The fields in farming landscape were united to lerge areas in the last 50 years. The balks were ploughed up and their disappearance contributed to the significant loss of biodiversity. Nowadays attepmts are being made to restore the complex agricultural landscape. The creation of territorial system of ecological stability started. Planting biocorridors is a part of this system. Biocorridor is a linear element, consisting of trees and shrubs, which divides large fields. Such non-crop habitats have large positive impact on surrounding landscape. They can also act as refuges for the insect pest. Exapmle is the bird cherry, Prunus padus, a winter host of a cereal pest aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi. In the work the positive and negative effects of TSES are analysed. The important part of the work was to explore, whether the presence of Prunus padus affects the abundance of aphid in adjacent fields. The relatively newly planted biocorridor in Sedlec u Českých Budějovic was used for the work. Based on the results, the suggestions for planting of biocorridors were made, in order to avoid negative effects of spread of this aphid pest species.

Highways, expressway and other infrastructure have a negative impact on the surrounding population of animals. These linear structures in the landscape create impassable barriers and thus cause more or less isolated subpopulations (called barrier effect). Therefore, the newly constructed building of European highways and passages specially built for the animals, known as green bridges (ecoduct). Effectiveness of transitions is influenced by several factors (width of the bridge, the frequency of passing cars, the speed limit, etc.). This thesis deals with the efficiency of artificial crossings for wildlife and provides an overview of the results published so far.

The diploma thesis is focused on the problematics of urban pollution. Mainly on the impact of human activities and their consequences. Its main intention is to analyse an urban greenery system and its effect on the quality of life in both a positive and negative ways. Furthermore the diploma thesis researches the indicators of contamination, the sources of emission and their quantity at the location. The work comperes the individual indicators and the results of emission measuring. Then it proposes a suitable solution for better urban space planning with urban greenery.

This thesis evaluates the elements of the Territorial system of stability, which were designed within the plan of the common facilities of comprehensive landscaping, with regards to the elements of the erosion and flood protection. Within the scope of this work there was proceeded the hydrological analysis on the parts of the watersheds of the specific cadastral territories of Lichnov and Šardice. esign of the ÚSES´s elements within the KPÚ at specific cadastral territories was further evaluated in terms of area of the individual elements anEcological stability the change after the design of these elements.

Microorganisms are ubiquitously distributed on the earth and drive the fundamental element cycling in the biosphere. Their metabolic activities serve human societies in countless areas such as biotechnological engineering, food engineering, energy production, waste disposal et cetera. For human beings, and also for animals, microorganisms are imperative for health especially as colonizers of the gut system. Microbial resource management, especially when complex communities are exploited in biotechnology is a key challenge. Therefore, communities are more and more in the focus of basic research in microbiology complementary to pure cultivation technologies. Owing to their complexity, microbial communities are almost exclusively studied on the basis of bulk parameters and empirical expert knowledge. Bulk parameters are representative for an entire community performance but do not allow a segregated analysis of subpopulations or subcommunities, let alone individuals and their disparate functions within a community. This thesis aims to resolve microbial community properties and mechanisms of assembly in managed ecosystems on the individual level (i.e. single cell). For this the flow cytometric toolbox was employed and further expanded, which phenotypically classifies microbial individuals into sub-communities according to their physiological similarities. Workflows for the fast analysis and evaluation of dynamics in community structure, assembly and interaction were developed. Stability properties of communities, i.e. resistance, resilience, displacement speed and elasticity, can now quantitatively be determined based on cytometric data. For resilience behavior an on-line tool was developed. In addition, the relative proportions of neutral and deterministic forces that structure a microbial community can now be unraveled. As consequence, microbial flow cytometry has been proven to be a powerful tool for analysing complex microbial communities, and will allow huge improvements in understanding and control of microbial communities in managed and natural ecosystems.:Contents Summary ............................................................................................................. I Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................... IV 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Microbial community and ecology ........................................................... 1 1.1.1 What is a microbial community? ...................................................... 1 1.1.2 Flow cytometry as a tool to study microbial communities ................ 2 1.2 Community structure and diversity ........................................................ 10 1.2.1 Community structure...................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Diversity metrics ............................................................................ 10 1.2.3 Evaluating structure and diversity with flow cytometry ................... 12 1.3 Community assembly and dynamics ..................................................... 13 1.3.1 Basic assembly processes ............................................................ 13 1.3.2 Evaluating assembly processes with flow cytometry ..................... 16 1.4 Community interactions ......................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Abiotic interactions of microbes and their surroundings................. 18 1.4.2 Biotic interactions of microbial partners ......................................... 18 1.4.3 Evaluating interactions with flow cytometry ................................... 20 1.5 Community functions ............................................................................. 22 1.5.1 Omics approaches to study functions in microbial communities .... 22 1.5.2 Evaluating functions with flow cytometry ....................................... 23 1.6 Aims of this study .................................................................................. 25 2 Publications .................................................................................................. 27 2.1 Overview of publications ....................................................................... 27 2.2 Published articles .................................................................................. 28 2.2.1 Publication 1 .................................................................................. 29 2.2.2 Publication 2 .................................................................................. 42 2.2.3 Publication 3 (under review) .......................................................... 60 3 Discussion .................................................................................................... 81 3.1 The importance of perceiving ecological situations ............................... 81 3.2 Stability properties of a microbial community ........................................ 84 3.3 Assembly processes in insular environments ....................................... 87 3.3.1 Niche differentiation under balanced cultivation conditions ........... 88 3.3.2 Neutral assembly under balanced cultivation conditions ............... 89 3.3.3 From intermediate disturbance to a non‐equilibrium system ......... 90 3.4 On-line analysis of reactor data ............................................................ 93 3.5 Conclusion and outlook ......................................................................... 95 4 References ................................................................................................... 97 5 Acknowledgement ...................................................................................... 105 6 Appendix .................................................................................................... 106 6.1 Declaration of independent work ......................................................... 106 6.2 Author contributions of published articles............................................ 107 6.3 Curriculum vitae .................................................................................. 111 6.4 List of Publications and conference contributions ............................... 112 6.5 Supplementary materials .................................................................... 113 6.5.1 Supplementary material for publication 1 .................................... 113 6.5.2 Supplementary material for publication 2 .................................... 140 6.5.3 Supplementary material for publication 3 .................................... 174

This master thesis deals with the elaboration of a plan regarding collective facilities in complex land consolidation within the cadastral area of Ločenice municipality. Introductory chapters focus on the theoretical part, in which land consolidation is described as well as the scope of exploratory work, which are necessary for the elaboration of the plan and its content. The content of the practical part is the evaluation of detailed survey of the terrain in the area of interest and the subsequent proposal of particular measures according to methodology. In conclusion, the results which emerged from the plan of collective facilitiesare evaluated. The results are processed in text and graphic form.

The diploma thesis is devoted to the elaboration of a plan of common facilities in the cadastral area Přídolí. The work focused on the methodological procedure in the implementation of ground adaptations, according to technical and metodical standards. The content of the first part is a literature review, which not only describes the field of land consolidation and its course, but also specifies the plan of common facilities together with the scope of work necessary for its elaboration. Everything important in this section is theoretically described. In the second practical part, attention is paid to the selection of the territory and the evaluation of its condition with the help of exploratory works. Further to the field research, the practical part is focused mainly on the proposal of individual proceedings concerning the protection of ZPF, elements of TSES, water management elements and ensuring access to lands. The results of surveys and draft measures are presented in both text and graphic form.

Rezente Korallenriffe sind einer ganzen Reihe von Bedrohungen ausgesetzt. Das Pleistozän bietet die Gelegenheit Veränderungen an Korallenriffgemeinschaften durch Klimaschwankungen hinweg zu studieren und mit heutigen Riffen zu vergleichen. Am besten sind pleistozäne Riffe in der Karibik untersucht, während aus dem Indo-Pazifik, der über eine deutlich höhere Biodiversität verfügt, bisher nur wenige quantitative Studien vorliegen. Frühere Studien zeigen eine erstaunliche Stabilität und Langlebigkeit der Korallengemeinschaften hinsichtlich Diversität und taxonomischer Zusammensetzung trotz extremer Meeresspiegelschwankungen und starker klimatischer Veränderungen im Quartär. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt zwei Regionen, aus der quantitative Daten auf Artniveau über die Zusammensetzung der fossilen Korallengemeinschaften bisher weitestgehend fehlten: das tropische Vanuatu (Südpazifik) und der subtropische Sinai, Ägypten (nördliches Rotes Meer). In Vanuatu sind mindestens 5 fossile Riffterrassen mit einem Alter von etwa 5000 - 400.000 Jahren überliefert, von denen 4 detailliert untersucht werden konnten. Veränderungen in der Diversität wurden sowohl lateral als auch vertikal nur mit unterschiedlichen Riffhabitaten in Verbindung gebracht. Die Riffe waren insgesamt über die Interglaziale bin ins mittlere Holozän hinweg stabil. Nur die Gattung Acropora scheint erst in den letzten 96.000 Jahren häufiger zu werden. In Ägypten wurden Daten aus der jüngsten interglazialen Terrasse (MIS 5e, ~125.000 Jahre) mit rezenten Daten aus dem Roten Meer verglichen und eine Migration von Arten nach Norden während des letzten Interglazials belegt. Diese Beobachtung unterstützt frühere Arbeiten, die eine Verschiebung der Riffdiversität in höhere Breiten verbunden mit einer Abnahme der Diversität in niederen Breiten aufzeigten, sowie Studien, die das nördliche Rote Meer als mögliches Refugium für Korallen im Zuge der weiteren Klimaerwärmung sehen. / The Pleistocene provides the opportunity to study changes of coral reef communities through times of climate change, and to compare fossil to recent reefs. Whereas Pleistocene reefs from the Caribbean are well studied and understood, the much larger Indo-Pacific region with a greater coral diversity is represented by only a few quantitative studies on community ecology. Previous studies observed an astonishing persistence and stability in community composition and diversity throughout several interglacial episodes until today, which is contradictory to the claim that recent coral reefs are especially sensitive to climate change. The present study deals with two Indo-Pacific regions that so far lacked quantitative data of fossil reef communities: tropical Vanuatu (Coral Sea) and subtropical Sinai, Egypt (northern Red Sea). In Vanuatu at least seven fossil reef terraces with ages between 5,000 and 400,000 years are preserved, of which four could be studied in more detail. A great variability was observed among terraces and especially among sub-environments within terraces. Reefs remained stable in terms of diversity throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene but it seems that the dominance of the coral genus Acropora is a fairly recent phenomenon in Vanuatu, because this genus does not play a large role in terraces older than 96,000 years (MIS 5c). In Egypt quantitative and binary data from the last interglacial episode (MIS 5e) were compared with data from the recent Red Sea and adjacent regions. These show a northward migration of coral taxa during the last MIS5e. This observation confirms earlier studies that demonstrated a range expansion of tropical reef communities towards higher latitudes, and supports studies that suggest the northern Red Sea and especially the Gulf of Aqaba as future refuge for corals during climate warming. These results indicate that coral reefs were able to cope with dramatic environmental changes in the absence of anthropogenic impact.

The realization of common facilities in landscape planning was evaluated in three areas of Tábor district: Sudoměřice near Tábor, Prudice and Libějice. Realization of landscape planning had been completed in these areas nine years before the evaluation. The evaluation consisted of detailed analysis of common facilities in landscape planning project and their comparison with current realized situation. A special emphasis was given to reconstructed and newly constructed elements and to neglected elements in landscape planning. The results were conveyed to tables and graphs that inform about a proportion of realized and unrealized elements and point out that the proportion of realized facilities was insufficient. The theses is concluded by a summary of results and by a list of proposals that would lead to a landscape improvement.

The aim of this thesis is detailed description of solved reclamation in the selected location Cep II after gravel extraction. The part of thesis solves property settlements on the parcels concerned. The literary review outlines generally issue of mining and its impact on the landscape and ways of deal with these negative impacts. Besides the classical methods of reclamation (agricultural, forestry and hydrological reclamation) is described a method of using spontaneous restoration. There is also particularised the possibility of incorporating suitably reclaimed parcels into territorial system of ecological stability in terms of land adjustment.