<p> The implementation of the Common Core State Standards in English/Language Arts and Mathematics into the kindergarten through 12^th grade curriculum in the United States presents a unique opportunity for teacher preparation programs to realign their curriculum with the curriculum of the primary and secondary schools. However, it is unknown how teacher preparation programs are approaching this possible change. This qualitative descriptive case study examined the organizational change process that was employed by one teacher preparation program to incorporate the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) into their curriculum. The change was examined through the organizational development lenses of Kotter and Rogers. Interviews and a focus group with key stakeholders in the change process (<i> N</i> = 13) along with analysis of documents such as syllabi, research plans, and curriculum provided data to answer the research question. Data were initially coded into 5 main organizational categories, establishing, defining, implementing, refining, and finalizing, then further coded based on emergent themes. The last 2 categories, refining and finalization, were not clearly evident in the data, and therefore it was more difficult to use a priori coding. The data revealed that the leaders of the organizational change developed and delivered professional development activities to train faculty and aligned syllabi of general education and teacher education classes with the CCSSM. The results of this study can be used to help other teacher preparation programs plan organizational change and provide motivation for programs that have yet to address the CCSSM.</p>

<p> The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a better understanding of third grade math teachers' beliefs and practices regarding homework, to explain how teachers' beliefs and practices regarding homework aligned to the framework of the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy Cognitive Domain, and to determine the administrative influences on homework practices. The data were collected during October and November 2013. Six third grade math teachers (primary unit of analysis) and four principals (secondary unit of analysis) were interviewed from Dell School District. Each participant (teacher and principal) was interviewed for approximately one hour. A second meeting was set at a later time with the teachers. This second meeting was arranged in order to ask additional questions based on the interviewees' responses from the initial interview and also to collect homework samples. The follow-up meetings varied between 10 to 15 minutes. The interview transcripts were then transcribed. The data were analyzed to determine the themes: teachers' beliefs and practices of homework, alignment of homework items to the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy, and administrative influences on homework.</p><p> Three major themes emerged regarding teachers' beliefs about homework&mdash;extra repetition of practice, connection between home and school, and building responsibility. Four major themes related to teachers' homework practices were found&mdash; quantity of homework, type of homework, source of homework, and differentiation of homework. Overall, the majority of homework items, across all cognitive domain levels, were aligned to a low category (<i>remembering</i>, 68%); however, there were some variations among the distributions of homework. In comparing what teachers espoused about homework practices and what was actually assigned, the majority were aligned. Four major themes emerged from the principals' comments&mdash;school-wide expectations for homework, complaints about homework, principals' beliefs and value about homework, and cognitive domain of homework. The four major findings of the study included: homework was used primarily for low-level practice, more so than high-level thinking; teachers' homework practices were not part of the principals' leadership agenda, because principals took a &ldquo;hands-off approach&rdquo; to homework; teachers assigned low-level homework with little attention to Bloom's Taxonomy cognitive domain, because this allowed students to be successful and responsible for completing their homework and; homework was a lost art, because principals did not utilize the opportunity to talk with teachers about using homework more effectively to promote students' learning; therefore, teachers continued implementing their same homework practices from the past.</p>

<p> This case study produced evidence regarding the relationship between parents&rsquo; and educators&rsquo; partnership in the creation and implementation of a child&rsquo;s Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and regular elementary educators&rsquo; perceptions of the mainstreaming process. The quantitative research portion included the collection of Likert scale surveys (<i> N</i> = 62) from kindergarten through fifth grade regular elementary teachers and parents of students mainstreamed into the regular education classroom. The qualitative portion of the research involved interviews (<i>n</i> = 6) with kindergarten through fifth grade educators teaching in a regular education classroom. Data from the quantitative data were analyzed prior to the qualitative data, but the data were analyzed to monitor for ways data were related after separate analysis was completed. The results indicated that the opinions of parents and educators did not differ significantly when asked about the IEP process. Participants in the qualitative portion of the research supported what was found in the literature review. Teachers have had both positive and negative experiences with mainstreaming. Negative experiences generally related to having little or no training related to handling students with special needs outlined in an IEP, misbehaviors interfering with the classroom environment, unclear expectations of student accommodations and paraprofessionals (paras), and unsuccessful attempts at mainstreaming due to lack of support or communication with stakeholders. Positive experiences reported during interviews included some paras working well inside the classroom, success with support received from administration, and students with IEPs working alongside their grade level peers.</p>

<p> With the start of every school year, new teachers enter classrooms across our country filled with excitement surrounding the impact they hope to have on students. Some teachers discover that teaching at the elementary level can often times involve more than teaching and loving children. The expectations, demands, and time constraints put on new teachers can become overwhelming and even lead some to leave the field of education early on in their career. </p><p> In regards to the teacher attrition rate, this study identified reasons why so many aspiring and newly employed elementary teachers leave their chosen profession so early in the game. The research also identified factors that encourage new teachers to remain in the classroom. </p><p> This active research focused on students enrolled at or recently graduated from the Lindenwood University Education Program in St. Charles, Missouri. The researcher studied soon to be and newly hired teachers in order to identify connections or disconnects between the perceptions of becoming a teacher as compared to the reality of the actual job. The qualitative study, over a span of three years, analyzed the results of both surveys and interviews that were developed by the researcher. Findings focused on teacher frustration and satisfaction in respect to both university preparation and school/district support. </p><p> The key areas that called for attention by beginning teachers included: 1) the need for more time to plan, communicate, handle additional responsibilities, and learn curriculum and resources, 2) the need for support including a mentor and grade level team to collaborate with along with a principal to connect with, 3) more training on how to teach and support special needs students and implement accommodations, 4) encouragement to overcome a dissolving sense of self-fulfillment, and 5) the need for strategies to efficiently handle responsibilities beyond teaching curriculum that take time from teaching such as supervision, meetings, parent communications, and more. Recommendations call for, first and foremost, ways to provide more time for dedicated new teachers to do the job well.</p>

<p> In this era of educational accountability, educators, parents, and patrons are interested in finding the most efficient and effective route toward increasing student achievement. Research has shown a highly effective teacher in the classroom as the central component on this path to improved student learning. As school districts restructure their hiring practices to ask teachers to join the principal in selecting the best teacher candidate to hire, new questions arise as to their role on the hiring team. This qualitative research study used an online survey to gather 146 elementary teachers&rsquo; perspectives from both a large and small school district in the Pacific Northwest. The study also included four consecutive focus groups, one group consisting of three elementary teachers from the small school district and three groups consisting of a total of 10 elementary teachers from the larger school district, to dig deeper into the practice of distributed leadership as it pertains to the hiring process. This study is based on the theoretical framework of distributed leadership and an extensive study of distributed leadership as a practice of educational reform. It contributes to literature regarding teachers&rsquo; perspectives pertaining to their experience and role in the hiring process using a distributed leadership practice in selection of a high quality teacher. The results of this study extend previous findings regarding the degree in which teachers and administrators are involved in the hiring process, and the findings of former studies indicating the relationship between school-based hiring and an effective teacher selection. The outcomes of this study explore teachers&rsquo; views as to their role on a hiring team. Additionally, findings offer principals and district hiring personnel insight into elementary teachers&rsquo; experiences as a part of the hiring team and explore teachers&rsquo; perceptions regarding the practice of distributed leadership in hiring a quality teacher. </p>

<p> The focus of this mixed methods study was to examine the possible differences between students who participated in the Missouri Preschool Program (MPP) and peers who did not attend the program. Areas examined through quantitative data in the study included academic achievement in communication arts in kindergarten, first grade, and second grade. The qualitative piece of the study included examination of areas such as social development, emotional development, and school readiness. Quantitative data were collected from one school district in rural southwest Missouri. These data came from Aimsweb assessments conducted at the district for the kindergarten, first-grade, and second-grade levels from 2009-2010 to 2015-2016. Students were grouped into cohorts (by school year), which were divided into two groups, students who participated in the MPP and students who did not participate in the MPP. An independent samples t-test was applied to examine the difference in the means of the scores between the two groups of students. There was not a statistical difference between the Aimsweb communication arts scores of students who participated in the MPP and scores of peers who did not participate in the MPP. This statement was true at all three grade levels examined. Kindergarten, first-grade, and second-grade teachers from the district were interviewed as part of the study. The educators who participated perceived benefits of attending a preschool program to include the following: readiness to enter school, advanced social development compared to peers who remained at home prior to school entry, fine motor development, and increased parental involvement.</p>

<p> The education of English Learners in the United States is an urgent matter that merits the attention and, more importantly, action from the educational and academic communities. A long history of oppression of non-English speaking peoples echoes in the consistently low academic achievement results of students identified as English Learners and economically disadvantaged. The benefits of dual immersion programs in closing the achievement gap and producing students with proficiency in English have been documented and supported through years of research and analyses. However, neither political leaders nor the research community have focused sufficient attention on Spanish language outcomes, in regard to language development and academic achievement. In a political context where new federal policy, Every Student Succeeds Act of 2016 (ESSA), and the California educational policy known as the LEARN initiative (Lara, 2016), allow for more local control of funds and programs for underserved student subgroups, including English Learners, it is more important than ever to explore and critically analyze programs that have the potential to meet these students&rsquo; academic and cultural needs. </p><p> The intent of this mixed-methods case study was to examine the Spanish language achievement, classroom use, and language attitudes of 4th and 5th grade students and their teachers in a dual immersion setting in a large urban school district in Southern California. Through classroom observations and participant interviews, qualitative data was analyzed to explore the implementation of dual immersion at three elementary school sites. Quantitative analysis of Spanish language assessment results in reading and mathematics from four dual immersion elementary sites allowed for the exploration and description of students&rsquo; Spanish language achievement within the district.</p><p> The findings from this case study included lower Spanish achievement outcomes for Spanish-speaking English Learners and economically disadvantaged students in comparison to English proficient and economically advantaged classmates. Classroom observations during Spanish instruction and participant interviews revealed significant differences in program implementation and support at each school site. Alarming achievement outcomes combined with qualitative findings highlight the need for more research on dual immersion programs that focus on Spanish language development and qualitative data collection and analysis. Study findings and recommendations highlight the need for specialized training for district and school leadership as well as school-wide faculty and staff where dual immersion programs are implemented.</p>

<p>This study examined the effects of brain breaks on students' concentration and higher order thinking skills (N=23) in a 7th grade Language Arts classroom during 50-minute periods. The study spanned four weeks during which the teacher-researcher alternated days with and without brain breaks in order to compare the results. The study was implemented during NJASK testing to monitor students' concentration during long stretches of test taking. Data collection methods consisted of questionnaires, teacher-researcher observations, and two higher order thinking tasks with rubrics. The results of this study mainly supported the overall hypotheses that brain breaks support to students' concentration as well as their cognitive abilities.

"Criticism of education methods may be traced back as far as the thirteenth century but the purpose of this paper is not to do likewise. Rather, it is intended to suggest to the modern elementary classroom teacher those visual aids which will make 'living in the classroom' a possibility"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "June, 1947." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts under Plan II." / Advisor: R. L. Eyman, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54).

This study examined the nature and quality of teacher-student interactions in a third grade science classroom and investigated how interactions and teacher-child relationships relate to the learning of science concepts. The relationships between the three dimensions of teacher-student relationships (Closeness, Conflict, and Dependency) and teacher-student interactions including the dimensions explaining the nature and the quality of teacher-student interactions were examined. The study also determined whether there was a relationship between students' conceptual understanding of science and all variables of teacher-student interactions and the teacher-student relationships. First, data from the videotape and audiotape recordings were transcribed, coded and analyzed to determine the appropriateness of the proposed interaction-types and their classification into the categories. The twelve teacher-student interaction categories used in this study were able to capture all verbal teacher-student interactions in the classroom. Second, each teacher-student interaction was placed into the respective dimension and group explaining the nature and quality of the interaction. Finally, Pearson Product Moment Correlations were computed to explore the possible relationships between the teacher-student interactions and relationships and students' conceptual understanding of science. Teacher-student interaction scores were obtained through natural observations of eight- to nine-year-old children. Students were rated by their teachers using the STRS in order to obtain teacher child relationship scores. Similarly, conceptual science understanding scores were obtained through pre- and post-tests delivered at the beginning and end of the science unit. The findings of the study suggested a strong relationship between teacher's perception of her relationships with the students and the teacher-student interactions in the classroom. It appears that classroom conversations mostly take place between the teacher and the students whom the teacher perceived to have better relationships. However, it was clear from the observations that positive teacher-student relationships did not necessarily warrant for high quality teacher-student interactions in the classroom. The quality of the teacher-student interactions during the science lessons appeared to be more moderate than high in quality. Students' improvement in conceptual understanding of science was rather related to the positive classroom environment and the friendly classroom atmosphere created by the teacher and did not significantly correlate with the student's individual interaction or relationship with the teacher. / A Dissertation submitted to the School of Teacher Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2015. / November 09, 2015. / classroom discourse, classroom talk, elementary education, science education, teacher-student interactions, teacher-student relationships / Includes bibliographical references. / Ithel Jones, Professor Directing Dissertation; Robert Schwartz, University Representative; Diana Rice, Committee Member; Elizabeth Jakubowski, Committee Member.