This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Eggs are used almost universally as food, and few other foods have been prepared in such a variety of ways. Although production and consumption will vary with the season, locality and cost, only three agricultural products produced in the United States exceed eggs in economic importance. As imports and exports are relatively small, egg production is primarily a domestic business. When we consider the staggering number of eggs produced on farms in the United States, about 2,700,000,000 dozens, it is not surprising to note their wide use as food. In recent years the per capita consumption of eggs has averaged about thirty-eight pounds or twenty-five dozens. This per capita purchase of eggs increases as the per capita food expenditure rises. Eggs bring food to man in a concentrated and easily utilized form. The edible portion of the egg contains approximately seventy-five percent water, thirteen percent protein, and twelve percent fat. The protein and the fat of eggs are of high biological value and compare favorably with those in milk. Eggs are also a significant source of the minerals and vitamins essential in the human dietary. Their culinary value as well as their nutritive value makes eggs useful to the homemaker. The use of eggs in food preparation depends upon the protein which is both elastic and extensible. Eggs are used for leavening, binding, emulsifying and thickening. Many factors affect their performance in these uses, temperature, humidity and the length and type of storage. In addition, there may be individual variations in the newly laid eggs, such as differences in the viscosity of the white, which will affect their value in the various uses. Since there are seasonal variations in egg production, eggs are selected in the plentiful seasons and stored for use in the seasons of lower production. Cold storage is the method most widely used in home and industry for the preservation of eggs. This process was developed to aid in retarding the changes which will naturally occur as the egg ages. This method seems to satisfactorily preserve the nutritive value and the normal performance of the egg in food preparation. Eggs commercially stored for as long as eleven months may be sold on the open market in competition with "fresh" eggs. In spite of the success of the current preservation methods, it is reasonable that home or industrial storage may affect the performance of the eggs in some food preparation techniques. In order to determine the extent of changes in the value of eggs for emulsifying and leavening ater home refrigeration, the following study was begun. Mayonnaise and angel cakes clearly demonstrate these two uses of eggs, so this experiment is concerned with their preparation. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the length of time of home storage at which: 1. The egg white forms a foam of maximum stability. 2. The egg white gives the best performance in the preparation of angel cakes. 3. The egg yolk forms an emulsion (mayonnaise) of the greatest volume and stability. In order to standardize the method of preparing these products an electric mixer has been used and methods developed with this beater. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ganeco_ag_me_jabo.pdf: 403489 bytes, checksum: 6c0643f4ad7f4d805acb473ab867a830 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O estudo avaliou as características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas de ovos armazenados com atmosfera modificada em temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizados 1224 ovos comerciais e embalados em estojos de plástico de doze ovos, envoltos em sacos plásticos. Os ovos acondicionados à vácuo, à vácuo com sequestradores de gás oxigênio, à vácuo com sequestradores de gás oxigênio e sequestradores de gás carbônico e à vácuo com sequestradores de gás oxigênio e gerador de gás carbônico, submetidos a 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento, sob temperatura ambiente. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4+1 com 3 repetições de 4 ovos cada. As características avaliadas foram: manutenção de peso durante armazenamento, unidade Haugh, índice gema, coloração da gema, atividade de água, pH da gema e do albúmen e o teste de Substâncias Reativas ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARs). As embalagens com atmosfera modificada mantiveram os pesos dos ovos por um período de 28 dias e a com vácuo com sequestrante de O2 e geradores de CO2, foi a que apresentou melhores valores para a unidade Haugh e para o índice gema. Conclui-se que o vácuo provocou efeito positivo na qualidade interna dos ovos, e estes, quando armazenados em estojos que continham sequestrador de gás oxigênio (O2) e gerador de gás carbônico (CO2) preservaram ainda mais suas características internas. Foram quantificados também bolores e leveduras, cujos resultados foram transformados em número de UFC por ovo para Log 10. As embalagens que continham saches sequestrantes de gás oxigênio e as com saches sequestrantes de gás oxigênio e gás carbônico, mantiveram as características de ovos frescos na população de bolores e leveduras até aos sete dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente / The study evaluated the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of eggs stored at different vacuum conditions and ambient temperature. Were used 1224 commercial laying hens eggs and were packed in plastic cases of twelve eggs and each envolved in plastic bags (types of vacuum packaging: case; hijacker case with oxygen gas (O2); hijacker case with oxygen gas (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2); case with hijacker oxygen gas (O2) and generates carbon dioxide (CO2)) and subjected to 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at room temperature. Were used a completely randomized factorial 4x4 +1 (types of packaging and storage periods + control - fresh eggs), with three repetitions of four eggs each. These characteristics were: maintenance of weight during storage, Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color, water activity, pH of yolk and albumen and testing of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances. The atmosphere modified packaging keeps the weights of the eggs for a period of 28 days and the vacuum scavenger of O2 and CO2 generators, showed the best values for Haugh unit and yolk index. Analysis and quantification of molds and yeasts, whose results were transferred in the number of CFU per egg molds, yeasts and Log 10. Concluded that the vacuum caused positive effect on internal egg quality, and these, when stored in kits containing kidnapper of oxygen gas (O2) and generates carbon dioxide (CO2) preserved even its internal characteristics. The packaging sachets containing sequestrants with oxygen gas and oxygen gas sachets and sequestering carbon dioxide, provided eggs with characteristic patterns of fresh eggs to seven days of storage at room temperature

Orientador: Hirasilva Borba / Banca: Maria Regina Barbieri de Carvalho / Banca: Marcel Manente Boiago / Resumo: O estudo avaliou as características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas de ovos armazenados com atmosfera modificada em temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizados 1224 ovos comerciais e embalados em estojos de plástico de doze ovos, envoltos em sacos plásticos. Os ovos acondicionados à vácuo, à vácuo com sequestradores de gás oxigênio, à vácuo com sequestradores de gás oxigênio e sequestradores de gás carbônico e à vácuo com sequestradores de gás oxigênio e gerador de gás carbônico, submetidos a 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento, sob temperatura ambiente. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4+1 com 3 repetições de 4 ovos cada. As características avaliadas foram: manutenção de peso durante armazenamento, unidade Haugh, índice gema, coloração da gema, atividade de água, pH da gema e do albúmen e o teste de Substâncias Reativas ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARs). As embalagens com atmosfera modificada mantiveram os pesos dos ovos por um período de 28 dias e a com vácuo com sequestrante de O2 e geradores de CO2, foi a que apresentou melhores valores para a unidade Haugh e para o índice gema. Conclui-se que o vácuo provocou efeito positivo na qualidade interna dos ovos, e estes, quando armazenados em estojos que continham sequestrador de gás oxigênio (O2) e gerador de gás carbônico (CO2) preservaram ainda mais suas características internas. Foram quantificados também bolores e leveduras, cujos resultados foram transformados em número de UFC por ovo para Log 10. As embalagens que continham saches sequestrantes de gás oxigênio e as com saches sequestrantes de gás oxigênio e gás carbônico, mantiveram as características de ovos frescos na população de bolores e leveduras até aos sete dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente / Abstract: The study evaluated the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of eggs stored at different vacuum conditions and ambient temperature. Were used 1224 commercial laying hens eggs and were packed in plastic cases of twelve eggs and each envolved in plastic bags (types of vacuum packaging: case; hijacker case with oxygen gas (O2); hijacker case with oxygen gas (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2); case with hijacker oxygen gas (O2) and generates carbon dioxide (CO2)) and subjected to 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at room temperature. Were used a completely randomized factorial 4x4 +1 (types of packaging and storage periods + control - fresh eggs), with three repetitions of four eggs each. These characteristics were: maintenance of weight during storage, Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color, water activity, pH of yolk and albumen and testing of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances. The atmosphere modified packaging keeps the weights of the eggs for a period of 28 days and the vacuum scavenger of O2 and CO2 generators, showed the best values for Haugh unit and yolk index. Analysis and quantification of molds and yeasts, whose results were transferred in the number of CFU per egg molds, yeasts and Log 10. Concluded that the vacuum caused positive effect on internal egg quality, and these, when stored in kits containing kidnapper of oxygen gas (O2) and generates carbon dioxide (CO2) preserved even its internal characteristics. The packaging sachets containing sequestrants with oxygen gas and oxygen gas sachets and sequestering carbon dioxide, provided eggs with characteristic patterns of fresh eggs to seven days of storage at room temperature / Mestre

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