The writer's purpose in writing this dissertation was to shed some light on a field of Provo and Utah history not generally illuminated. Several works similar to this will be necessary when a definitive history of Provo or the state is written.

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"The personal oral account can be a source not for knowing that something was so, but for wondering about questions that are not often considered. So this should be seen not as a (paper) with historical or soc~logical conclusions but as a stimulus to further investigation" On the 25 September 1984, the Cape Nationalist Party Congress in Cape Town adopted three resolutions. They were: a) To scrap the Coloured Labour Preference Policy (CLPP). b) The introduction of 99 year lease-hold for Africans qualified to be in the Western Cape. This,the new state president announced1would apply to Khayelitsha and "certain other areas". c) The "repatriation" of the estimated 1001 000 'illegals'in Cape 2 - . Town. This decision should be seen as a recognition by the State of the apparent failure of influx control in the Western Cape - the very region where it has historically been the most stringently applied. The chief director of the Western Cape Development Board, Mr J Gunter, was himself reported to have said in August that attempts to stop the tide of black 'urbanisation' had failed.

“The Economic Nahda” is social history of the economic ideas articulated by Arab intellectuals in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire. The Nahda—the Arab cultural and intellectual “renaissance” of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—took place during a time of immense socioeconomic transformation in the late Ottoman Empire. During this time, the region saw increased trade with the global market, the spread of capitalist social relations, and a rising Ottoman public debt to European financiers. This dissertation focuses on how figures associated with the Arab Nahda conceptualized the tumultuous changes of this period. It begins by revisiting some of the classic publications of the Nahda and surveying the first engagements with the ideas of political economy. It then moves on to examine the economic ideas that were circulating during different historical junctures in late Ottoman Syria, starting from the establishment of the province of Syria in 1865, and ending with the new era of mass politics after the 1908 Ottoman constitutionalist revolution. It argues that throughout this period, intellectuals and political elites increasingly conceptualized political reform and economic transformation within the framework of the new “science” of political economy. Ultimately, the dissertation traces how these new economic ideas were elaborated and mobilized in response to developments such as peasant revolt, Ottoman state reform, increasing public debt, and ascendant European imperialism.

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<p>The first section of this thesis identifies two schools of economic thought that were prominent between 1923 and the 1960s. Both employed a staples approach to organize, explain and interpret Canada’s history but used different scopes of inquiry, methodologies and time horizons. I call these two schools Innis’ <em>staples thesis</em> and Macintosh’s <em>staple economics</em>. No sooner were these two schools firmly established than the economics profession underwent a fundamental shift. Economic historians abandoned the old Canadian political economy in the 1960s and followed international trends toward increased specialization. Academic economists concentrated on theoretical and deductive methods with little concern for historical time. During this period of rapid transition, Mel Watkins developed a third approach known as the <em>staple theory</em>. If contemporary economists are cognizant of a staples approach, they most likely think about Watkins’ theory which was written during the ascendancy of the ‘new’ economic history in the United States.</p> <p>One of the legacies of the old political economy was the construction of historical data sets, but they are rarely used in contemporary studies. The collection of historical data related to staples activity waned as the focus shifted to the construction of national accounts. The reconstruction of Canada’s trade flows was abandoned. The last five chapters of this thesis remedy this neglect with a new series of trade flows for all British North America from 1829 to 1960. Economic historians will now have a continuous series of meaningful trade statistics to facilitate future research on the role of staples in international economy of British North America. With this information, research can begin to evaluate the long-run evolution of the structure, behaviour and performance of Canada’s external economy from a simple colonial society to a modern industrial nation.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This essay will present the driving forces behind the liquidation of log-driving from 1930 to log-drivings end in 1980 in Umeälven. The debate about the log-drivers status in the river was multifold. The locals saw log-driving as an inhibiting process where, besides work, nothing good came. The hydroelectric stations saw the log-driving as an unnecessary tool because the hydroelectric stations had a larger purpose and were more prosperous than the log-driving. The underlying factors that evoked the log-drivings dismantling were several. Local people, fishing, hydro, but also the increased demand for forest and technology development. The timber became less ”float-friendly” and the forest road network was developed so that trucks became a more efficient and cheaper alternative, which led to the fact that log-floating was an unnecessary tool for the forest industry.

This licentiate thesis describes the Swedish pornography policy and how this policy affected the pornography industry. The main aim of the study is to survey the development of the Swedish porn industry 1950-2000 and to consider how it was imagined both as an industry, and as a commercialized form of sexuality. The focus is on the relationship between the pornography industry and the state, and to study this relationship, the thesis is divided into three different but related parts. The first part concerns the institutional settings with main focus on the abolition of censorship in 1971. The political debates about legalizing pornography are studied in order to ascertain how industry and its actors are conceptualized in this context. It also draws attention to why regulation of the industry was considered necessary in the first place, as well as the how changes in the legislation affected the economic development of the industry itself. The second part concerns the Swedish pornographic press. My purpose is to map out all publishing houses that produced pornographic magazines from 1950 to 2000, and to chart some aspects of their economic fortunes. The history of pornography and connections to technological change is also studied in terms of estimating the influence of the video breakthrough on sales figures and market strategies for the publishing houses that had to deal with this development. In the third part, I study the regulation in action, i.e. when the publishers of pornographic magazines are prosecuted. I analyze all of the pre-1971 prosecutions – that is, the prosecutions that took place before regulation was removed. Using these records, it is possible to determine how the regulation was implemented, what content was considered harmful, and how that changed over time. This material, that includes the preliminary investigations from the police, also shows how the pornography producers handle the institutional settings to escape responsibilities and punishment. In this thesis, I show that the pornography industry in Sweden has a complex and changing relationship to the state. Although pornography is unwanted by politicians during the period, pornography is allowed to publish pictures without any restriction on sexual content in the 1970s. The argument for the deregulation is that censorship is incompatible with a modern democratic and liberal state. Pornography serves as a modern dilemma when the phenomenon is viewed as incompatible with a modern society, conflicting with the goal of gender equality, and when a regulation is seen as incompatible with the idea of basic liberties in a modern democracy. When it comes to the industry it shows that, quite unexpected, a lot of companies are run by women or as family businesses. There are no empirical grounds for the claim that pornography is an all male industry then, at least not in the Swedish case. The study also shows that the Swedish pornography industry was well established before the law change.

This licentiate thesis, with the English title Automobility towards Regional Equality? Studies of the geographical and socioeconomic diffusion of the private automobility in Sweden 1950-2000, has the overall aim to investigate the interaction between the private automobility and the Swedish socio-economical development in general. Firstly, the diffusion of private car ownership in Sweden is mapped both geographically and economically at the national level covering all citizens above the age of 18. Secondly, a comparison with the Norwegian diffusion pattern shows how automobility has interacted with two partly different national contexts. This aim will be dealt with in two articles. Since the diffusion of private cars in Sweden has not yet been examined in a long run and national perspective covering all individuals, the first article, Driving from the Centre to the Periphery? The Diffusion of Private Cars in Sweden 1950-2000 with focus on 1960-1975, investigates how the diffusion of private cars followed the over all socio-economic and geographical changes from 1960 to 1975; did changes in car ownership per capita primarily follow changes in incomes or changes in population density (urbanisation)? Swedish traffic and regional policies in the 1960s aimed at making the car an instrument for national integration and regional equality, and make it available throughout the country. In the article the effect of that policy is tested. The analysis is based on Swedish census material that includes all car owners for the years 1960, 1970 and 1975. Our conclusion is that income levels were more important than other explanations to the diffusion of private cars in Sweden between 1960 and 1975. Since Norwegian private car density has lagged behind the Swedish and did not reach the same national levels until the late 1980s, despite the same GDP per capita levels, the second article, Two Sides of the same Coin? Private Car Ownership in Sweden and Norway since 1950, compares car diffusion in Norway and Sweden in both historical time and model time in order to find specific explanations for the national and regional patterns of car diffusion. Can both the time lag and the diffusion process be explained with national differences in income, institutions, infrastructure, and population settlements? Or have regional differences in income and population density affected the outcome? Our conclusion is that car diffusion in Norway and Sweden displays two sides of same coin; the national levels converged, but the process did not follow the same regional pattern. Regional differences in income and population density have in general been a significant explanation for car density in Sweden but not in Norway. Thus, the licentiate thesis shows how private car ownership in Sweden from the 1950s has interacted with increasing regional equality, especially concerning geographical diffusion. / På omslaget år 2007.

This thesis presents an intellectual history of the historiography of Australian Economic History between 1918 and 1965. More specifically, it is a contribution to a relatively novel area of research into 'disciplinary history’. It takes as its basic analytical material the four books widely used for significant lengths of time for undergraduate teaching during the period of the study. The thesis consists of five main chapters, plus an appendix which surveys the institutional development of Australian Economic History and provides the empirical basis for the selection of the works named above. After a brief introduction and overview, the next four chapters consist of a detailed study of one of these works, the historical context in which each was written, and an intellectual biography. The fifth chapter is largely theoretical and conceptual. It analyses the epistemological bases of History and Economics and explores the implications of different models of knowledge for the relationship between Economic History and its two antecedent disciplines, History and Economics. Current perceptions of the state of the discipline in Australia and overseas are also examined. There are three main propositions advanced and their implications explored in the fifth chapter. First, that changes which occurred in Australian Economic History during the period 1918-1965 shifted the discipline from the broad area of History to the broad area of Economics. Second, that the inherent tension and fundamental differences between the two disciplinary areas of History and Economics have profound and complex implications for Australian Economic History at a number of levels and in a number of areas. The third proposition posits that the paradigm shift of the 1950s/1960s in Australian Economic History, and the paradigm shift of the 1960s/1970s in Economic History respectively have resulted in crisis. The final part of the chapter summarises the contents of the preceding chapters, and draws some conclusions based on those detailed studies.