As reservas de petróleo e gás estão localizadas cada vez mais longe da costa e em águas profundas e ultra profundas, o que faz necessário a utilização de estruturas flutuantes, as quais estão sujeitas às forças impostas por condições ambientais, tais como vento, ondas e correntes marítimas. É portanto relevante o estudo de sistemas de ancoragem de estrutura flutuantes, sendo estes responsáveis pelo posicionamento da plataforma, garantindo segurança às operações realizada. Este é o objetivo do presente trabalho, que diz respeito a um estudo numérico do comportamento do trecho enterrado da linha de ancoragem de plataformas flutuantes de extração, produção e/ou armazenamento de petróleo. O sistema de ancoragem estudado é do tipo taut-leg, recomendado para lâminas de água superiores a 1000m. Este tipo de ancoragem pode ser dividido em três partes, um trecho suspenso que vai da plataforma até o leito marinho, um trecho apoiado sobre o leito marinho e um terceiro segmento que penetra no solo junto com a âncora, o qual adquire a forma de uma catenária invertida. Este tipo de sistema chega ao leito marinho com inclinações entre 30 e 45° e é capaz de resistir a esforços horizontais e verticais. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os parâmetros envolvidos, as forças atuantes e a configuração do trecho em catenária invertida, através de análise numérica para os experimentos realizados em laboratório em escala reduzida. Os ensaios experimentais realizados por Rocha (2014) consistiram na aplicação de um conjunto de forças no trecho da linha de ancoragem que simula o encontro da corrente com o leito marinho, medindo-se as cargas no ponto que representa o olhal onde a corrente é fixada à âncora. A configuração da linha no trecho enterrado era obtida através de um ultrassom. Neste trabalho foi feita retro-análise numérica dos resultados obtidos experimentalmente a fim de se determinar os parâmetros que definem o equilíbrio do trecho enterrado da linha de ancoragem. Esses parâmetros foram validados para diferentes carregamentos, respeitando as configurações do solo e da corrente, através de um conjunto de equações diferenciais e do software DIGIN. Com base nas análises são quantificados a atenuação do sistema e os parâmetros de capacidade de carga e adesão que controlam o processo de transferência de cargas. / Oil and gas reserves are located offshore, in deep and ultra deep waters and for this reason the use of floating structures becomes necessary. Those structures are subject to forces imposed by environmental conditions such as wind, waves and sea currents. It is therefore relevant to study the anchoring of floating structure systems, as it is responsible for positioning the platform and ensuring security operations. This is the aim of the present research efforts, which describes a numerical study of the behavior of the embedded portion of systems designed to anchor the floating platform during extraction, production and/or storage of oil. The taut-leg mooring system is the one studied herein, which is recommended for water depth beyond 1000m. This type of mooring system can be divided in three parts, one part that runs from the suspended platform to the seabed, a slice resting on the seabed and a third segment that penetrates the soil together with the anchor, which takes the form of a inverse catenary. This type of mooring system reaches the seabed at angles of 30° to 45 ° and is able to resist horizontal and vertical forces. The objective of this study is to analyze the parameters involved in the anchor system, the forces acting at the inverse catenary and its configuration through numerical analysis of small-scale laboratory experiments. Experimental tests conducted by Rocha (2014) consisted of applying a set of forces on the a chain that simulates the embedded portion of the anchor line, from the seabed to the shank attachment point, using a load cell located at a point that represents the lug throw in which the chain is connected to the anchor. The configuration of the embedded portion of anchor line was obtained through an ultrasound. In this study the experimental results were numerically back analyzed in order to determine the parameters that define the equilibrium of the embedded slice of the anchor line. These parameters were validated for various loads in compliance with both soil resistance and the configuration of the chain through a set of differential equations and DIGIN software. Based on this analysis, the attenuation of the system is quantified and the parameters controlling of load capacity and adherence are obtained.

As reservas de petróleo e gás estão localizadas cada vez mais longe da costa e em águas profundas e ultra profundas, o que faz necessário a utilização de estruturas flutuantes, as quais estão sujeitas às forças impostas por condições ambientais, tais como vento, ondas e correntes marítimas. É portanto relevante o estudo de sistemas de ancoragem de estrutura flutuantes, sendo estes responsáveis pelo posicionamento da plataforma, garantindo segurança às operações realizada. Este é o objetivo do presente trabalho, que diz respeito a um estudo numérico do comportamento do trecho enterrado da linha de ancoragem de plataformas flutuantes de extração, produção e/ou armazenamento de petróleo. O sistema de ancoragem estudado é do tipo taut-leg, recomendado para lâminas de água superiores a 1000m. Este tipo de ancoragem pode ser dividido em três partes, um trecho suspenso que vai da plataforma até o leito marinho, um trecho apoiado sobre o leito marinho e um terceiro segmento que penetra no solo junto com a âncora, o qual adquire a forma de uma catenária invertida. Este tipo de sistema chega ao leito marinho com inclinações entre 30 e 45° e é capaz de resistir a esforços horizontais e verticais. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os parâmetros envolvidos, as forças atuantes e a configuração do trecho em catenária invertida, através de análise numérica para os experimentos realizados em laboratório em escala reduzida. Os ensaios experimentais realizados por Rocha (2014) consistiram na aplicação de um conjunto de forças no trecho da linha de ancoragem que simula o encontro da corrente com o leito marinho, medindo-se as cargas no ponto que representa o olhal onde a corrente é fixada à âncora. A configuração da linha no trecho enterrado era obtida através de um ultrassom. Neste trabalho foi feita retro-análise numérica dos resultados obtidos experimentalmente a fim de se determinar os parâmetros que definem o equilíbrio do trecho enterrado da linha de ancoragem. Esses parâmetros foram validados para diferentes carregamentos, respeitando as configurações do solo e da corrente, através de um conjunto de equações diferenciais e do software DIGIN. Com base nas análises são quantificados a atenuação do sistema e os parâmetros de capacidade de carga e adesão que controlam o processo de transferência de cargas. / Oil and gas reserves are located offshore, in deep and ultra deep waters and for this reason the use of floating structures becomes necessary. Those structures are subject to forces imposed by environmental conditions such as wind, waves and sea currents. It is therefore relevant to study the anchoring of floating structure systems, as it is responsible for positioning the platform and ensuring security operations. This is the aim of the present research efforts, which describes a numerical study of the behavior of the embedded portion of systems designed to anchor the floating platform during extraction, production and/or storage of oil. The taut-leg mooring system is the one studied herein, which is recommended for water depth beyond 1000m. This type of mooring system can be divided in three parts, one part that runs from the suspended platform to the seabed, a slice resting on the seabed and a third segment that penetrates the soil together with the anchor, which takes the form of a inverse catenary. This type of mooring system reaches the seabed at angles of 30° to 45 ° and is able to resist horizontal and vertical forces. The objective of this study is to analyze the parameters involved in the anchor system, the forces acting at the inverse catenary and its configuration through numerical analysis of small-scale laboratory experiments. Experimental tests conducted by Rocha (2014) consisted of applying a set of forces on the a chain that simulates the embedded portion of the anchor line, from the seabed to the shank attachment point, using a load cell located at a point that represents the lug throw in which the chain is connected to the anchor. The configuration of the embedded portion of anchor line was obtained through an ultrasound. In this study the experimental results were numerically back analyzed in order to determine the parameters that define the equilibrium of the embedded slice of the anchor line. These parameters were validated for various loads in compliance with both soil resistance and the configuration of the chain through a set of differential equations and DIGIN software. Based on this analysis, the attenuation of the system is quantified and the parameters controlling of load capacity and adherence are obtained.

As reservas de petróleo e gás estão localizadas cada vez mais longe da costa e em águas profundas e ultra profundas, o que faz necessário a utilização de estruturas flutuantes, as quais estão sujeitas às forças impostas por condições ambientais, tais como vento, ondas e correntes marítimas. É portanto relevante o estudo de sistemas de ancoragem de estrutura flutuantes, sendo estes responsáveis pelo posicionamento da plataforma, garantindo segurança às operações realizada. Este é o objetivo do presente trabalho, que diz respeito a um estudo numérico do comportamento do trecho enterrado da linha de ancoragem de plataformas flutuantes de extração, produção e/ou armazenamento de petróleo. O sistema de ancoragem estudado é do tipo taut-leg, recomendado para lâminas de água superiores a 1000m. Este tipo de ancoragem pode ser dividido em três partes, um trecho suspenso que vai da plataforma até o leito marinho, um trecho apoiado sobre o leito marinho e um terceiro segmento que penetra no solo junto com a âncora, o qual adquire a forma de uma catenária invertida. Este tipo de sistema chega ao leito marinho com inclinações entre 30 e 45° e é capaz de resistir a esforços horizontais e verticais. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os parâmetros envolvidos, as forças atuantes e a configuração do trecho em catenária invertida, através de análise numérica para os experimentos realizados em laboratório em escala reduzida. Os ensaios experimentais realizados por Rocha (2014) consistiram na aplicação de um conjunto de forças no trecho da linha de ancoragem que simula o encontro da corrente com o leito marinho, medindo-se as cargas no ponto que representa o olhal onde a corrente é fixada à âncora. A configuração da linha no trecho enterrado era obtida através de um ultrassom. Neste trabalho foi feita retro-análise numérica dos resultados obtidos experimentalmente a fim de se determinar os parâmetros que definem o equilíbrio do trecho enterrado da linha de ancoragem. Esses parâmetros foram validados para diferentes carregamentos, respeitando as configurações do solo e da corrente, através de um conjunto de equações diferenciais e do software DIGIN. Com base nas análises são quantificados a atenuação do sistema e os parâmetros de capacidade de carga e adesão que controlam o processo de transferência de cargas. / Oil and gas reserves are located offshore, in deep and ultra deep waters and for this reason the use of floating structures becomes necessary. Those structures are subject to forces imposed by environmental conditions such as wind, waves and sea currents. It is therefore relevant to study the anchoring of floating structure systems, as it is responsible for positioning the platform and ensuring security operations. This is the aim of the present research efforts, which describes a numerical study of the behavior of the embedded portion of systems designed to anchor the floating platform during extraction, production and/or storage of oil. The taut-leg mooring system is the one studied herein, which is recommended for water depth beyond 1000m. This type of mooring system can be divided in three parts, one part that runs from the suspended platform to the seabed, a slice resting on the seabed and a third segment that penetrates the soil together with the anchor, which takes the form of a inverse catenary. This type of mooring system reaches the seabed at angles of 30° to 45 ° and is able to resist horizontal and vertical forces. The objective of this study is to analyze the parameters involved in the anchor system, the forces acting at the inverse catenary and its configuration through numerical analysis of small-scale laboratory experiments. Experimental tests conducted by Rocha (2014) consisted of applying a set of forces on the a chain that simulates the embedded portion of the anchor line, from the seabed to the shank attachment point, using a load cell located at a point that represents the lug throw in which the chain is connected to the anchor. The configuration of the embedded portion of anchor line was obtained through an ultrasound. In this study the experimental results were numerically back analyzed in order to determine the parameters that define the equilibrium of the embedded slice of the anchor line. These parameters were validated for various loads in compliance with both soil resistance and the configuration of the chain through a set of differential equations and DIGIN software. Based on this analysis, the attenuation of the system is quantified and the parameters controlling of load capacity and adherence are obtained.

There is an increase in the prevalence of obesity among people with schizophrenia thought to be due in part to the weight enhancing side-effects of medications commonly used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite the deleterious health effects associated with obesity and its impact on quality of life and medication compliance, little is known about body composition and energy expenditure in this clinical group. The primary purpose of this thesis was to enhance understanding of body composition and energy expenditure, particularly resting energy expenditure in men with schizophrenia who take atypical antipsychotic medications. Unique to this investigation is the evaluation of clinical tools used to predict body composition and energy expenditure against reference methodologies in men with schizophrenia. Further, given the known links between obesity and physical activity, an additional but less comprehensive component of the thesis was a consideration of total and activity energy expenditure in addition to the interaction between psychiatric symptoms, side-effects of antipsychotic medications and physical activity also occurred as part of this thesis. Collectively, the goals of this thesis were addressed through a series of studies – the first two studies were related to the measurement and characteristics of body composition in men with schizophrenia, while the third and fourth studies were related to the measurement and characteristics of resting energy expenditure in men with schizophrenia. The fifth and sixth studies the utilised doubly labelled water technique to quantify activity and total energy expenditure in a small group of men with schizophrenia and explored the use of accelerometry in this cohort. The final study briefly considered the impact of psychiatric symptoms and self-reported medication side-effects on objectively measured physical activity. In the first study, thirty-one male adults previously diagnosed with schizophrenia and sixteen healthy male controls were recruited. Estimates of body composition derived from an anthropometry-based equation and from bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) using deuterium dilution as the reference methodology to determine total body water were compared. The study also determined the validity of equations commonly used to predict body composition from BIA in the men with schizophrenia. A further aim was to determine the superiority of either BIA or body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of obesity in this cohort. The inclusion of the control group, closely matched for age, body size and body composition demonstrated that there was no difference in the ability of body composition prediction methods to distinguish between fat and fat-free mass (FFM) in controls and men with schizophrenia when both groups had similar body composition. However this study indicated that an anthropometry-based equation previously used in people with schizophrenia was a poor predictor of body composition in this cohort, as evidenced by wide limits of agreement (25%) and systematic variation of the bias. In comparison, the best predictor of percentage body fat (%BF) in this group was gained when impedance values were used to predict percentage body fat via the equation published by Lukaski et al (1986). Although percentage body fat was underpredicted using the Lukaski et al. (1986) equation, the mean magnitude was relatively small (1.3%), with the limits of agreement approximately 13%. Linear regression analysis revealed that %BF predicted using the Lukaski et al. (1986) equation explained 25% more of the variance in percentage body fat than BMI. Further, this study also indicated that BIA was more sensitive than BMI in distinguishing between overweight and obesity in this cohort of men with schizophrenia. Because of the almost exclusive use of BMI as an indicator of obesity in people with schizophrenia, the level of excess body fat may be in excess of that previously indicated. The second study extended the examination of body composition in men with schizophrenia. In this study, the thirty-one participants with schizophrenia (age, 34.2 ± 5.7 years; BMI, 30.2 ± 5.7 kg/m2) were individually matched with sedentary controls by age, weight and BMI. Deuterium dilution was used to distinguish between FFM and fat mass. The previous study had indicated that while BIA was a suitable group measure for obesity, on an individual level the technique lacked the precision required for investigating body composition in men with schizophrenia. Waist circumference was used as an indicator of body fat distribution. The findings of this study indicated that in comparison with healthy sedentary controls of similar body size and age, men with schizophrenia had higher levels of body fat which was more centrally distributed. Percentage body fat was on average 4% higher and waist circumference, on average 5 cm greater in men with schizophrenia than the sedentary controls of the same age and BMI. Further, this study indicates that the use of BMI to predict body fat in men with schizophrenia will result in greater bias than when it is used to predict body fat in other sedentary men. Commonly used regression equations to predict energy requirements at rest are based on the relationships between weight and resting energy expenditure (REE) and in such equations, weight acts as a surrogate measure of FFM. The objectives of study three were to measure REE in a small group of men with schizophrenia who were taking the antipsychotic medication clozapine and to determine whether REE can be predicted with sufficient accuracy to substitute for the measurement of REE in the clinical and/or research settings. Body composition was determined using deuterium dilution and REE was measured using a Deltatrac Metabolic Cart via a ventilated hood. The male participants, (aged 28.0 ± 6.7 yrs, BMI 29.8 ± 6.8 kg/m2) were weight stable at the time of the study and had been taking clozapine for 20.5 ± 12.8 months, with doses of 450 ± 140 mg/day. Of the six prediction equations evaluated, the equation of Mifflin et al. (1990) with no systematic bias, the lowest bias and the lowest limits of agreement proved to be the most suitable equation to predict REE in this cohort. The overestimation of REE can be corrected for by deducting 160 kcal/day from the predicted REE value when using the Mifflin et al. (1990) equations. However, the magnitude of the error associated with the prediction of REE for an individual is 370 kcal/day. The findings of this study indicate that REE cannot be predicted with sufficient individual accuracy in men with schizophrenia, therefore it was necessary to measure rather than predict REE in subsequent studies. In the fourth study, indirect calorimetry (Deltatrac Metabolic Cart via ventilated hood) and deuterium dilution were used to accurately determine REE, respiratory quotient (RQ) and FFM in 31 men with schizophrenia and healthy sedentary controls individually matched for age and BMI. Data from this study indicated that gross REE was lower in men with schizophrenia than in healthy sedentary controls of a similar age and body size. However, there was no difference between the groups in REE when REE was adjusted for FFM using the mathematically correct method (analysis of covariance with FFM as the covariate). There was however a statistically and clinically significant difference in resting, fasted RQ between men with schizophrenia and controls, suggesting that RQ rather than REE may be an important correlate worthy of further investigation in men with schizophrenia who take antipsychotic medications. Studies five and six involved the application of the doubly labelled water (DLW) technique to accurately determine total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) in a small group of men with schizophrenia who had been taking the atypical antipsychotic medication clozapine. The participants were those who took part in study three. The purpose of these studies was to assess the validity of a commercially available tri-axial accelerometer (RT3) for predicting free-living AEE and to investigate TEE and AEE in men with schizophrenia. There was poor agreement between AEE measured using DLW and AEE predicted using the RT3. However, using the RT3 to measure inactivity explained over two-thirds of the variance in AEE. This study found that the relationship between current AEE per kilogram of body weight and change from baseline weight in men taking clozapine was strong although not significant. The sedentary nature of the group of participants in this study was reflected in physical activity levels, (PAL, 1.39 ± 0.27), AEE (435 ±352 kcal/day) and TEE (2511 ± 606 kcal/day) that fell well short of values recommended by WHO (2000) for optimal health and to prevent weight gain. Given the increasing recognition of the importance of sedentary behaviour to weight gain in the general community, further examination of the unique contributing factors such as medication side effects and symptoms of mental illness to activity levels in this clinical group is warranted. The final study used accelerometry (RT3) to objectively measure activity in a group of 31 men with schizophrenia who had been taking atypical antipsychotic medications for more than four months. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between psychiatric symptomatology, side-effects of medication and physical activity. Accelerometry output was analysed to provide a measure of inactivity and moderate intensity activity (MIA). The well-validated and reliable standardised clinical interview, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used as a measure of psychiatric symptoms. Perceived side-effects of medication were assessed using the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Rating Side-Effects Scale (LUNSER). Surprisingly, there was no relationship reported between any measures of negative symptoms and physical inactivity. However, self-reported measures of medication side-effects relating to fatigue, sleepiness during the day and extrapyramidal symptoms explained 40% of the variance in inactivity. This study found significant relationships between some negative symptoms and moderate intensity activity. Despite the expectation that as symptoms of mental illness reduce, inactivity may diminish and moderate intensity activity will increase, it may not be surprising that in practice this is an overly simplistic view. It may be that measures of social functioning and possibly therefore cognition may be better predictors of physical activity than psychiatric symptomatology per se.