Esta tese versa sobre assimilações, no Brasil, de linhagens germânicas de pensamento econômico, entre 1889 e 1945. A Parte I discute questões teóricas e historiográficas que orientaram a pesquisa. Situa-se a história do pensamento econômico no âmbito de alguns marcos teóricos e, dentro dessa área, esboçam-se algumas reflexões sobre a temática da difusão internacional como campo de pesquisa histórica. Na Parte II, aborda-se o pensamento econômico alemão: a formação da Nationalökonomie, as correntes oitocentistas mais influentes no Brasil e, por fim, três trajetórias pessoais de Friedrich List, Adolph Wagner e Carl Landauer que dão corpo à história de ideias feita inicialmente. A Parte III volta o olhar para os trópicos e examina as apropriações germânicas de Rui Barbosa, dos industrialistas na transição republicana, do gaúcho Francisco Simch e de Roberto Simonsen. A principal conclusão do trabalho é que houve apropriação efetiva do pensamento econômico alemão no Brasil, embora os temas não tenham sido incorporados de maneira uniforme. / This thesis deals with Brazilian assimilations of German lineages of economic thought, between 1889 and 1945. In Part I I discuss the theoretical and historiographic issues involved in the research. The study of history of economic thought is placed into a theoretical framework and, within this area, I sketch some considerations on the nature of the international diffusion as a field of historical research. In Part II I approach German nineteenth-century economic thought: the formation of Nationalökonomie, the lineages most influent in Brazil and, finally, three personal cases Friedrich List, Adolph Wagner and Carl Landauer which give concrete substance to the history of ideas presented before. Part III focuses on the tropics and examines German influences on: Rui Barbosa, the industrialists of the beginning of the Brazilian Republic, Francisco Simch and Roberto Simonsen. The main conclusion of this study is that there was an effective appropriation of German economic thought in Brazil, although topics were not incorporated in a uniform manner.

Esta tese versa sobre assimilações, no Brasil, de linhagens germânicas de pensamento econômico, entre 1889 e 1945. A Parte I discute questões teóricas e historiográficas que orientaram a pesquisa. Situa-se a história do pensamento econômico no âmbito de alguns marcos teóricos e, dentro dessa área, esboçam-se algumas reflexões sobre a temática da difusão internacional como campo de pesquisa histórica. Na Parte II, aborda-se o pensamento econômico alemão: a formação da Nationalökonomie, as correntes oitocentistas mais influentes no Brasil e, por fim, três trajetórias pessoais de Friedrich List, Adolph Wagner e Carl Landauer que dão corpo à história de ideias feita inicialmente. A Parte III volta o olhar para os trópicos e examina as apropriações germânicas de Rui Barbosa, dos industrialistas na transição republicana, do gaúcho Francisco Simch e de Roberto Simonsen. A principal conclusão do trabalho é que houve apropriação efetiva do pensamento econômico alemão no Brasil, embora os temas não tenham sido incorporados de maneira uniforme. / This thesis deals with Brazilian assimilations of German lineages of economic thought, between 1889 and 1945. In Part I I discuss the theoretical and historiographic issues involved in the research. The study of history of economic thought is placed into a theoretical framework and, within this area, I sketch some considerations on the nature of the international diffusion as a field of historical research. In Part II I approach German nineteenth-century economic thought: the formation of Nationalökonomie, the lineages most influent in Brazil and, finally, three personal cases Friedrich List, Adolph Wagner and Carl Landauer which give concrete substance to the history of ideas presented before. Part III focuses on the tropics and examines German influences on: Rui Barbosa, the industrialists of the beginning of the Brazilian Republic, Francisco Simch and Roberto Simonsen. The main conclusion of this study is that there was an effective appropriation of German economic thought in Brazil, although topics were not incorporated in a uniform manner.

A dissertação aborda o tema da caridade privada e da assistência pública aos pobres em três autores do período clássico da Economia Política britânica: Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus e Jeremy Bentham. Argumenta-se que a questão está intimamente conectada à visão de natureza humana de cada um destes autores, bem como ao contexto histórico marcado pelas legislações conhecidas como \"Leis dos Pobres\" na Inglaterra. Smith aborda o assunto com ênfase em aspectos psicológicos e morais do homem, indicando que existem sérios obstáculos à realização da caridade direcionada aos mais necessitados, principalmente devido a menor propensão humana de simpatizar com o pobre, se comparada à propensão de simpatizar com pessoas mais afortunadas. Entretanto, para Smith, uma sociedade livre seria capaz de reduzir a pobreza extrema através da grande geração de riquezas consequente da divisão do trabalho e acumulação de capital, reduzindo a miséria e a necessidade da caridade. Na obra de Malthus, apresenta-se a visão de natureza humana partindo dos princípios da busca pela sobrevivência e reprodução, que teriam como consequência um aumento populacional sempre que a miséria fosse aliviada. A caridade, neste contexto malthusiano, deveria ser reservada a indivíduos merecedores, com \"freio moral\", e as Leis dos Pobres deveriam ser abolidas. Já a abordagem de Bentham tem base em seu princípio da utilidade, bem como em sua perspectiva de que as motivações humanas são governadas pela busca do prazer e fuga da dor. A partir daí, Bentham evidencia a impossibilidade de que a caridade privada venha a suprir toda a demanda de caridade por indigentes. Para que se resolva o problema, o autor propõe o estabelecimento de uma instituição privada, a National Charity Company, que com subsídio público, se responsabilize pela eliminação da indigência através do encarceramento, auxílio e trabalho compulsório de todos indigentes capazes de realizá-lo. Defende-se que os três autores possuem abordagens diferenciadas, contudo, constata-se que são suas premissas comportamentais - melhor compreendidas como a \"natureza humana\" em suas teorias - que fundamentam muitas de suas conclusões sobre os temas da caridade e Leis dos Pobres. / This dissertation adresses the theme of private charity and public relief to the poor by looking into the work of three authors from the classical period of Political Economy in Britain: Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Jeremy Bentham. The argument is that this matter is intimately linked to the conception of human nature of each author, as well as to the historic context related to the legislations known as the \"Poor Laws\" in England. Smith\'s approach is focused on psychological and moral aspects of men, indicating that there are serious obstacles to the offer of charity directed to people in need, mainly due to the lower propensity to sympathize with poor compared to the propensity to sympathize with more with people in better conditions. Nevertheless, to Smtih, a free society would be capable of reducing extreme poverty through the creation of wealth that results from the division of labour and capital accumulation, reducing misery and the need for charity. In Malthus\' work, we find that his view of human nature starts from the principles of survival and reproduction, which have as a consequence a population increase whenever misery is alleviated. Charity, in this malthusian context, should be reserved to individuals that are deserving of receiving it, the ones with \"moral restraint\", and the Poor Laws should be abolished. Bentham\'s approach, on the other hand, starts from both his principle of utility and his perspective that human motivations are governed by the search of pleasure and avoidance of pain. From these ideas, Bentham argues that it is evident the impossibility of private charity being enough to supply for all the demand for charity from indigents. To solve the problem, the author proposes the establishment of a private institution, the National Charity Company, which would, with public subsidies, be responsible for the elimination of indigence through incarceration, relief and compulsory work of all capable indigents in need. It is argued that despite the different approaches from the three authors, in all of them it is possible to see that their behavioral premises (better comprehended as \"human nature\") are the basis of many conclusions on charity and Poor Laws.

This thesis consists of revised versions of five published papers on the development of neoclassical distribution theory, in the English-speaking world together with an introduction and conclusion, which draw together the themes of the papers. The thesis covers the origins of neo-classical distribution theory in the English-speaking world in the work of Jevons and Marshall, through to the second generation of Wicksteed, Clark and Pigou, and finally on to the 1930s and the new perspectives of Hicks and Robinson. Drawing on archival sources and primary and secondary texts, these essays review the major statements on distribution theory made by key figures in the Jevonian and Marshallian marginalist traditions. The essays shed new light on the origins of neoclassical distribution theory and provide insights into the methodology of nascent neoclassical distribution theory. A drive towards a universal, all-embracing marginal productivity theory of the distribution of income characterises the work of Clark and Wicksteed, but not so Marshall. A formalist mode of analysis, which was to become the hallmark of neoclassical economics in the second half of the twentieth century, is also evident in key works of the period. However, the role of empirical evidence in theory generation and appraisal remains an undeveloped component of late nineteenth and early twentieth century neoclassical theory—Marshall again provides an exception to the general rule. There is a common adherence, among the key figures examined, to the joint proposition that competitive market wage outcomes are ‘fair’, but that low incomes (fair or not) are unjust when they fail to meet minimum needs standards. State remedial action (tax and expenditure policies) is required to remove such injustices. Robinson’s theory of exploitation provided an important extension to the neoclassical normative framework. She highlighted the extent to which labour may be exploited due to imperfections in both product and labour markets.

A dissertação aborda o tema da caridade privada e da assistência pública aos pobres em três autores do período clássico da Economia Política britânica: Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus e Jeremy Bentham. Argumenta-se que a questão está intimamente conectada à visão de natureza humana de cada um destes autores, bem como ao contexto histórico marcado pelas legislações conhecidas como \"Leis dos Pobres\" na Inglaterra. Smith aborda o assunto com ênfase em aspectos psicológicos e morais do homem, indicando que existem sérios obstáculos à realização da caridade direcionada aos mais necessitados, principalmente devido a menor propensão humana de simpatizar com o pobre, se comparada à propensão de simpatizar com pessoas mais afortunadas. Entretanto, para Smith, uma sociedade livre seria capaz de reduzir a pobreza extrema através da grande geração de riquezas consequente da divisão do trabalho e acumulação de capital, reduzindo a miséria e a necessidade da caridade. Na obra de Malthus, apresenta-se a visão de natureza humana partindo dos princípios da busca pela sobrevivência e reprodução, que teriam como consequência um aumento populacional sempre que a miséria fosse aliviada. A caridade, neste contexto malthusiano, deveria ser reservada a indivíduos merecedores, com \"freio moral\", e as Leis dos Pobres deveriam ser abolidas. Já a abordagem de Bentham tem base em seu princípio da utilidade, bem como em sua perspectiva de que as motivações humanas são governadas pela busca do prazer e fuga da dor. A partir daí, Bentham evidencia a impossibilidade de que a caridade privada venha a suprir toda a demanda de caridade por indigentes. Para que se resolva o problema, o autor propõe o estabelecimento de uma instituição privada, a National Charity Company, que com subsídio público, se responsabilize pela eliminação da indigência através do encarceramento, auxílio e trabalho compulsório de todos indigentes capazes de realizá-lo. Defende-se que os três autores possuem abordagens diferenciadas, contudo, constata-se que são suas premissas comportamentais - melhor compreendidas como a \"natureza humana\" em suas teorias - que fundamentam muitas de suas conclusões sobre os temas da caridade e Leis dos Pobres. / This dissertation adresses the theme of private charity and public relief to the poor by looking into the work of three authors from the classical period of Political Economy in Britain: Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Jeremy Bentham. The argument is that this matter is intimately linked to the conception of human nature of each author, as well as to the historic context related to the legislations known as the \"Poor Laws\" in England. Smith\'s approach is focused on psychological and moral aspects of men, indicating that there are serious obstacles to the offer of charity directed to people in need, mainly due to the lower propensity to sympathize with poor compared to the propensity to sympathize with more with people in better conditions. Nevertheless, to Smtih, a free society would be capable of reducing extreme poverty through the creation of wealth that results from the division of labour and capital accumulation, reducing misery and the need for charity. In Malthus\' work, we find that his view of human nature starts from the principles of survival and reproduction, which have as a consequence a population increase whenever misery is alleviated. Charity, in this malthusian context, should be reserved to individuals that are deserving of receiving it, the ones with \"moral restraint\", and the Poor Laws should be abolished. Bentham\'s approach, on the other hand, starts from both his principle of utility and his perspective that human motivations are governed by the search of pleasure and avoidance of pain. From these ideas, Bentham argues that it is evident the impossibility of private charity being enough to supply for all the demand for charity from indigents. To solve the problem, the author proposes the establishment of a private institution, the National Charity Company, which would, with public subsidies, be responsible for the elimination of indigence through incarceration, relief and compulsory work of all capable indigents in need. It is argued that despite the different approaches from the three authors, in all of them it is possible to see that their behavioral premises (better comprehended as \"human nature\") are the basis of many conclusions on charity and Poor Laws.

This study tests the relationship between certain economic scenarios and the state of the economy in regard to inflation and recession. Using data gathered from government publications, the economy was divided into periods of inflation, recession, and recession recovery. These periods were regressed against variables representing four schools of economic thought: monetarist scenario, structural scenario, power scenario, and micro, or supply side scenario. This study concludes that because of the complex nature of the economy, all representative variables have both positive and negative effects on the economy and no one scenario holds the key to economic stability.

The theme of academic anti-Semitism has been much discussed recently in histories of the interwar period of the University of Vienna, in particular its Faculty of Law and Policy Sciences. This paper complements these studies by focusing in this regard on the economics chairs at this faculty and, more generally, on the fate of the younger generation of the Austrian school of economics. After some introductory remarks the paper concentrates on three case studies: the neglect of Mises in all three appointments of economics chairs in the 1920s; the anti-Semitic overtones in the conflict between Hans Mayer and Othmar Spann, both professors for economics at the faculty; and on anti-Semitism as a determinant of success or failure in academia, and consequently of the emigration of Austrian economists. Finally, we have a short look at the development of economics at the University of Vienna during and after the Nazi regime. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The Nationalökonomische Gesellschaft (Austrian Economic Association, NOeG) provides a prominent example of the Viennese economic circles that more than academic economics dominated scientific discourse in the interwar years. For the first time this paper gives a thorough account of its history, from its foundation 1918 until the demise of its long-time president, Hans Mayer, 1955, based on official documents and archival material. The topics treated include its predecessor and rival, the Gesellschaft österreichischer Volkswirte, the foundation 1918 soon to be followed by years of inactivity, the relaunch by Mayer and Mises, the survival under the NS-regime and the expulsion of its Jewish members, and the slow restoration after 1945. In particular, an attempt is made to provide a list of the papers presented to the NOeG, as complete as possible, for the period 1918-1938. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é compreender como se deu o desenvolvimento da econometria no programa de pós-graduação em economia da FEA/USP e averiguar se havia ou não grandes atrasos no ensino e pesquisas desse referencial metodológico com relação ao exterior, no período entre a criação do programa de pós-graduação (meados dos anos 1960) e o fim dos anos 1970. Outro objetivo é com relação à importância do Professor Delfim Netto nesse processo. O trabalho tenta inserir estes desenvolvimentos tanto na história institucional da FEA/USP como na evolução da econometria na academia internacional, notadamente a norte-americana. Foi efetuada uma pesquisa nos arquivos da FEA, onde encontramos as ementas dos cursos. Adicionalmente, foram efetuadas entrevistas com professores que ministraram cursos de econometria no início da pós-graduação e professores que orientaram trabalhos econométricos nesse mesmo período. As principais conclusões que pudemos chegar é que nesse período a literatura era, dentro do possível, atualizada em relação ao exterior, sendo que os próprios cursos já alcançavam grau de sofisticação comparável ao dos cursos dos EUA. Com relação à influência do professor Delfim, não há indícios de que sua participação para o desenvolvimento dos cursos de pós-graduação de econometria da FEA tenha sido grande, mas podemos argumentar que ele foi importante para o desenvolvimento da pós-graduação em economia como um todo. / The main objective of this work is to understand how econometrics courses developed in the Economics graduate program at FEA/USP and to analyze whether there was a significant time gap between the courses taught and the research done using this methodological reference in Brazil versus what was made abroad. Another objective is to assess how important Professor Delfim Netto was in that process. With this we hope to place the development of econometrics at FEA/USP within the broad developments wordwide, with a focus in the United States, and within the institutional history of FEA/USP. Through an archival research, we found the courses syllaby. Additionally, we interviewed professors who taught econometric courses at the begining of the graduate program and professors who were advisors of theses that used econometrics. The main conclusions we reached are that at that time the reading list of the courses was, as far as possible, up to date in relation to what existed abroad at the time: the courses were in a level of sophistication comparable to those courses taught in the US. With respect of the influence of professor Delfim, there is not evidence to show that his participation on the development of the econometrics courses at FEA graduate school was great, but we can argue that he was important to the development of the economics program at FEA as a whole.

Para elucidar o lugar ocupado pela filosofia na formação e funcionamento do sistema cultural brasileiro, Paulo Arantes investigou o transplante de um conjunto de métodos e técnicas francesas, transladadas para os trópicos. Com a insolação sofrida na linha abaixo do equador, tal forma de pensar não chegou a sofrer propriamente uma desidratação, ao contrário: incorporando-se a ingredientes nacionais, como o espírito modernista, veio, sim, possibilitar uma filosofia por conta e risco. O mesmo ocorre nas artes plásticas, onde desde a chegada de Debret ao Brasil o traçado de constituição de um certo pintar em brasileiro percorre um caminho tenso entre o nosso próprio chão bruto e os ares europeus, ao que nossa paleta de cores acabou por constituir-se como forma adequada a uma sociedade onde a escravidão é moderna. Essa é, portanto, a trilha desta tese, que assume que nos outros ramos de nossa vida intelectual tal não é diferente. Nossa forma peculiar de raciocínio intelectual nosso atabalhoado típico de nação que se constrói pela deglutição do olhar estrangeiro é aqui assumida ela mesma como sintoma dos solavancos de nossa modernização periférica. E é o conceito de forma, no sentido hegelo-marxiano, o alicerce conceitual pelo qual se procura dissecar neste trabalho um ramo específico da nossa vida intelectual, qual seja o do pensamento econômico. É através dele que este trabalho procura deslindar a chave de resto imanente a todo nosso percurso de um pensar que oscila entre a crítica do processo de desenvolvimento capitalista e a própria reprodução dele mesmo, não porque haja confusão no pensar, mas justamente porque essa é a forma adequada a um capitalismo periférico que exige, junto com sua crítica, soluções de desenvolvimento e industrialização. / To elucidate the role played by philosophy in the formation and operation of the Brazilian cultural system Paulo Arantes investigated the transplantation of a set of French methods and techniques, translated to the tropics. With the heat stroke suffered in the line below the equator, such thinking did not exactly suffer dehydration, instead, by incorporating into itself the national ingredients, such as the modernist spirit, it came to provide a philosophy for its own cout and risk. The same occurs in the visual arts, where since the arrival of Debret to Brazil the set up of some paint in here follows a path tension between our own rough ground and a European feeling, so our color palette constitute itself as an appropriate form to a society where slavery is modern. This is therefore the track of this thesis, which assumes that the other branches of our intellectual life is no different. Our peculiar form of intellectual reasoning - our awkwardly typical nation that is built by the swallowing of foreign look - here is assumed itself as a symptom of the bumps of our peripheral modernization. And is the concept of form, in the sense Hegelian-Marxian, the conceptual foundation by which this work seeks to dissect a specific branch of our intellectual life, namely the economic thought. It is through it that this work tries to unravel the key - immanent throughout our journey - of a thought that oscillates between the critique of capitalist development process and its own reproduction, not because there is confusion in thought, but because this is the proper form of a peripheral capitalism that requires, along with his critique, solutions of development and industrialization.