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by Siu Chi Kui. / Publication date from spine. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-212). / by Siu Chi Kui. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / PREFACE --- p.iii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The substantive problem - the History curriculum in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Context of the study - Hong Kong in political transition --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Perspective of the study - Sociology of curriculum --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the study --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO - --- THE THEORETICAL CONTEXT OF THE STUDY: SOCIOLOGY OF CURRICULUM --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Ideology, domination and curriculum" --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Political / cultural domination and curriculum --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Colonial relationship and curriculum --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Authoritarian states and curriculum --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Liberal states and curriculum --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Political evolution and curriculum change --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- The History curriculum and local history --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The study of social subjects --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The History curriculum --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- -Local history --- p.30 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE - --- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: HONG KONG EDUCATION IN TRANSITION --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- Hong Kong's special position - a dual colony --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Hong Kong in transition --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Political changes --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Rise of indignous culture --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Decolonization in Hong Kong --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Political decolonization --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Cultural decolonization --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- Education of Hong Kong in the transitional period --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Government control over education in Hong Kong --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Educational changes in the time of political transition --- p.49 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR - --- THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHOD OF STUDY --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- The research questions --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The process of curricular change --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The perspectives of the actors --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- The content of the products of curricular change --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- The scope of study --- p.57 / Chapter 4:3 --- Research design - qualitative studies --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Document study / content analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Interview --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparative analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4 --- Limitations of the study --- p.64 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE - --- THE PROCESS OF INCLUSION OF LOCAL HISTORY IN THE HISTORY CURRICULUM --- p.65 / Chapter 5.1 --- Discussions on the History curriculum and teaching in the late 60s and 70s --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Comments on the traditional curriculum and pedagogy --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The rise of local identity --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2 --- Factors that affects the inclusion of local history --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The continuous need for pedagogical change --- p.78 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The rise of local identity --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Political transition and educational change --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3 --- The process of construction --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Policy making --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Implementation of the pilot scheme --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Working for the full implementation in all secondary schools --- p.100 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX - --- LOCAL HISTORY IN THE CURRICULUM (I): THE ADVANCED AND CERTIFICATE LEVELS --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1 --- Two interpretations of local history --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- The colonial paradigm --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- The critical perspective --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2 --- The lack of local history in the past --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Impact of colonialism on education --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The lack of indigenous identity and culture --- p.106 / Chapter 6.3 --- The inclusion of local history in the Advanced Level syllabus --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Placement of local history --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Proportion of local history in the syllabus --- p.108 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Time period of local history --- p.108 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Content of local history --- p.110 / Chapter 6.4 --- Local history in the Certificate level --- p.116 / Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion on the reinclusion of local history in the Advanced Level curriculum --- p.116 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN - --- LOCAL HISTORY IN THE CURRICULUM (II): THE THREE PACKAGES FOR JUNIOR LEVEL…… --- p.119 / Chapter 7.1 --- The role of local history in the past --- p.119 / Chapter 7.2 --- General features of the packages on local history for junior forms --- p.120 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Placement and proportion of local history in the packages --- p.120 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Time period of local history and its demarcation --- p.121 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Teaching method and strategies --- p.123 / Chapter 7.3 --- Content of local history in the packages --- p.124 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- On Hong Kong people and identity --- p.124 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Hong Kong and the British government --- p.129 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- Local responses to colonial rule --- p.135 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- Hong Kong and China --- p.140 / Chapter 7.3.5 --- Development and progress --- p.145 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion..…...…… --- p.150 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Absence of identity and class element --- p.151 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- The adoption of the colonial paradigm --- p.152 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Hong Kong history as capitalist history --- p.153 / Chapter 7.4.4 --- Segregation of Hong Kong and Chinese history --- p.153 / Chapter CHAPTER EIGHT - --- CONCLUSION: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INCLUSION OF LOCAL HISTORY IN THE CONTEXT OF POLITICAL TRANSITION --- p.156 / Chapter 8.1 --- Nature of curriculum reconstruction - the case of local history --- p.156 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- Local history as a curriculum innovation --- p.157 / Chapter 8.1.2 --- Local history: colonial or national history9 --- p.160 / Chapter 8.1.3 --- Local history as a rise of local culture and identity --- p.166 / Chapter 8.2 --- Local history in the context of political transition --- p.170 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Central intervention against academic autonomy --- p.171 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- National cultural hegemony against local cultural identity --- p.174 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Decolonization and recolonizatlon?........ .............… --- p.177 / Chapter 8.3 --- Towards a direction for further research --- p.181 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Are national culture and local identity in contradiction?.........…… --- p.181 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- "Redefinition of ""political transition""" --- p.184 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- Another half of the story: classroom interaction --- p.186 / APPENDIXES --- p.189 / Chapter 1. --- "The Advanced Level Examination Syllabus, 1994 - History (part on local history)" --- p.189 / Chapter 2. --- A.L. questions on Hong Kong --- p.190 / Chapter 3. --- Contents of the 3 packages on local history for junior level --- p.192 / Chapter 4. --- "Draft syllabus for History (Secondary I-III), 1995" --- p.195 / REFERENCES --- p.198 / REFERENCES IN CHINESE --- p.208

This study investigates the implementation of Language in Education Policy (LiEP) in learning and teaching in grades six from two schools. It critically examines the teachers’ practices and experiences towards English as the language of learning and teaching (LoLT) at two different primary schools from the eMalahleni in the Lady Frere Education District in the Eastern Cape. The study is guided by the fact that most learners use their mother tongue (isiXhosa) in classroom as well as outside classroom contexts. Furthermore, some teachers use the translation method of teaching language as they code-switch to their home language when teaching content subjects as well as English. Despite this practice in class, learners are expected to answer their test and examination questions in English. Theoretically, this study is underpinned by the constructivist view of language learning (Gaserfeld, 2003) and English as an international language (Sivasubramaniam, 2011). On the basis of the ecological and the constructivist approaches to language learning, Sivasubramaniam (2011 p.53) views language as a creative instrument of meaning which ‘has the power to create meaning anew and afresh’ each time that someone uses it. The study makes use of the qualitative research method with a case study design that is placed within the interpretive paradigm. The data collected will be analysed through the use of critical discourse analysis. The findings from the study suggest some instrumental motivations to use English as LOLT which is informed by Language policy. Some of these motivations are: studying abroad, business with foreign investors and integrative motivations as the learner will be able to communicate with people from different countries. The study concludes that there is need for schools to stick to the English medium because this acts as an open door to the upward economic mobility among the previously disadvantaged. Based on this, it can be recommended that schools stick to English first additional language as their language of teaching and learning.

From 2010, the South African vocational skills education is offered by the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) through the Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges. TVET colleges need to be transformed in order to empower young learners with the skills required by the various sectors of the economy. The purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of the National Certificate (Vocational) Plant Production module in Training and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Colleges. The sample for this study is concurrent triangulation whereby complementary methods of data sources were brought together to offset each other‘s weaknesses. The sample for this study consisted of participants from three TVET colleges: one deep rural, one semi-rural/semi-urban and one urban in terms of geographical location. A total of 18 participants were interviewed: 2 subject advisors engaged by the colleges, 1 lecturer from college A, 3 lecturers from college B, 2 lecturers from college C, 4 graduates from college B, 3 graduates from college C and 3 employers .Research design for this study has features of both a survey and a case study. The mixed-method approach was applied using document analysis, questionnaires and interviews for data collection. The researcher found out that there is a disparity between the Plant Production guidelines and their implementation and assessment. Among the main reasons for failure to implement the guidelines properly are poor or inadequate infrastructure for doing practical work, high rate of student absenteeism within the investigated categories, and the high drop-out rate at Levels 2–4. To minimize the challenges in offering the Plant Production module, the study recommends that since some colleges cannot afford purchasing large sizes of land to properly implement the Plant Production guidelines, the government and the DHET should link the Primary Agriculture training to the land reform program where students can be trained under the land reform program.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1933 H83

LD2668 .T4 1939 M61 / Master of Science

Changing societal needs and concerns about the educational status of America's students have spawned nation-wide reform efforts. Many of these have targeted principals' practices. This study was focused on one set of variables important in understanding these practices, namely, educational values and beliefs. The participants* in this study were eight elementary school principals whose schools were representative of the linguistic, ethnic, and economic diversity of the community in which the study was conducted. Data regarding decision making events involving complex or ambiguous school issues were obtained from a questionnaire and an interview with each principal. Areas of examination included (a) types of issues perceived as complex or ambiguous, (b) values and beliefs about these issues, (c) the influence of values and beliefs on decisions about these issues, (d) other factors influencing decisions, (e) the use of values and beliefs in responding to these factors, (f) how dealing with these issues affected values and beliefs, and (g) how values and beliefs were used to define roles. Qualitative techniques were used to analyze data: content analysis, Flanagan's (1954) Critical Incident Technique, and interaction schemas. A conceptual model was developed as a framework for analyzing and interpreting interview data. These principals perceived the most complex school issues to originate at the building level, and the most ambiguous at the district level. Principals used educational values and beliefs to clarify goals, guide and evaluate action, and validate judgment. They differed in factors they attempted to influence, goals they established, and problem solving strategies they selected. Understanding the nature and influence of educational values and beliefs on decisions about complex or ambiguous school issues is significant in furthering research on principals' practices, and helping to clarify the kind of vision needed for successful students and effective schools. Note*. "Participants" was selected instead of "subjects" because the researcher was describing phenomena rather than attempting to manipulate variables. By providing information and feedback, these principals participated in the development of a conceptual model and confirmation of the data analysis.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 2016 / This research explores the processes involved in designing and developing a compulsory course, New Literacies for Teachers, for first year Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) students at the Wits School of Education (WSoE). The need for academic literacy development has long been recognised in various ways in programme development at most universities around the world. This course takes a broader perspective on literacy and aims to develop students as fully literate subjects. The conceptualisation of the course is based on a sociocultural approach which sees literacy as a set of socially situated practices. The course development team began by identifying five literacy domains that are important for student teachers: academic literacies, research literacies, personal literacies, school literacies and multimodal and digital literacies. Initial curriculum design developed a course structure that would enable the course designers to pull these literacy domains through the curriculum as threads for the year, thus implementing socio-cultural theory in practice. The main research question is “What processes enabled and/or constrained the design, implementation and redesign of a New Literacies for Teachers course for first year B.Ed. students?” The sub questions specifically identify the processes of curriculum design, interdisciplinary design and group collaboration. The data consists of tape recordings and transcriptions of all the course meetings during the processes of curriculum design, materials development (2009), implementation and redesign (2010). This data was analysed in two ways. The processes of curriculum design, interdisciplinary design, implementation and redesign were analysed using thematic content analysis. The process of group collaboration was analysed using a sociolinguistic approach that focussed on the dynamics of the groups and a discourse analysis of patterns of interaction. The findings provide insight into the course design and redesign processes, selection of content, framing, sequencing, pacing, the conditions of implementation and the dynamics that affected group participation and interaction. During implementation several problems emerged: logistical constraints, curriculum overload, lack of systematic development of academic literacy, problems with interdisciplinary design and lack of systematic assessment and constructive alignment (Biggs, 2003). These problems were addressed in the redesign. Whilst a key purpose of the course was to design an “integrated curriculum” (Bernstein, 1996, 2000) in which students could apply what they had learned in New Literacies for Teachers to their own studies and in their own teaching, the initial attempt at interdisciplinary design in the first semester proved to be quite difficult to achieve. One of the main findings in the analysis is that knowledge about socio-cultural theories are the privileged funds of knowledge in this course, and the lack of these funds of knowledge on the part of course designers from other disciplines and tutors on the course proved to be critical. Although the initial attempts at interdisciplinary design were a failure, the course designers found an alternative way of working with literacy across the curriculum in the second semester that introduced students to the way literacy works in the subjects they were preparing to teach. The conclusion summarises the findings about literacies for teachers; curriculum design and development; and group collaboration. Key words: socio-cultural theory of literacy, literacy domains, literacy practices, literacy across the curriculum, curriculum design, materials development, implementation, redesign, group dynamics, group interactions, teacher education

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