Orientador: Fernando Cezar de Macedo Mota / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:47:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aruto_PietroCaldeirini_M.pdf: 1521759 bytes, checksum: 79bf6131650ef8ed2bf00f5236f45676 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é desenvolver o conceito de formação socioespacial dependente a partir do conceito de formação socioespacial definido por Milton Santos. De modo geral, o conceito trata da capacidade que o espaço tem de manifestar as condições históricas postas à produção social no modo de produção capitalista. Uma vez que sua origem encontra-se no embate das correntes marxistas em torno da concepção de formação econômico-social, resgata-se criticamente no primeiro capítulo essas contribuições para aprofundar o conceito proposto, especialmente no que tange à associação entre as relações de produção e as mudanças espaciais. A redefinição metodológica que se propõe a partir da formação socioespacial dependente busca compreender as transformações históricas que se operam entre e dentro das formações socioespaciais, ou seja, leva à discussão de duas categorias centrais da dimensão espacial: nação e região; desenvolvidas nos capítulos 2 e 3. Para ir além do plano eminentemente teórico, a investigação é centrada na análise da formação sociespacial dependente da América Latina, onde as relações de produção no continente são especificamente marcadas pela superexploração da força de trabalho. Dessa forma, o resultado da investigação permite compreender, dentro da totalidade do modo de produção capitalista, a associação entre a produção social do espaço e relação de produção nas formações socioespaciais dependentes, mostrando que o espaço é estruturado e transformado para garantir as condições de reprodução da força de trabalho abaixo do seu valor / Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to develop the socio-spatial-dependent formation concept from the socio-spatial formation concept as defined by Milton Santos. In general, the concept is concerned with the capability of space to manifest the historical conditions underlying the social production in the capitalist mode of production. Once its origin lies in the shock within Marxism regarding the social-economic formation concept , it is recovered critically in the first chapter these contributions to deepen the proposed concept, especially the association between relations of production and spatial changes. The proposed methodological redefinition seeks to understand the historical transformations that operate in socio-spatial formations, ie, it leads to the discussion of two central categories of the spatial dimension: nation and region; to be carried out in chapters 2 and 3. Extrapolating the theoretical level, research is focused on the analysis of Latin America socio-dependent formation, once the relations of production are specifically characterized by overexploitation of the labour power. Thus, the result of research allows understanding, within the totality of the capitalist mode of production, the association of social production of space and relation of production in the dependent socio-spatial formations, showing that space is structured and transformed to ensure the conditions of reproduction of the labour power below its value / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 constantinjancsoturma2004.pdf.jpg: 19413 bytes, checksum: ed06888f22db5d20307eed8c9dee97e2 (MD5) constantinjancsoturma2004.pdf: 659395 bytes, checksum: 1a83b23975bb0427aa0d8ae3febe959b (MD5) constantinjancsoturma2004.pdf.txt: 162651 bytes, checksum: 9fa13fc36c2ae6510152b6163bdc863d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-02T00:00:00Z / Purchasing power parity (PPP) was formally proposed as a theoretical model to explain the behavior of the exchange-rate by Gustav Cassel almost one century ago. Obtaining empirical evidence to support the validity of PPP, however, has traditionally been a controversial issue. Nevertheless, a consensus slowly appears to be emerging from literature, suggesting that PPP holds, but only in the long run. Although PPP is not useful to predict the behavior of the exchange-rate in a time frame that would make it a useful application in the context of the foreign exchange market, it is widely used in applied macroeconomics, often as a long-term restriction for the behavior of the exchange-rate in general equilibrium models. In any case, as Dornbush and Krugman remind us, “Under the skin of any international economist lies a deep-seated belief in some variant of the PPP theory of the exchange rate”. This dissertation proposes to assess the evidence for PPP in more than a century of data for the largest Latin American economies. In the empirical literature, most of the empirical work testing the validity of PPP in the long run uses data from the developed countries (in part, simply because they are more readily available). Taylor (2002) includes Argentina, Brazil and Mexico in his sample of 20 developed and developing nations. Other studies focus specifically on the data of one or the other economy in Latin America (for example, Délano 1998 tests the PPP hypothesis using data from Chile between 1835 and 1995). But there has been little work done on this field focusing specifically on data from Latin America. Following the usual methodology described in literature – unit root tests to assess whether the real exchange rate is stationary, applying error correction mechanisms and cointegration tests – the evidence obtained from Latin American data reinforces the thesis that PPP holds in the long run. / A teoria da paridade do poder de compra (PPP) foi formalizada há quase um século por Gustav Cassel como um paradigma para explicar o comportamento das taxas de câmbio. Sua comprovação empírica é historicamente controversa, mas aos poucos, a literatura parece convergir para o consenso de que a PPP é válida, mas apenas no longo prazo. Ainda que a PPP não sirva para prever o comportamento da taxa de câmbio no curto prazo, seu uso é disseminado na macroeconomia aplicada como restrição de longo prazo para a taxa de câmbio. Como lembram Dornbusch e Krugman, 'Sob a pele de qualquer economista internacional, está enraizada uma fé em alguma variante da teoria da PPP'. O presente estudo se propõe a avaliar as evidências para a PPP a partir de mais de cem anos de história das maiores economias da América Latina. Na literatura, a maior parte dos estudos da PPP no longo prazo utiliza dados de países desenvolvidos (em parte, por causa da disponibilidade dos dados). Taylor (2002) incluiu Argentina, Brasil e México na sua amostra de 20 países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Há também alguns estudos que tratam especificamente de um ou outro país da região (por exemplo, Délano 1998, que testa a PPP com dados do Chile de 1835 a 1995). Seguindo os métodos usuais descritos na literatura – testes de raiz unitária para se avaliar a estacionariedade da taxa de câmbio real,de aplicação de mecanismos de correção de erro e testes de co-integração – chega-se à conclusão que a evidência obtida a partir dos dados da América Latina é favorável à tese de existência da PPP no longo prazo.

Some 5 million people were classified as internally displaced in Colombia at the end of 2012, which represented about 10 per cent of the population and the highest number in the world at the time. Colombia differs from other countries with high levels of displacement in that it is comparatively politically stable, has effective national institutions, a relatively strong formal economy, and can by no means be described as a ‘failed’ or ‘failing’ state. The displacement literature tends to characterise the phenomenon as a humanitarian crisis and a side effect of the long-running civil war. But Colombians continue to be displaced in very large numbers despite the formal demobilization of the paramilitaries in 2006 and the diminished military capacity and engagement of the guerrillas since about the same period: the same groups that are widely regarded as being the main perpetrators of displacement. This thesis contends that displacement of the civilian population in Colombia is frequently not a consequence of violence, but rather the primary objective, where violence plays a facilitatory role. Moreover, the thesis asserts that these massive levels of displacement are substantively linked to predominantly economically-motivated logics and are regionally specific. By examining an agricultural commodity that has significantly expanded relatively recently in Colombia - African palm oil - this research examines if and how expanded cultivation may be linked to displacement. Using a political economy framework of analysis combined with empirical fieldwork, it explores the ‘localised displacement logics’ whereby land is coercively acquired by powerful local groups. The thesis concludes that the abandonment and dispossession of land from poor and marginalised groups constitutes part of an ongoing process of capitalist expansion and statebuilding in Colombia. Contrary to assertions that it is the intra-state conflict that constitutes the central obstacle to development, Colombia’s current trajectory of capitalist development may actually be a central obstacle to sustainable peace and not lead to an end to displacement.

The impacts of tropical deforestation and forest degradation are felt at multiple levels, bringing about local ecosystem degradation, regional biome fragmentation and global contributions of 12-15% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In response to this, markets and payments for ecosystem services have emerged to financially value the services forests provide, most notably in the form of mechanisms to reduce deforestation and enhance forest conservation (REDD+). REDD+ has received much attention at the international level, but the pressing contemporary challenge is its engagement at the local scale. This thesis examines the potential local-level engagement of REDD+ on the Amazon frontier as an approach to altering patterns of anthropogenic encroachment on the world's greatest expanse of tropical forest. Case studies are taken from the buffer zones of protected areas along Peru's Amazonian frontier, Yanachaga-Chemillen National Park (YChNP) in central Peru and Manu National Park (MNP) in the SE of the country. A political ecology approach is taken to examine the influences and implications of existing land use governance structures, local livelihoods and preferences, and smallholder production and land economy, in the context of REDD+. Adopting mixed methods comprising semi-structured interviewing and land user surveys, data were collected between July 2008 and September 2009. I show that the two sites' histories and geographies have shaped distinct challenges for REDD+. The proximity of YChNP to Lima has fuelled agricultural expansion and higher land use incomes, yet institutions – particularly those belonging to the state – are exceedingly weak. The pace of land use change here obliges certain urgency for REDD+ interventions to provide livelihood alternatives, divert the current development path and restore the landscape. MNP’s rurality has protected it to date from expansive deforestation, yet weak institutions, poverty and increasing threats from national development processes highlight the importance of REDD+ interventions. In an analysis of land economy, an innovative conceptual framework is presented, the '3Rs' (rewarding, regulating and reshaping) to tackle local heterogeneity in REDD+ engagement. This thesis contributes knowledge to the practical and theoretical advancement of REDD+, and proposes the mechanism as an important new arena for academic investigation.

Orientador: Carlos Alonso Barbosa de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_PedroHenriqueEvangelista_D.pdf: 2694625 bytes, checksum: c2fec82d1ec3ba90658273c14f8e4824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Entendendo o excedente de mão de obra como um dos elementos estruturais que caracterizam a economia brasileira, o presente estudo pretende investigar os elementos históricos que fundamentam a origem do excedente de mão de obra no Brasil, a partir das categorias desenvolvidas em dois aportes teóricos: de um lado, a teoria do valor desenvolvida por Karl Marx, especificamente as categorias superpopulação relativa e exército industrial de reserva; de outro lado, a teoria da marginalidade, que procurou entender, a partir das especificidades do capitalismo periférico e dependente, como se formava o excedente de mão de obra, ou a chamada massa marginal. O objetivo central da tese se desdobra em três aspectos a serem analisados. Em primeiro lugar, quais são os fatores históricos que determinaram a formação do mercado de trabalho no Brasil no momento de consolidação do setor industrial, e como se forma, junto a este mercado, um excedente de mão de obra. Em segundo lugar, quais são as características e dinâmica desse excedente num momento de expansão de um conjunto de atividades econômicas urbanas e decadência de uma série de outras atividades, em especial aquelas ligadas aos setores agrícolas. Em terceiro lugar, em que medida as categorias assumidas para tal análise são capazes ou não de explicar o comportamento do excedente de mão de obra no Brasil. A hipótese central que norteia o trabalho é de que o excedente de mão de obra no Brasil tem origem nos problemas decorrentes da transição do trabalho escravo ao trabalho livre, que acabou por determinar não apenas a dificuldade de integração do negro, mas também resultou na entrada maciça de imigrantes, compondo uma força de trabalho com excesso de oferta em relação à demanda dos setores produtivos. Quando da crise de 1929, que determinariam a expansão dos investimentos industriais, parte substancial da população migraria em direção à região economicamente dinâmica, compondo o mercado de trabalho urbano - que, nesses termos, já surgiria com excedente de mão de obra / Abstract: Considering the surplus labor as one of the structural aspects which characterize Brazilian economy, the aim of this thesis is investigate the structural aspects which explain the surplus labor in Brazil, from the theoretical framework proposed by two theories: in one hand, Karl Marx¿s value theory, and the categories relative surplus population and industrial reserve army; in another hand, marginality theory, which tried to explain, considering the specificities of the peripheral and dependent capitalism, the economics and social processes which results in the emergence of the surplus population, also so called "marginal mass" in that kind of economies. To develop this main aim, we propose analyze of three aspects. Firstly, point out the historical aspects which determine the formation of labor market, at the moment of the consolidation of industrial sector; and also what explain the origin of surplus labor in that market. Secondly, explain the dynamic and characteristics of that surplus labor, at the moment in which grows a set of urban economics sectors, while some regions are in economic decay, especially those specialized in agricultural sectors. Thirdly, how the categories taken from the theoretical framework could explain the dynamic of the surplus labor in Brazil. The hypotheses is that the surplus labor in Brazil is a result of problems arising from the transition from slavery to free labor, which determined the difficulties of black workers¿ integration in the labor market and the huge influx of immigrant workers, resulting in a surplus workforce when compared with the possibilities of job offers in the economy. When the 1929 crisis, which determine the expansion of industrial investments, a substantial part of the population migrate towards the economically dynamic region, forming the urban labor market - which, in these terms, as would arise with labor surplus / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico