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I spåren av den offentliga sektorns omvandling har en marknad för företagande skapats. Kvinnor är underrepresenterade bland företagarna i Sverige och har förväntats vara de som ska bli företagare när den offentliga sektorn nu har konkurrensutsatts, som en av flertalet reformer i omvandlingen. Kvinnor är överrepresenterade bland de sysselsatta i offentlig sektor och en förväntan har närts av politiker om att det är kvinnorna som nu ska bli företagare i dessa näringsgrenar. Det kan även ses som rimligt, då forskning har visat att kvinnor och män startar företag där de har erfarenhet ifrån. Forskning har också påvisat att företagandet har en manlig könsmärkning, vilket skulle innebära att vi kan förvänta oss att män i hög grad startar företag i kvinnodominerade näringsgrenar. Kommer kvinnor att bli företagare i större omfattning än män i de kvinnodominerade näringsgrenarna som påverkats av konkurrensutsättningen? Forskningen har hittills visat motstridiga resultat. Föreliggande studie har genomförts som en kvantitativ longitudinell studie. Syftet med studien har varit att beskriva och analysera - om, och hur omfattningen av kvinnor och män som företagare i kvinnodominerade näringsgrenar, har påverkats av den offentliga sektorns konkurrensutsättning åren 1993-2008. Vidare är syftet att analysera strukturella villkor i de olika näringsgrenarna samt att identifiera frågeställningar och hypoteser för fortsatt forskning. Forskningsprocessen har pendlat mellan litteraturstudier, dataanalys och vidare till nya litteraturstudier. Studiens referensram har utgjorts av en kombination av genus- och småföretagsteori samt teori om offentlig sektors omvandling. Datainsamlingen har skett genom statistiskt datamaterial som tillhandahållits av Sveriges Statistiska Centralbyrå, SCB. Studien har genomförts på en så detaljerad näringsgrensnivå som möjligt, i kombination med analys på en mer aggregerad nivå. Denna jämförelse har möjliggjort ett synliggörande av osynligheten i företagandets manliga könsmärkning, vilket gett ett metodologiskt bidrag. Den teoretiska diskussionen har varit en grund för att formulera antaganden om förväntade resultat. Studiens resultat har jämförts och diskuterats utifrån de förväntade resultaten samt litteraturen. Studien visar på en mångfald av resultat och indikerar på så vis att det finns strukturer som skapar villkor för kvinnors och mäns företagande. Omfattningen av kvinnor respektive män som är företagare i näringsgrenarna har förändrats över tid. Dock inte på det sätt som förväntats utifrån politiska förväntningar och teori om småföretagande. Det visar sig inte bara vara könssegregering på arbetsmarknaden, liksom i företagandet, som har  betydelse för hur kvinnors och mäns företagande förändras. Det är även andra förhållanden som påverkar, såsom karaktären av stordrift/smådrift, konkurrensutsättningsmodell, samt närvaron av profession. De slutsatser som studien utmynnar i är att kvinnors företagande missgynnas av kombinationen av upphandlingsmodell, stordriftskaraktär och närvaron av profession. Kombinationen av läkarprofession och företagandets manliga könsmärkning förstärker segregerings- och hierarkiseringsprinciper. Studien styrker tidigare forskning som med andra metoder påvisat att företagandet har en manlig könsmärkning och att genusstrukturer är resistenta. Med utgångspunkt i slutsatserna och i teori har hypoteser formulerats för fortsatt forskning.

I ett ständigt utvecklande affärsklimat, med nya projekt som tillkommer som aldrig förr, är  behovet av en effektiv projektledning inom alla områden nödvändig. Kärnan i projektledning är att noggrant planera, organisera, motivera och kontrollera resurser för att uppnå ett önskat resultat och för att uppfylla projektets mål. Traditionell projektledning ger en tydlig projektram som är skapad för att gälla för nästan alla typer av projekt. Att arbeta med projektfaser i traditionella bygg- och anläggningsprojekt har en tendens att vara alltför stelbent och tidskrävande för dagens dynamiska affärsmiljö. Projektledning handlar inte längre om att hantera de olika stegen som krävs för att slutföra projektet i tid, det handlar om att systematiskt involvera kunden, skapa ett disciplinerat sätt  att prioritera insatser och lösa kompromisser. Samtidigt kunna arbeta inom alla aspekter av projektet i multifunktionella team. Genom att studera agil projektledning möjliggörs just detta. Genom agila tillvägagångssätt kan projektets process vara en mer levande och en kontinuerligt uppdaterad process. Agil projektledning ger projektledare metoder, verktyg och framförallt tillvägagångssätt för att underlätta både projektledaren och projektbeställarens möjlighet att engagera sig på ett mer effektivt sätt, vilket möjliggör mer öppen kommunikation, bättre återkoppling och viljan att fullfölja ett gemensamt mål mot framgångsrik projektledning. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om projektledning inom bygg- och  nläggningsprojekt, som hittills mestadels har utförts på ett traditionellt sätt, skulle kunna dra nytta av att använda agila tillvägagångssätt. Genom att studera både traditionell projektledning och observera hur projekt genomförs på WSP Management, samt intervjua erfarna projektledare, identifierades att agila tillvägagångssätt kan utföras. Att kombinera den traditionella betydelsen av projektledning med agil projektledningsteori, dess värderingar och principer samt intervjuer med agila experter – blev det uppenbart att möjligheterna att använda och dra nytta av agila tillvägagångssätt inom bygg- och anläggningsprojekt är möjlig. / In an ever-evolving business climate, with new projects emerging like never before, the need for efficient project management within all areas is highly stressed. The core of any project management is to carefully plan, organise, motivate and control resources to achieve a desired outcome and to meet project objectives. Traditional project management provides a project design frame that is uniformly constructed to apply to almost any type of project. Working with project phases in traditional C&CE projects have a tendency to be too rigid and time consuming for today's dynamic business environment. Project management of today is no longer about managing the sequence of steps required to complete the project on time. It is about systematically incorporating the voice of the customer, creating a disciplined way of prioritising effort and resolving trade-offs, working concurrently on all aspects of the project in multi-functional teams. Studying the concept of Agile Project Management allows for just that. Agile approaches allow the project management process to be a vivid and continuously updated. Agile project management provides project managers with methods, tools and approaches to aid both the project manager and project client to engage in a more efficient manner, allowing for more open communication, feedback sessions and the notion of pursuing a shared goal towards successful project management. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether project management within the C&CE industry – which so far mostly has been carried out in a traditional way – could benefit from utilising agile approaches. By studying both traditional project management and observing how projects were run at WSP Management, as well as interviewing experienced senior project managers, the identification of possible agile approaches was identified. Combining the foundation of knowledge about the traditional sense of project management with agile theory, value & principles and interviews with agile experts – it became evident that the possibilities of utilising and benefitting from agile approaches in the C&CE industry is viable.

KI Innovation at Karolinska Institutet (KI) is a university innovation system that was initiated to bring more of the research conducted at the medical university to benefit society through commercialization and making these research findings medically applicable. It has the mission to bridge the gap between academia and business, and to facilitate the process and communication of technology-transfer. Such a system has existed since 1995, and this study conducted in 2008-2009 has the purpose of finding out if and how this system has had an impact on the level of commercialization at the university. Three departments at KI were selected to be studied; MBB, OnkPat and MTC. The study employed three different approaches: 1. A quantitative study of the amount of patents that has been filed by researchers that were employed at these three departments during the period of 1995 – 2005. 2. A survey was conducted amongst the then currently employed researchers in 2008 at the same three departments, to find out their knowledge and attitude towards the innovation system. 3. In-depth interviews with three people that worked within the innovation system, and three researchers that have put their research through the system. The findings show that the patent-approach proved to be somewhat inconclusive due to low level of patents filed through KI Innovation, as the system was new during the study period. One couldn’t conclude that these patent activities are solely credited to the system, or how the external business and market forces at the time impacted on the level of innovation overall. The survey gives insight of the mindset of the researchers, their view of commercialization and the impact of the innovation system in place at their university. Most researchers were positive and curious, but were not always aware of the possibility of innovation from their own research. The in-depth interviews make clear that there is a knowledge gap towards patenting, as the researchers have publishing their research as their foremost incentive, which collides with patenting and hence commercialization.

Background: It is argued that the emergence of new technologies and the digitalization can improve the healthcare, make it more efficient, personalized and available for everyone. The healthcare has already begun to become more digitized and there is no doubt that this trend will continue. Moreover, it is argued that AI will have a major impact on the MedTech and healthcare industry. Problem discussion: To stay competitive it has been concluded that firms must update and rethink their business models constantly thus, to undertake business model innovation. This applies specially to established firms that have been successful with the same business model for a long time. Despite the fact that the existing literature addresses the importance of business model innovation, very little attention has been drawn to how to actually achieve this change. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how business models in established firms within the MedTech industry develops over time due to the emergence of new technologies. More specifically, we focus on how artificial intelligence is influencing and will influence the business models in the MedTech industry. Methodology: This study has been performed through a single case study at Siemens Healthineers. The primary data has been gathered through four meetings with people with expertise in the field of artificial intelligence as well as the MedTech and healthcare industry. Further, through 14 interviews with employees at Siemens Healthineers in Sweden as well as through four verifying interviews with other actors within the MedTech industry. In addition, secondary data from the period 1998-2017 has been gathered through 20 annual reports from Siemens AG, 10 annual reports from Siemens AB, 9 documents found on Siemens Healthineers’s website and 46 different websites. Findings: Several events have been identified which have contributed to business model innovation at Siemens Healthineers. Thus, 19 events have been identified between 1960-2000 and 21 events have been identified between 2000-2018. Further, three business models at Siemens Healthineers from the past, the present and the future is presented to visualize the business model innovation process. The trustworthiness of the findings is ensured by four verifying interviews with other actors within the MedTech and healthcare industry. Conclusion: Business model innovation at Siemens Healthineers has been a process of incremental changes over time. Further, it can be concluded that the firm has used both a planned and an emergent approach of change to achieve business model innovation. Keywords: Business models, business model innovation, process, events, new technologies, established firms, medtech, healthcare

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The purpose of this thesis is to explore the drivers and barriers of adoption of technology such as AI and how it could facilitate an internationalization. The thesis also hopes to explore how Born Global e-commerce companies are working towards an adoption of AI into the companies CRM-system. The model of multiple case study was chosen together with a qualitative method and an abductive approach. This was done by collecting primary data from three different Born Global firms within the e-commerce sector, as well as one CRM expert company, all located in Sweden and active on the international market. Furthermore, the theoretical framework presented Born Global, Technology Adoption, Customer Relationship Management and Artificial Intelligence. With the theoretical framework in mind, the conceptual framework was developed to show how the theories are connected to each other. Thereafter, the empirical findings were first presented and analysed together with theory and the voice of the authors of the thesis. The analysis visualize both similarities and dissimilarities between the empirical findings and the theory presented in the thesis. The final chapter concludes the barriers and drivers that Born Global e-commerce companies faces when adopting AI into their CRM-system. It also explains how AI within CRM could be beneficial as a tool on the Global market, rather than in the actual process of internationalization. To conclude the authors present the fact that companies are not working towards an adoption of AI into their CRM-systems. However, further development within the field is presented as well as theoretical and practical implications.

Public procurement is one of the most important functions of the government, and the decision-making process for the public buyers is filled with complex evaluation criteria and restrictions by the law. The purpose of this study has been to study the decision making done by public procurers and investigate whether they act completely rational in their decisions, or if there is any intuitive dimension affecting them. The purpose has also been to research which intuitive factors that exist in the public procurement context, and to what extent these affect the outcome of the decisions. An extensive literature review has been conducted, which was then used as a foundation for the data collection. Interviews have been held with employees at the public organization Trafikverket, or the Swedish Transport Administration. All interviews have been transcribed and analyzed with the help of a thematic analysis, which led to the resulting findings. Intuitive factors found in the literature were how the public buyers perceived the contractors brand, what their perception of tender value were, their personal experiences and their emotions. The data collection yielded some similar findings and some new. Emotions and experience were found to be of great importance when deciding, and the new findings include that the contractor perception as well as the public buyers’ communication had a significant impact. Due to the limited number of respondents and the single case study company, more research needs to be done in order to establish that these are in fact common intuitive factors in public procurement and thus to be able to generalize the findings.

digitalisering@umu

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