Thesis (M.Phil. (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water and sanitation is one of the key factors in the socio-economic development of a nation and people. Billions of people worldwide do not have access to clean water or basic sanitation leading to many health problems and developmental issues. This article discusses the challenges facing the world, South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town in the provision of water and sanitation. For most people the desire is to have access to their own private portable water supply and their own private flush toilet connected via costly bulk water services to sewage treatment plants far away. The question posed is whether this model is sustainable into the future, given the water demands in many parts of the world affected by droughts and more violent weather cycles as a result of climate change and global warming. These factors will affect water supplies in South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town. To answer some of the questions raised the Lynedoch EcoVillage development is discussed in detail in terms of sustainable neighbourhood planning and implementation. Sustainable Development is discussed, also various options in terms of applying ecological sanitation. The on-site water and sanitation system of the Lynedoch EcoVillage is discussed as a case study. The results of influent and effluent tests conducted by the CSIR are analysed to see whether the system is conforming to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry standards for the use of effluent water in irrigation and re-use of water in toilets. Localised models of water and sanitation provision might thus be a way forward to satisfy the increasing demand for such services made on national and local authorities as urban areas increase in size and population.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta tese visou avaliar a aceitaÃÃo dos princÃpios do ecossaneamento em uma comunidade peri-urbana no estado do CearÃ; caracterizar a urina desta populaÃÃo segundo sexo e faixa etÃria, analisar seu armazenamento como forma de tratamento, desenvolver um protÃtipo de concentrador solar parabÃlico e avaliÃ-lo preliminarmente em relaÃÃo Ãs temperaturas alcanÃadas na regiÃo de evaporaÃÃo da Ãgua contida na urina; analisar o comportamento da cultivar mamona BRS Nordestina e da cultura do milho hÃbrido em termos de produtividade e crescimento, quando fertilizados com urina humana e avaliar o impacto deste biofertilizante no solo. Os resultados indicaram que as mulheres se mostraram mais receptivas aos sanitÃrios separadores de excretas, enquanto os homens afirmaram preferir sanitÃrios convencionais com Ãgua (p<0,05). Foi possÃvel observar diferenÃas de concentraÃÃo de nutrientes entre as amostras pesquisadas (masculinas, femininas, de crianÃas e de idosos). O armazenamento da urina mostrou-se um mÃtodo de higienizaÃÃo de baixo custo e bastante eficiente para as condiÃÃes de temperatura do CearÃ, com um tempo de inativaÃÃo de 90% de coliformes termotolerantes menor do que 1 dia e inativaÃÃo total em apenas 14 dias. Os testes com o concentrador solar mostraram que comparando as concentraÃÃes de nitrogÃnio e fÃsforo na urina antes e depois do experimento com o tubo de 22 mm, o sistema promoveu um aumento de 18% e 13%, respectivamente, nas concentraÃÃes de nitrogÃnio e fÃsforo. Quanto à aplicaÃÃo da urina na mamona, no que diz respeito ao peso de mil sementes, nÃo foi possÃvel verificar diferenÃa expressiva. A fertilizaÃÃo quÃmica (T1) respondeu de forma significativa e atingiu a maior produtividade (p<0,05) no fim do ciclo. As produtividades mÃdias das sementes da mamona foram as seguintes: 1256,7; 1048,5; 671,8; 477,8 e 1081,2 kg.ha-1, respectivamente para, T1 (NPKS); T2 (urina + cal); T3 (urina); T4 (0,5 de urina) e T5 (1,5 de urina). Os teores mÃdios de Ãleo das sementes nÃo apresentaram efeito significativo (p>0,05). Com relaÃÃo aos atributos fÃsicos e quÃmicos do solo, nÃo foi possÃvel observar diferenÃas significativas antes e depois do plantio da mamona para os tratamentos empregados. Contudo, os resultados indicaram que quanto maior a dose de urina aplicada, maior à a condutividade elÃtrica do solo, sugerindo uma possÃvel salinizaÃÃo a partir de elevadas taxas de aplicaÃÃo de urina. No tocante à cultura do milho, nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa na aplicaÃÃo de fertilizante quÃmico (T2) e urina nas taxas 0,5 (T4), 1 (T3) e 1,5 (T5) para as variÃveis diÃmetro e comprimento da espiga de milho, porÃm estes diferiram do tratamento controle: adubo orgÃnico (T1) (p<0,05). As produtividades mÃdias das espigas despalhadas foram iguais a 5068,8; 7937,5; 8831,3; 7393,8 e 10006,3 kg.ha-1, respectivamente, para T1; T2; T3; T4 e T5, representando efeito expressivo entre aplicar urina na taxa de 1,5 ou 1 e aplicar urina na taxa de 0,5 ou adubo quÃmico. Todavia, T1 (adubo orgÃnico) alcanÃou a menor produtividade, diferindo dos demais tratamentos. Logo, o peso das espigas variou conforme o tipo de adubaÃÃo (quÃmica ou urina) e quanto ao volume de urina aplicado. / This thesis aimed to evaluate the acceptance of eco-sanitation in a peri-urban community in the state of CearÃ; to characterize the composition of human urine; to investigate its storage as a treatment method; to develop a parabolic solar concentrator prototype and evaluate the temperatures reached in the region of evaporation of the water contained in the urine; to analyze the performance of castor cultivar BRS Northeastern and corn hybrid in terms of productivity and growth when fertilized with human urine, and assess the impact of this bio-fertilizer in the soil. The results indicates that there were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between men and women in acceptance of the principles of eco-sanitation. Women were more receptive to ecosan, while men said they would prefer flush toilets. There were differences in nutrient concentrations comparing the samples (male, female, children and the elderly). The storage proved to be a low cost and very effective treatment method considering the temperature of CearÃ. The inactivation of 90% of thermotolerant coliform required less than 1 day, and the total inactivation was achieved in 14 days. The tests with the solar concentrator showed that comparing the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in urine before and after the experiment with 22 mm tube, the system promoted an increase of 18% and 13%, respectively, for nitrogen and phosphorus. Concerning urine application in castor, with respect to the thousand seed weight parameter, there was no significant difference. The chemical fertilizer (T1) responded significantly and reached the highest productivity (p <0.05) at the end of the cycle. The average productivity of castor seed were: 1256.7, 1048.5, 671.8, 477.8 and 1081.2 kg ha-1, respectively for T1 (NPKS); T2 (urine + lime); T3 (urine); T4 (0.5 urine) and T5 (1.5 urine). The seed-oil concentrations showed no significant effect (p>0.05). Regarding physical and chemical soil attributes, it was not possible to observe significant differences before and after castor bean plantation. However, the results indicated that the higher the dose of urine applied, the greater the soil electrical conductivity, suggesting a possible salinity from high application rates of urine. Regarding maize, there was no statistical difference (p> 0.05) for diameter and length of the ear comparing chemical fertilizer (T2) and urine (T3, T4 e T5). Otherwise, these treatments generated significant effects (p<0.05) compared to T1, organic fertilizer (manure tanned). The average productivity of husked ears were equal to 5068.8, 7937.5, 8831.3, 7393.8 and 10006.3 kg ha-1, respectively, for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, representing a significant effect between urine applied at the rate of 1.5 or 1 and urine at the rate of 0.5 or chemical fertilizer. However, with results already expected, T1 (organic fertilizer) achieved the lowest yield, differing from the other treatments. Thus, the weight of spikes varied according to the type of fertilizer (chemical or urine) and also to the volume of urine applied.

Thesis (MPhil (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Water and Sanitation is one of the key factors in the socio-economic development of a nation and people. Billions of people worldwide do not have access to clean water or basic sanitation leading to many health problems and developmental issues. This article discusses the challenges facing the world, South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town in the provision of water and sanitation. For most people the desire is to have access to their own private potable water supply and their own private flush toilet connected via costly bulk water services to sewage treatment plants far away. The question posed is whether this model is sustainable into the future, given the water demands in many parts of the world affected by droughts and more violent weather cycles as a result of climate change and global warming. These factors will affect water supplies in South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town. To answer some of the questions raised the Lynedoch EcoVillage development is discussed in detail in terms of sustainable neighbourhood planning and implementation. Sustainable Development is discussed, also various options in terms of applying ecological sanitation. The on-site water and sanitation system of the Lynedoch EcoVillage is discussed as a case study. The results of influent and effluent tests conducted by the CSIR are analysed to see whether the system is conforming to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry standards for the use of effluent water in irrigation and re-use of water in toilets. Localised models of water and sanitation provision might thus be a way forward to satisfy the increasing demand for such services made on national and local authorities as urban areas increase in size and population.