published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing in Advanced Practice

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Education / Master / Master of Education

本研究是建基於自我決定理論(Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2002) 及Vallerand (1997) 的內外動機原因序列，旨在探討職訓學生的自決動機與校園學習環境及自我決定中的需要滿足(下文為需要滿足) 之直線關係。 同時，亦比較四項校園學習環境的原素(包括：老師參與, 老師支援, 同學間互助及校園支援環境) 對學生的需要滿足及自決動機所產生的直接及間接影響。 另外，本研究闡明了在自我決定理論研究中常被忽略的課室以外環境對自決動機的重要性。 / 本研究的對象是就讀於香港專業教育學院(IVE) 的全日制高級文憑學生， 參與者來自八間IVE學院，合共847位學生；當中包括564位男生及245女生(38位同學沒有報告性別)， 亦可分為411位一年級生及436位三年級生， 及391位商科生和456位工科生。 研究發現一年級生比三年級生的自我決定指數(Self-determined Index, SDI) 明顯較高，商科生亦明顯比工程生高，若整體而言，參與者的平均SDI為1.42(標準差=3.64)，最高指數為10.3而最少指數值為 -12.06，中位數為1.57，與其他相類似並同樣使用學術動機量表(Academic Motivation Scale, AMS) 的研究比較, 本研究發現IVE學生的SDI平均值是相對低及相對窄，固證明認知IVE學習環境如何與學生的自決動機及需要滿足相連是非常重要，並需從中發掘如何利用環境因素來解決低學習動機問題。 / 本研究採用了結構方程模型(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM) 來証明Vallerand (1997) 的內外動機原因序列能應用在香港的職訓學生身上, 並發現中介模型最能描述校園學習環境, 需要滿足及自決動機的直線關係： 校園支援環境、 同學間互助及老師參與皆對學生的需要滿足有直接及正面的相關， 從而再間接並正向連繫學生的自決動機(即自決動機指數及內在動機)；老師支援雖分別對需要滿足有正面連繫及對自決動機有間接連繫, 但指數並不明顯。 再者，當四項校園學習環境要素相互比較， 校園支援環境對需要滿足的直接連繫及對自決動機的間接連繫皆為最高， 同學間互助及老師參與的影響則為第二及第三， 而老師支援的直接及間接的影響則最少及不明顯，這個排序亦應驗在三年級生，但一年級生則對四個校園學習環境要素未感明顯分別；相信這項發現可能與IVE學生的特式 (如： 學生成長階段, 學業經歷) 及與IVE的課程行政安排有關。 / 本研究証明可用人與環境互動的領域來了解香港職訓學生的學習動機情況，並提倡透過運用學院間人際互動的環境去提升他們的學習動機， 並且發現在自我決定理論研究中常被忽略的課室以外環境 (包括校園支援環境及同學間互助) 的重要性。可是， 本研究的數據未能顯示學術動機量表(AMS) 提出七項動機之間的連續體關係， 從而帶出重新檢示AMS測試題目與動機項目對應性的需要，及質疑自我決定的動機線性關係的概念可用性。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the unidirectional relationship between the campus learning environment as perceived by students, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and self-determined motivation, using Deci and Ryan's self-determined theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2002) and Vallerand's (1997) integrated motivational sequence. In addition, the impact of four campus environmental factors on students’ satisfaction of basic psychological needs and their subsequent self-determined motivation is examined; these are teacher involvement, teacher support, students’ collaborativeness, and supportive campus environment. This study also reveals the importance of the outside-classroom environment, which has not been investigated in detail in previous self-determined theory studies. / The target population for this study was all full-time higher diploma students in the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE). A total of 847 IVE students from eight IVE campuses participated in the study. The participant profile was 564 male and 245 female (38 students did not report gender), 411 in Year-1 studies and 436 in Year-3 studies, as well as 391 in business courses and 456 in engineering courses. Year-1 students got significantly higher mean score in the self-determined index (SDI) than Year-3 students, and business students were higher than engineering students in SDI. Besides, the mean score of SDI for the whole sample was 1.42 (SD = 3.64), ranging from a maximum score of 10.3 to a minimum score of -12.06, with a media of 1.57. The relatively low mean and the limited range of scores might suggest that IVE students' SDI score was lower than other populations examined by the AMS (e.g. Chen & Carey, 2009; Fairchild et al, 2005; Vallerand et al., 1992; Vallerand et al., 1997). This highlights the need to discover which campus environmental factors has the greatest linkage with IVE students' satisfaction of basic needs and their self-determined motivation and how this happens, as a way to tackle the possible problem of low motivation. / Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to find that Vallerand's (1997) integrative motivational sequence could be applied in Hong Kong vocation educational context to describe the relationships among campus learning environment as perceived by students, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and self-determined motivation. Among the tested models, the fully mediated model best described the unidirectional relationships between the latent constructs: Supportive campus environment, students’ collabortiveness, and teacher involvement had positive and significant links with students’ self-determined motivation (both in terms of self-determined index or intrinsic motivation) through the mediation of basic needs satisfaction. Teacher support also exerted a positive but insignificant effect on self-determined motivation via the satisfaction of basic needs. In addition, the supportive campus environment was found to have the highest direct link with students’ satisfaction of basic needs and indirect links with SDI and IM, with students’ collaborativeness and teacher involvement ranked the second and third respectively. Teacher support had positive but insignificant impact. Year-3 students shared the same rank order about the relative importance of the four campus learning environment factors but Year-1 students did not perceive any significant difference among the four factors. It is possible that these findings were due to the characteristics of IVE students (e.g. developmental stage and their past academic experience), as well as the IVE course arrangements. / The present study is important because it provided empirical evidence to examine IVE students' motivation orientations through a person-in-context perspective and to explore the possibility of a more proactive approach in solving possible motivational problems through the manipulation of campus social contexts. The findings also suggested that more emphasis should be put on supportive campus environment and students' collaborativeness, areas which have often been neglected in previous SDT studies. However, the present study did only find partial support to the expected simplex structure of correlations among the seven motivation orientations in the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). This highlights the need to re-examine whether the question items could reflect the corresponding motivation orientation and to review the concept of the self-determined continuum. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lee, Po Ling. / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-173). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.Pg. i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.Pg. iv / Acknowledgements --- p.Pg. vi / Table of Contents --- p.Pg. vii / List of Tables --- p.Pg. x / List of Figures --- p.Pg. xi / Chapter Chapter ONE --- Introduction / Background --- p.Pg. 1 / Aims and Purposes of the Study --- p.Pg. 6 / Research Questions --- p.Pg. 7 / Significance of the Study --- p.Pg. 8 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review / Introduction --- p.Pg. 11 / Motivation to Learn --- p.Pg. 11 / Self-Determination Theory (SDT) --- p.Pg. 14 / Basic Assumptions and Development of the Theory --- p.Pg. 14 / Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs --- p.Pg. 18 / Motivation Orientations --- p.Pg. 22 / Vallerand's Integrated Motivational Sequence --- p.Pg. 31 / Campus' Context, Needs Satisfaction & Motivation Orientations --- p.Pg. 35 / Application of SDT in Vocational Education and Training --- p.Pg. 48 / Application of SDT in Chinese Societies --- p.Pg. 54 / Vocational Education and Training in Hong Kong --- p.Pg. 61 / Impact of IVE Perceived Campus Learning Environment on Students' Basic Needs Satisfaction and their Self-determined Motivation --- p.Pg. 66 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Methodology / Participants --- p.Pg. 74 / Procedures --- p.Pg. 77 / Instruments --- p.Pg. 78 / Self-determined Motivation in Learning --- p.Pg. 79 / Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction --- p.Pg. 82 / Perceived Campus Learning Environment --- p.Pg. 83 / Demographic Data --- p.Pg. 86 / Statistical Analysis --- p.Pg. 86 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Results / Assessment of Normality of the Data --- p.Pg. 93 / Reliability & Factorial Validity of the Measurements --- p.Pg. 95 / Reliability and Factorial Validity of the AMS --- p.Pg. 95 / Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Need-Satisfaction Items --- p.Pg. 99 / Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Perceived Campus Learning Environment --- p.Pg. 101 / Data Analysis of the Three Key Constructs --- p.Pg. 104 / Self-determined Motivation in Learning --- p.Pg. 104 / Basic Needs Satisfaction --- p.Pg. 109 / Perceived Campus Learning Environment --- p.Pg. 111 / Structural Model Testing --- p.Pg. 113 / Model Testing for the Whole Sample --- p.Pg. 113 / Model Testing for the Groups of Year-3 and Year-1 Students --- p.Pg. 127 / Chapter Summary --- p.Pg. 134 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Discussion / Self-determined Motivation of Students in Vocational Studies --- p.Pg. 135 / Effects of Perceived Campus Environment on IVE Students' Motivation to learn --- p.Pg. 139 / Implications and Recommendations from the Study --- p.Pg. 145 / Theoretical Implications of the Study --- p.Pg. 149 / Limitations of the Study --- p.Pg. 153 / Conclusion --- p.Pg. 156 / References --- p.Pg. 157 / Appendix --- p.Pg. 174

Both individual characteristics and organizational internal structure are significantly related to employees' participation in both kind of education and training, namely the firm-provided as well as self-chosen and paid education and training outside the firm. Those employees who are male and younger, those who are at higher end of job hierarchy, those who experienced more internal mobility, are more likely to participate in both kinds of education and training. They take the advantage of both kinds of education and training programs. / Cases of this study include 31736 employees from 410 enterprises, randomly sampled at China's county level from different regions in terms of economical development. Multilevel logistic regression was employed to model the impact of region, firm and individual characteristic on employees' participation in adult education and training. Dependent variables are classified in three groups in this study: (a) those employees who participated in the training provided by firm only, (b) those employees who participated in self-chosen and self-paid adult education and training outside firm only, and (c) those employees who participated in both two kinds of adult education and training. / In regard to employees' participation in firm provided training only, the labor market structural factors and the firms' internal organizational structure had the most explaining power, between these two firms' internal market characteristics had greater impact. A job position that an employee obtained is his/her niche in the labor market. The characteristics of an internal market is decisive for allocating training opportunities. Those employees at a position in advantage are likely to participate in firm supported training. That is, the higher an employee is at occupational hierarchy, the longer a person has worked in current firm, the greater the extent to which an employee has experienced changes in the workplace, the more likely that employee would take part in firm provided training. / In the context of global market and knowledge economy development, adult education and training are regarded as an important factor in keeping economic growth in China. They also become a means for individuals to acquire knowledge, skills and to enhance human capital, thus improving their ability in the job market. / In the fast-growing market-oriented economy in China, many employees have been involved in job-related education and training of various kinds. In the transition from the planned to a market economy, firms are more autonomous in the organization of production, and individuals are free to pursue their occupational aspirations. Firms and individual started to take responsibilities to invest in education and training in order to acquire competence. It is interesting to study who participate in adult education and training as an opportunity to update job skills. It is important to understand if that would have implications in improving the workforce quality. / The empirical analyses supported the hypothesis that employees' participation in adult education and training is determined by both individual characteristics and multi-level labor market structures. Both employees and their firms are embedded in certain social structure that could be facilitating or constraining in terms of making educational opportunities available to firms and individual employees. The findings clearly show that patterns of the three groups of independent variables having impact on the three types of participation choices vary. / These findings show that employees' participation in education and training is related to individual characteristics acquired before entering the labor market, and it is also related to the characteristics of labor market. Making education and training available for employees has become a practice to improve competence, which is vital to maintain sustainability. Therefore, it should give consideration to improving equality of participation for different groups of employees and reducing disparity between regions. A mechanism is necessary to coordinate education and training among sectors, such including education, economic sector and the government administration for the workforce. That would encourage the exchange of information between sectors and improve cooperation in developing programs for the workforce. In such a way, adult education and training can play an important role and meet skill training needs for different social groups. / This thesis takes employees' participation in education and training for a study. It is focused on the following research questions: Who had an opportunity to participate in adult education and training during the economic reform in mainland China? What are the factors affecting employees' participation? Based on human capital theory, labor market segmentation theory and organization theory, it is hypothesized that employees' individual characteristics, the firms' internal structural characteristics, and the firms' characteristics in relations to labor market all these multi-level factors have impact on employees' participation in adult education and training. Independent variables are accordingly deduced into three groups. Individual characteristics are those achieved status possessed by employees before entering into the labor market, include age, gender, marital status, initial education level. Characteristics of the firms' internal labor market is represented by the employees' job related characteristics in terms of job position, work experience in years, mobility, and the extent an employee experienced the firms' reform. An employee acquired these work-related attributes after having entered the firm, or being selected by a firm if one's individual characteristics were considered matching in the workplace. Finally, firms' characteristics, reflecting firms' attributes as compared to other firms in the market system, would affect resource allocation and labor requirements. These variables include firm size, the average education year of employee with in firm, the overall mobility of a firm's internal labor market, types of ownership, and the economic industrial sector that the firm belongs to. / Whether an employee has participated in self-paid adult education is an interaction of individual characteristics and labor market structure. Those employees who are male, younger, and who had senior secondary education are likely to participate in self-paid adult education. In regard to one's decision of participating in self-paid adult education or not, it mostly related to one's own individual characteristics. As an employee is embedded in the firm and then the firm embedded in the large labor market, his or her action is affected by the labor market structure, too, but those are the secondary factors. / 王蕊. / 呈交日期: 2006年2月. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 213-232 ). / Cheng jiao ri qi: 2006 nian 2 yue. / Advisers: Jin Xiao; Nai-Kwai Lo. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: A, page: 4067. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 213-232 ). / Wang Rui.

published_or_final_version / History / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management