En Afrique de l’ouest, le processus d’harmonisation des réglementations pharmaceutiques se caractérise par des initiatives souvent séparées et propres, d’une part à la Communauté Economiques Des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO), et d’autre part à l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA). Cette étude dont l’objectif était de contribuer à l’optimisation de la réglementation pharmaceutique montre que la CEDEAO a essentiellement élaboré des lignes directrices, tandis que l’UEMOA, mettant à profit la force et la portée juridique des normes à sa disposition et opposables aux Etats membres a pu obtenir des résultats tangibles. L’optimisation de la réglementation pharmaceutique passe par la prise en compte des autres fonctions réglementaires insuffisamment régulées et par une coopération active entre les deux organisations, renforcée par l’intervention de l’Union Africaine, qui permet de construire une démarche incluant la création d’une agence ouest africaine du médicament et la mise en œuvre d’une source innovante de financement, dans le but ultime de favoriser l’accessibilité des populations à des médicaments de qualité. / In West Africa, pharmaceutical regulations harmonization process is characterized by initiatives on one hand separate and specific to Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS) and on the other to West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The present study which aims at contributing to pharmaceutical regulation optimization reveals that ECOWAS has essentialy elaborated guidelines while WAEMU by taking advantage of the strength and scope of legal standards available and opposable to member states succeeded to get tangible results. Pharmaceutical regulation optimization involves taking into account other reglementary functions not sufficiently regulated and in an active cooperation between both organisations reinforced by African Union intervention. This permits to build an approach including the creation of a west african agency for medecine and the implementation of inovatives sources of funding, whith the ultimate goal to promote access of populations to good quality medecines.

The necessity for a more adequate regulation of global trade relations (including support for the liberalization and development of international trade), in the context of the deepening globalization processes, requires a greater level of involvement of international economic organizations and more effective implementation of their activities. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to determine whether and how the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group have influenced the development of international trading system. The results of this thesis show that international organizations (primarily WTO and UNCTAD) during various stages of its development have been significantly affecting international trade growth mainly through the implementation of specific activities and measures related to a series of agreements and decisions. However, international organizations have had a divergent impact on international trade. The effectiveness of the implementation of specific activities and programs were depending on the political and economic situation of member countries, as well as the governments´ readiness and willingness to implement these measures. On the other hand, the effectiveness of realization of specific activities have been affected by either the internal weaknesses of the organizations, or the insufficient level of cooperation and coordination in the implementation of joint programs and measures aimed at international trade development.

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La consolidation de la paix au lendemain d'un conflit est une entreprise multidimensionnelle et complexe qui exige d'importantes ressources (financières, techniques, humaines, ...). Avec le foisonnement des acteurs en la matière, il est pertinent de s'intéresser au rôle et à la contribution des organisations internationales économiques dont l'intervention, dans les pays fragiles y compris ceux post-conflit, est très souvent décriée. Les organisations internationales économiques en question sont notamment les institutions financières internationales (Banque mondiale, FMI, Banques régionales de développement), les communautés économiques régionales (CEDEAO, CEEAC, ASEAN, ...), et l'OCDE. Dans l'optique d'accroître les chances de réalisation de la consolidation de la paix, il convient de déterminer si ces organisations internationales économiques sont une partie intégrante de la solution ou si elles constituent plutôt le problème. Concrètement, l'analyse qui est faite dans le cadre de ces travaux, porte d'abord sur la légalité et les outils d'intervention (mécanismes financiers, techniques, ...) des organisations internationales économiques en vue de la consolidation de la paix. Ensuite, est abordé l'impact de leur méthode et de leurs outils d'intervention sur la réalisation des objectifs de la consolidation de la paix. Un intérêt particulier est porté aussi bien sur les priorités récurrentes de la consolidation de la paix que sur celles spécifiques à un ou certains pays post-conflit. Finalement, au regard des changements constants qui interviennent dans les contextes post-conflit, et comme l'a souvent rappelé le Secrétaire général des Nations Unies dans ses différents rapports sur la consolidation de la paix au lendemain d'un conflit, il est nécessaire d'améliorer l'intervention des différents acteurs. Dans le même ordre d'idées, les perspectives d'optimisation de l'intervention des organisations internationales économiques dans la consolidation de la paix, sont identifiées. / Peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict is a multidimensional and complex undertaking that requires significant resources (financial, technical, human …). Among a wide spectrum of actors in this field, it is relevant to focus on the precise role and contribution of international economic organizations whose intervention in fragile countries including post-conflict, is very often criticized. The economic international organizations concerned are international financial institutions (World Bank, IMF, and regional development banks), regional economic communities (ECOWAS, ECCAS, ASEAN ...), and OECD. In order to increase the chances of achieving peacebuilding, it is necessary to determine whether these international economic organizations are an integral part of the solution or rather if they are the problem. First of all, the analysis is focused on the legality and the intervention tools (financial mechanisms, technical mechanisms ...) of international economic organizations in post-conflict contexts. Then the impact of their method and their intervention tools on achieving the objectives of peacebuilding, is discussed. Recurrent priorities of peacebuilding and those specific to one or some post-conflict countries are particularly addressed. Finally, given the constant changes occurring in post-conflict contexts, and as the Secretary General of the United Nations has often reiterated in his different reports on peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict, it necessary to improve the involvement of different actors. In the same vein, optimization outlooks for the intervention of international economic organizations in peacebuilding are identified.

Las crisis económicas mundiales surgen en distintos países y los organismos económicos internacionales(OEI) hacen frente a diferentes situaciones en las que las políticas económicas no funcionan adecuadamente y requieren de algún financiamiento para afrontarlas. Su importancia ha impulsado la presente investigación. En un primer momento, se explicará como los marcos regulatorios de los OEI constan de un conjunto de leyes y normas para la ejecución de determinadas operaciones de apoyo con normas internacionales en diversos ámbitos que permiten la estabilidad financiera mundial. Los OEI que destacan en la intervención para afrontar las diferentes crisis económicas son el Fondo Monetario Internacional(FMI), integrado por 184 países miembros que, a través de programas de apoyo y el asesoramiento mediante guías de buenas prácticas, los benefician para hacer frente a la crisis; y el Banco Mundial(BM), con 189 países miembros basa su organización en diferentes instituciones (BIRF, AIF, IFC, MIGA, CIADI) con roles específicos que se ajustan a las necesidades de financiamiento que cada país demanda. En un segundo momento, se explicarán cuáles son las causas principales de las crisis económicas mundiales: la volatilidad en tipo de cambio, las tasas de interés, la ausencia de políticas monetarias adecuadas, el desplome en la bolsa de valores, burbujas inmobiliarias, entre otros. En un último capítulo se revisará los efectos principales: la reducción del salario, empresas en quiebra o procesos de liquidación, fuga de inversionistas, recesión, disminución de inversión pública, e índice de desempleo elevado, entre otros. / International Financial Institutions (IFIs) respond to economic crises in countries where public policies do not work properly and require financing. The regulatory frameworks established for these IFIs are composed of a set of laws and regulations created for the execution of specific support operations that run under the protection of various international treaties in several areas, therefore, allowing global financial stability. The most prominent IFIs in terms of confronting various economic crises are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The IMF is comprised of 184 member countries that, through support programs and advice on good practice guidelines, benefit from facing potential crisis. The World Bank is comprised of 189 member countries as well and it’s an extended family of five institutions: IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, and ICSID. These institutions have specific roles that adjust to the financing needs that each country demands. The main causes of world economic crises are exchange rate volatility, interest rates, the absence of monetary policies, the crash of the stock market, real estate bubbles, among others. The main effects are the reduction of wages, companies in bankruptcy or filing for liquidation, flight of investors, recession, decrease in public investment, high unemployment rate, among others. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional