La conception des procédés industriels doit s'adapter à la raréfaction des ressources naturelles à bas prix et au durcissement des réglementations visant à limiter leur impact environnemental. Ainsi, pour améliorer leur rentabilité économique et leur soutenabilité, leurs effluents doivent être considérés comme des ressources potentielles de matière et d'énergie qui peuvent être valorisées localement ou à un plus grande échelle en les partageant avec d'autres industries voisines en formant un écoparc industriel.Cette thèse présente une nouvelle approche systémique et systématique pour concevoir des réseaux de valorisation d'énergie et de matière optimisés simultanément. Trois modèles linéaires de complexité croissante ont été développés pour concevoir ces réseaux à l'échelle locale. Le premier modèle (M1) détermine la consommation minimale nécessaire de ressources fraîches. Le second modèle (M2) introduit une nouvelle superstructure permettant l'optimisation simultanée des besoins énergétiques et matière pour atteindre le minimum de coûts de fonctionnement. Le troisième modèle (M3) conçoit les réseaux optimaux d'allocation de matière et d'échangeurs de chaleur simultanément. Sa fonction objective est le coût total annualisé incluant les coûts d'investissement et de fonctionnement.L'utilisation des unités de régénération est rendu possible dans la structure des trois modèles précédents. Tous les types d'unités peuvent être représentés par un modèle simple avec des paramètres génériques utilisant des objets déjà définis dans la formulation du modèle M3.Finalement, l'application du modèle M3 est étendue à la conception d'écoparcs industriels grâce à de nouvelles notions (sites, clusters, réseaux intermédiaires de matière et de chaleur), obtenant ainsi un nouveau modèle M4. Ce modèle inclut dans sa fonction objective les coûts d'investissements des réseaux liés à leur topologie.Des cas d'études issus de la littérature sont utilisés pour valider la pertinence et les performances des modèles présentés. / The design of industrial processes needs to be adapted as cheap natural resources are scarcer and environmental standards are more stringent to limit their environmental footprints. In order to improve their cost-effectiveness as well as their sustainability, industrial effluents must considered as potential heat and mass resources whether they are recycled locally or at a larger scale by sharing them with other industrial companies; thus forming an eco-industrial park (EIP).This thesis presents a new systemic and systematic approach to design optimal mass allocation and heat exchanger networks simultaneously. Three linear models of incremental complexity have been developed to design optimal recovery networks at a local scale. The first linear model (M1) looks for the necessary minimum fresh resource consumption. The second linear model (M2) presents a new superstructure that allows optimizing mass and heat requirements simultaneously, targeting the minimum annual operating costs. The third linear model (M3) allows designing optimal mass allocation and heat exchanger networks simultaneously. Its objective function is the total annualized cost considering operating and capital costs.The opportunity to use regeneration units is added to the structure of the three previous models. Any type of these units can be represented by a simple model with the generic parameters based on objects already existing in the previous models formulations.Finally, a M3 model applicability is extended to the design of collaborative eco-industrial parks with additional concepts (sites, clusters, indirect heat and mass networks) to obtain a new M4 model. In this model, the capital costs related to the topology of the networks are taken into account in the objective function.The relevance and performances of the proposed models are validated with several case studies taken from the literature.

Construction of municipal utility complexes has to support continuing population growth, economic development, and a widespread of social interest in environmental preservation. Municipalities face challenges in designing, constructing, and operating environmentally sustainable utility complexes, and their primary goal in developing such a complex is to minimize the environmental impact resulting from energy production and waste treatment (both liquid and solid), management, and disposal. However, decision and policy makers lack a system of systems approach that takes into account multiple interdependent systems comprised of the functional system (infrastructure, facilities, operations within the complex…), the economic system, the social/cultural system, and the environmental system (environmental impact on air, water, soil…). This research proposes a decision support system (DSS) with a new methodology using Vensim software and system dynamics methodology to assess the sustainability of a municipal utility complex system. This DSS incorporates 1) multiple interdependent systems, 2) multiple sustainability/performance indices, and 3) composite sustainability index. Engineers, managers, and researchers should benefit from a system of systems perspective, and from the application of a sustainability assessment method that is developed to provide an environmentally-conscious design, construction and management. Although a municipal utility complex is built with synergistic opportunities for integration of processes of a wastewater treatment plant, a resource recovery facility (aka waste-to-energy (WTE) or incineration facility), a material recycling facility (MRF), and a landfill; engineers tend to use the traditional sustainability assessment methods only to assess the life cycle (LCA) of each system's process over time. They might not necessarily incorporate an assessment based on system dynamics of the functional, economic, environmental, and social/cultural systems. Data from a case study is utilized in this dissertation based on the municipal utility complex in Pasco County in the western region of the State of Florida, USA.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roderick Cabral Castello Branco.pdf: 3736718 bytes, checksum: 7107144f0f366d0221694ef580cfe8f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The present study has as its central objective verify what are the main changes that the Manaus Industrial Park must go through in order to be considered and Eco-Industrial Park (EIP), an Industrial Ecology s (EI) tool committed with the achievement of Sustainable Development. The social and economic importance that the Manaus Industrial Park has to the city, along with the environmental matter s visibility in the Amazonian region, shows the relevance of this study in helping the search for sustainable alternatives to the industry in the Amazon, with benefits to everyone involved with the industrial park. About the theoretical foundation of this research, it is divided into three distinct stages. A first, a dense survey of the literature in concern about Sustainable Development, IE and EIP is done, marking this work s theoretical foundation. Then, the city of Manaus and its industrial park are described into their social and economic aspects, providing the necessary elements for the understanding of local reality. In a third stage, in order to achieve this dissertation s main objective, the comparison between the distinguishing features of the PIE s concept, as shown in the international literature, and those observed at the Manaus Industrial Park, obtained by visiting twenty different enterprises that represent the whole industrial park, is made. To do so, directors and/or social and environmental managers have been interviewed. From this comparison, this study revealed several initiatives found in the concept of EIP that are not present in the surveyed companies. The results were organized according to the triad of sustainability, duo to the connection between these two concepts, making it possible to observe that: considering the environmental pillar, it was found that the measures adopted by the surveyed companies are, actually, previous stages to those observed in eco-industrial systems; in the social pillar, despite the existence of several initiatives, corporate social actions ignore those focused in the development of community businesses a strongly suggested characteristic by the literature; finally, in the economic pillar, its argued that the industrial park has competitive attributes to guarantee the survival and prosperity of business (yet local economy is still dependent on a policy of tax incentives). Although far from the ideal concept shown in the EIP literature, the comparison helps to understand the shortcomings of the current model, serving, possibly, as a direction of movements concerned with a just and environmentally responsible future while promoting a competitive advantage for companies associated / Este estudo tem por objetivo central verificar quais as mudanças necessárias para que o Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM) passe a ser considerado um Parque Industrial Ecológico (PIE), ferramenta da Ecologia Industrial (EI) comprometida com alcance do desenvolvimento sustentável. A importância socioeconômica do PIM para a cidade, somada à visibilidade da questão ambiental na região amazônica, demonstram a relevância do estudo no auxílio à busca por alternativas sustentáveis para a indústria amazonense, com benefícios para todos os envolvidos com o parque industrial. O trabalho divide-se em três etapas distintas. Em um primeiro momento, realiza-se denso levantamento da literatura sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, EI e PIEs, marcando a fundamentação teórica do trabalho. Em seguida, a cidade de Manaus e o PIM são caracterizados em seus aspectos sociais e econômicos, fornecendo os elementos necessários para a compreensão da realidade local. Na terceira etapa, para o alcance do objetivo-fim do trabalho, realizou-se a comparação entre as características do conceito de PIE, compiladas na literatura internacional, e aquelas observadas no PIM, obtidas por meio de visitas a vinte empresas, em onze setores industriais diferentes, representativas de todo o Polo Industrial de Manaus segundo o faturamento. Para isso, foram entrevistados diretores e/ou responsáveis pela gestão socioambiental. Desse confronto, o estudo relacionou diversas ações, inerentes ao conceito de PIE, não presentes nas empresas pesquisadas. Os resultados da pesquisa foram organizados de acordo com tríade da sustentabilidade, em função da ligação entre os dois conceitos, tornando possível observar que: considerando o pilar ambiental, verificou-se que as medidas adotadas pelas empresas da pesquisa configuram etapas anteriores às observadas em ecossistemas industriais; no pilar social, apesar da existência de diversas iniciativas, as ações sociais empresariais ignoram aquelas voltadas ao desenvolvimento de negócios na comunidade, característica fortemente sugerida pelos manuais; finalmente, no econômico, comentou-se que o parque possui os atributos competitivos para a sobrevivência e prosperidade das empresas (ainda que dependente da política de incentivos fiscais). Apesar de distante do conceito idealizado na literatura, a comparação permite compreender as deficiências do modelo atual, servindo, possivelmente, para o direcionando de gestão e de políticas industriais preocupadas com um futuro socialmente mais justo e ambientalmente responsável ao mesmo tempo em que promove vantagens competitivas para as empresas associadas

產業發展不僅帶來經濟效益，亦會對環境造成衝擊，是以「永續發展」成為現代產業界的發展方向，而生態產業園區即為實踐永續發展的有效途徑。在永續發展的潮流之下，世界企業永續發展委員會提出一種用來衡量經濟價值及環境影響之間關係的工具--「生態效率」，從此如何評估生態產業園區的生態效率成為近年研究的重點之一。而隨著台灣推行生態產業園區之相關政策已逾十年，產業園區之永續性亦備受關注。 然根據文獻回顧，生態效率應結合其他工具使其更有效地衡量永續性。故本研究分為兩個階段，在第一階段中，本研究建立一個以資源消耗與環境衝擊為投入項，經濟發展為產出項的DEA模型來評估台灣60個產業園區之生態效率。第二階段則為探討產業園區與城鄉環境之關聯提出五個假說，更進一步萃取出重要代表因素與園區生態效率值進行Tobit迴歸分析。 研究結果顯示，僅有15個產業園區相對具有生態效率，大部分的產業園區需要降低用電量投入來提升生態效率。本研究另提供投入項目的調整建議，以供政府未來決策之參考。此外，在第二階段分析中，發現高度城鄉支援的產業園區具有較高的生態效率，是以產業園區及地方政府應共同致力於城鄉環境的永續發展。最後，Tobit迴歸分析結果表示我國產業園區可透過創新計畫、外資引入及能資源整合來提升生態效率。 / The industrial development not only brings economic benefits, but also consumes a lot of resources and produce environmental impacts. It is the reason that the concept of “Sustainable development” has become the main idea that the industry try to observe. And the development of eco-industrial parks(EIPs) is the effective way to achieve the sustainable development. Under the mainstream, the World Business Councils on Sustainable Development (WBCSD) proposed “Eco-efficiency” which is a tool for quantifying the relationship between economic value creation and environmental impacts. Therefore, how to evaluate the Eco-efficiency of EIPs has become one of the most important topic in the research recently. In Taiwan, the policy of the eco-industrial park has implemented for more than 10 years. Likewise, the sustainability of industrial parks is worthy of our concern. However, according to the literature review, it must be coupled with other tools to make eco-efficiency become a useful tool for sustainable development. Therefore, this research divided into two stages. At the first stage, this research constructs the DEA model of output for economical benefit and input for combining resource and environment to evaluate 60 industrial park’s eco-efficiency in Taiwan. At the second stage, in order to realize the relation between the eco-efficiency of industrial park and the environment of town and country, this research raises five hypotheses. Furthermore, this research extracts important representative factors through the Principal Component Analysis(PCA), and the eco-efficiency value of industrial parks for Tobit regression analysis. According to the research results, only 15 industrial parks are efficiency. Most of parks have to reduce electricity in order to improve the eco-efficiency. And this research also provides quantitative suggestions on input items, which could be the information for decision-making in the future. Otherwise, at the second stage, it has been discovered the industrial parks under the high support of town-and-country have better eco-efficiency. Thus, environmental sustainability must be the common goal of industrial parks and local governments. Finally, according to the results from Tobit regression analysis, the result showed that it is possible to improve eco-efficiency by innovative program, foreign capital and energy resource integration.

Rychlá globální industrializace a urbanizace kladla velkou zátěž na spotřebu přírodních zdrojů. Například nedostatek vody a znečištění vody již dlouhou dobu ovlivňují lidské životy a hospodářský rozvoj a uchýlení se k čisté sladké vodě se stává důležitým problémem. Rostoucí problémy s nepravidelným zásobováním vodou a znečištěním vody vyžadují pokročilejší metodiky hodnocení vodních zdrojů, které by vedly k praktickému využívání vody a hospodaření s ní. Dalším známým problémem je akumulace plastového odpadu v této možnosti, což vyvolává znepokojivé obavy ohledně dosažení optimální sítě pro zachování zdrojů, směřující k cíli oběhového hospodářství. Koncept cirkulární ekonomiky se zaměřuje nejen na ochranu zdrojů, ale také zdůrazňuje důležitost zachování a zachování životnosti aktiv. Tato práce je zaměřena na vývoj pokročilých přístupů k ochraně zdrojů a údržbě majetku Tato práce představuje rozšířenou analýzu metod založených na Pinch při zachování materiálových zdrojů pro průmyslové místo. Hlavní rozšíření zahrnují koncepční analýzu sítě pro zachování zdrojů, která zahrnuje omezení několika kvalit, cílení a syntézu záhlaví a syntézu sítě pro zachování materiálu v rámci celého webu. Tyto metody slouží uživatelům jako grafické uživatelské rozhraní k výběru preferovaných možností návrhu a zároveň zajišťují minimální spotřebu čerstvých zdrojů. Studie také rozšiřuje začlenění různých typů zdrojů, jako je teplo a voda, do ochranné sítě. Otázky řízení, jako je řízení zdrojů, dotace a rozdělování nákladů, jsou rovněž studovány pro ekologický průmysl. S ohledem na prodloužení životnosti aktiva je do této studie začleněno dlouhodobé plánování procesu nebo průmyslového areálu pokrývajícího věk majetku, odpisy a spolehlivost. Nástroje pro integraci procesů jsou navrženy tak, aby plánovaly náklady na údržbu na časové období a plánování pracovní síly. Studie je také rozšířena o další analýzu zahrnující investice do pohotovostních jednotek a technologií pro jakýkoli proces. Kombinace výkonu aktiv s ochranou zdrojů, rámce diagnostiky chyb a prognózy se aplikuje na plánování údržby majetku Total Site/Eco-industrial park.