time. Species new to Canada include the bryozoans Lophopodella carteri, Plumatella orbisperma, and Pottsiella erecta, and the sponges Radiospongilla crateriformis, Spongilla aspinosa, and Trochospongilla horrida. The morphology, taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of each species are examined. Several taxonomic revisions are made. Eunapius mackayi and Plumatella orbisperma are redescribed. Spongilla heterosclerifera, considered an endangered species, is shown to be a species mixture. Taxonomic keys to Eastern Canadian species of freshwater bryozoans and sponges are presented. New limits of tolerance to pH, calcium and magnesium levels, and water temperature are established for several species.

In a variable environment, the ability to track food resources that vary in time and space may increase the foraging efficiency of individuals. Tracking can be accomplished by repeatedly visiting patches, but this sampling will be economical only if its benefits outweigh its costs. I examined the effects of patch characteristics and social factors on sampling using simulation models and both large- and small-scale field experiments on eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus). In the first experiment, chipmunks discovered large renewing patches within a few days, sampled them frequently enough to detect most renewals, and then decreased their sampling effort after renewal ceased, showing that they can track patches over both long and short time scales. Sampling rate was higher for animals that lived near the patch, for animals that were more aggressive while in the patch, and when the number of other animals that sampled was high, but was unaffected by the quantity and frequency of renewal. I developed a model, which predicts that the optimal sampling frequency should increase with the frequency and duration of renewal and with the rate of gain in the patch, and decrease with the duration of each sampling trip. An extension of this model predicts that conspecifics will affect even non-group foragers, by competing for food and providing social information. A second field experiment showed that chipmunks decreased their sampling in response to higher competition. Although chipmunks used social information to discover a patch, there was no indication that social information caused a decrease in sampling. In conclusion, sampling to keep track of varying patches is an important component of the foraging behaviour of chipmunks. Optimal sampling behaviour is affected by patch characteristics and sampling rate will depend on (i) the ease with which animals can estimate these characteristics, (ii) the level of competition, which can alter the patch valu