My main aim in this thesis is to apply philosophical analysis to some of the central social and educational questions which were raised by the emergence of the Jamaican variant of democratic socialism, and by the attempt which was made at devising an educational policy as part of its strategy of social reform. I offer an account of the concept of ideology and then use it to give accounts of the idea of democratic socialism, and of the Jamaican variant of democratic socialism. I then bring this conception of ideology to bear on the description and discussion of three of the problems in Jamaican society which the democratic socialists addressed, and on my examination of the related problems of formulating educational policy aimed at their solution. First, I examine the problem of negative attitudes to work in Jamaican society, and the view that the solution is to be found in a socialist ideology of work, and in educational policies based on this ideology. A distinction between Labour and Work is introduced and used to interpret aspects of Jamaican social and historical experience. I argue that this distinction is a suitable basis for educational policy. Second, I examine the problem of bringing educational arrangements to bear on the pursuit of egalitarian ideals. I deny the view that egalitarianism requires a unitary school system, and I argue that a mixed school system is compatible with the pursuit of egalitarian as well as important non-egalitarian objectives. Third, I examine the problem of political development in Jamaica, and the view that in order to aid its development, political education should be made a part of schooling. The notion of political education is analysed. I also examine some of the arguments which might be brought to bear on the issue of political education in schools. I argue that formal political education is justified in the Jamaican context, and that a politically aware liberal arts curriculum is the approach to political education which is most likely to enrich the political life of a developing society. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DX185079.

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Orientador: Eugenia Troncoso Leone / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T12:23:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Smith_MerleneMaud_M.pdf: 731154 bytes, checksum: b706862da958d2fc4c190e416a0fc2f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa foi realizada a partir de um interesse na tendência da migração internacional de trabalhadores, relacionada à Jamaica. Este artigo reforça o desafio critico que tal forma de migração representa para o Sistema Educacional Jamaicano. O aspecto mais importante do estudo focou na migração de professores, em particular da Jamaica, e qual impacto ocorreu no sistema educacional da Jamaica. Observa-se a natureza dessa tendência em particular envolvendo professores com experiência deixando seus empregos e indo trabalhar em outro local, a situação após a migração e as razões pelas quais os professores migram. Os fatores analisados apontam tanto para influências internas e nacionais quanto externas e internacionais. A literatura relacionada ao tema usualmente coleta dados por meio de entrevistas, e professores que são simultaneamente uma parte do movimento e experimentaram o movimento em algum nível participaram da pesquisa compartilhando informações e experiências A investigação feita para esta tese revela fatos que demonstram que a natureza deste tipo de migração de profissionais altamente qualificados, em especial professores, impactou negativamente o sistema educacional da Jamaica. Foi descoberto que, ao perder tais professores, as escolas tiveram muita dificuldade de manter seus objetivos educacionais. Devido à perda de professores experientes, o sistema educacional jamaicano encontrou problemas em oferecer educação de qualidade devido à dificuldade de substituir os professores que migraram. Deste modo, esse tipo de migração teve impacto negative na educação dos jamaicanos, e deixou o sistema ainda mais fraco do que anteriormente / Abstract: This research was done out of an interest in the trend of international labour migration as it relates to Jamaica in the West Indies. This paper highlights the critical challenge that this form of migration poses for the Jamaican education system. The most important aspect of the study focused on teacher migration in particular from Jamaica and what impact it has on the Jamaica education system. The issues looked at the nature of this particular trend involving trained, experienced teachers leaving off the job to go and work elsewhere, the situation has it is after they leave and reasons why they leave. The push and pull factors were analyzed which pointed to both national internal influences as well as international external influences. Literature related to the topic was used to collect data and teachers who are both currently a part of the trend and have experienced the trend in some way or another participated by sharing their views and information to assist with this research. The investigation done for this research revealed facts on the situation which showed that the nature of this type of migration of professionals and highly trained teachers has impacted negatively on Jamaica and its' education system. It was found that in loosing these teachers the schools were left struggling to keep up with their educational objectives. Because of the loss of a number of trained experienced teachers the Jamaican education system found itself with problems of providing the same quality education they did before the teachers left as most schools could not find equal replacements. Hence, this type of migration has impacted negatively on the education system in Jamaica and has left the system even weaker than it was before / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

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Rural citizens in developing countries are becoming the focal point of social, economic and political development efforts. These people traditionally have been left out of the developmental process. National leaders have now realized that the citizens of rural areas have the potential to contribute significantly to developmental efforts of their nations. One important part of most developing nations' strategies for social and economic development is education. The principal form of education has been that of formal education, the trappings of which were borrowed from the nations' former colonial masters. The education systems increasingly have been seen as working against national development objectives, particularly in rural areas. Educational planners and policymakers have found an alternative in non-formal education, whereby rural people theoretically obtain the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to initiate their own development projects. However, developing nations lack the human, financial, and material resources needed to concurrently offer both formal and non-formal education programs. Outside funding sources have been sought pursuant to United States foreign policy. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has given impetus to experiments in non-formal education in some 60 countries of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine relationships between education and rural community development, particularly as these relationships have been reported in underdeveloped nations. The methods of inquiry involved: 1. a substantive analysis and synthesis of the development literature, and 2. a detailed case study of non-formal education and rural development in Jamaica. The dissertation develops a thesis, namely that three general relationships may be observed between education and rural development. They are: 1. Formal education is intended to raise rural children to literacy and productivity in the development of their native areas. Instead, it tends to raise students' expectations towards employment in urban centers, thus bleeding rural areas of trained skills. Formal education has become an entrenched system both as a monopoly of central government bureaucracy, and as the one road recognized by rural adults as leading to a better life. There is a conflict between expectation and delivery, complicated by lack of realistic means for appraisal and change. 2. Alternatively, certain forms of non-formal education may hold promise for improving the quality of living in the rural areas of developing nations; however, the conditions necessary for a definitive test of non-formal education in rural community development are not likely to be developed under the sponsorship of the education establishment of the developing nations, even when such test is stimulated and heavily supported by outside agencies such as the United States Agency for International Development. 3. Moreover, the idiosyncratic policies, organization, and funding practices of USAID, the principal source of financial aid for development projects among developing nations, themselves influence the design and outcome of development projects in ways that mitigate against successful development. Clearly, this poses a dilemma for those governments that seek to develop their rural areas. Traditional institutions and programs have been used to improve conditions in rural areas. Yet these very institutions and programs may be part of the development problems. International development literature is replete with theoretical and promising new programs that cannot be fairly tested. There is no indication that national governments could or would assimilate these programs into standard practice, moreover, the status quo is supported by rural populations. / Ed. D.

An assessment of the knowledge and the behaviors associated with sustainable development was conducted to determine the effect of adult education on sustainable development in Jamaica. The discourse for leadership commitment and governance, as well as continuous learning has its tenets in the discovery that the programs do not significantly address sustainable development (SD). While knowledge was significantly addressed, the programs failed to motivate useful action. The study has provided an explanation of the barriers, costs, and limits to sustainability so that program planners can devise transfer of learning strategies that foster adaptation and mitigation. The investigation involved 35 adult educators and 84 trainees from four programs of the premier adult and continuing learning facility in Jamaica. Both groups agreed that the programs addressed the knowledge, but not the behaviors associated with SD, despite the fact that all three dimensions of SD were addressed in an almost equitable manner. The requirements for achieving SD were met by 7% of the respondents, while the percentage of respondents that achieved environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social responsibility was 15%, 16%, and 13%, respectively. The six measures correlated highly with the SD variable and were significant. However, there were no significant differences across the groups. Instructors and trainees agreed that knowing about the concerns of SD had not changed their thinking and behavior. On average, the principles of sustainability were not applied. Although hospitality programs were more effective than agriculture, construction and automotive programs in addressing the content on environmental sustainability, no program paid attention to transfer of learning. Cronbach's alpha for the survey instrument was .973. / Although instructors were applauded for identifying SD concerns with learners, the sample mean was 38.84% with a standard deviation of 12.24. In all three dimensions, the mean for knowledge exceeded 50%, but fell below 25% for behavioral outcomes. These results are not generalizable. They have implications for instructional leadership and for curriculum design and development across the Caribbean. Additional assessments of higher-level adult learners in the select facility and in other specialized training programs are needed for the validation of these findings. / by Pauline McLean. / Dissertation committee error findings noted in the margin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.