This thesis describes and analyses how the school sector in sparsely populated municipalities in northern Sweden has developed with emphasis on spatial dimensions and in relation to demographic change and political reforms during the last 20 years. In paper I primary schools were studied in a number of small municipalities in the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The aim of the study was to investigate how the spatial structure of schools has changed, what strategies the municipalities have developed to adapt their schools to changing conditions and what constraints there are to apply the strategies. To answer these questions, semi-structured interviews with municipal representatives were conducted. In paper II, the upper secondary school system was studied. The aim of the paper was to analyse the combined consequences of the school reforms, demographic development and competition on the ability of small municipalities to provide upper secondary schools during the period 1997 to 2015 in the four northernmost counties of Sweden. The study was based on data from the database SIRIS at the Swedish National Agency for Education and has a descriptive approach. The spatial structure of school organizations under study has undergone substantial changes during the recent decades, with closures and mergers among primary schools and an expansion of upper secondary schools. In recent years, the size of the young cohorts have decreased, which overall has led to increasing pressures to close primary schools and has created a detrimental competition between upper secondary schools. The large distances and the already small and declining number of pupils have had major effects on the ability to offer a good range and quality in the supply and availability of education. According to representatives from all the studied municipalities, the ambition is to prioritize the primary schools in the municipal centre and have as few small village schools as possible, taking into consideration quality of education, per capita costs, distances, and how scattered the pupils are within the municipalities. Independent schools and their increasingly larger role have attracted a great deal of attention in media, but this is a change that has mainly occurred in municipalities with large populations and their presence in the studied municipalities is very small both at the primary and upper secondary level.

<p><!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} h1 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:1; font-size:16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ansi-language:SV;} h2 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:2; font-size:14.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-ansi-language:SV; font-style:italic;} h3 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:3; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc1, li.MsoToc1, div.MsoToc1 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc2, li.MsoToc2, div.MsoToc2 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:12.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc3, li.MsoToc3, div.MsoToc3 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:24.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 8.0cm right 16.0cm; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} span.MsoFootnoteReference {vertical-align:super;} p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; font-style:italic;} p.MsoBodyText2, li.MsoBodyText2, div.MsoBodyText2 {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:red; mso-ansi-language:SV;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --></p><p>I Sverige lever över 80% av befolkningen i städer. Det urbana livet är fyllt av bilder och fyllt av reklambilder. På många reklambilder visas natur, naturen tycks kunna sälja allt. Men vilka egenskaper har naturen i reklamens bilder och vad säger det om naturen i våra urbana sinnen? Kvinnan tycks också ha en given plats i reklamens bilder. Kan det tänkas att kvinnan tillskrivs samma egenskaper som naturen? För att få svar dessa frågor kommer reklamens bilder att analysera. Analysen är en näranalys, i form av bildanalys, med fokus på bildens inre och yttre kontext.</p><p>Naturen kan vara ett rum eller en plats och upplevs som alla andra rum och platser genom våra sinnen. Hur vi upplever rum och plats är ett resultat av rådande kultur. Den urban kulturen påverkar således upplevelsen av naturen. Reklambilder påverkar också vår verklighetsuppfattning och vår upplevelse av naturen. Tidigare har det gjorts studiet om naturens egenskaper i resereklam och bilreklam. Mitt resultat har dock inte gått att helt förena med tidigare studier vilket visar bredden i ämnet.</p><p>Fyra reklamkampanjer har valts ut för analys; Loka, Lumené, Bregott och Alprosoya. Alla är produkter som används i vardagen och kampanjerna kan sammanfattas som dagligvarureklam. Naturen och kvinnan bär på snarlika egenskaper i kampanjernas bilder. Båda är goda, harmoniska, starka och eviga. Den urban kulturen har gett bilderna kraft att reducera naturens (och kvinnans) egenskaper till upphovsmannens syfte. Den imaginära geografin tar allt större plats i vår kultur.</p><p> </p>

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<p>Bagamoyo District, in the Pwani region in Tanzania, supplies a large part of Tanzania'sbiggest city, Dar es Salaam, with water. At the same time many people in rural villages in thedistrict do not have access to clean and safe water. This thesis aims to explore what limitationsthere are to improvement of the rural water supply in Bagamoyo District. Specific attention ispaid to the organizational structure of the water sector and how roles and responsibilities aredivided, defined and communicated among the actors. A field study in the area was conductedto gather information on the water supply of today, the organization of the water sector andperceived limitations to improvement, from end users and actors working with water in thedistrict. The field study included meeting actors on national, district and community level. Amore in depth account of the present rural water supply situation was appraised with casestudies performed in three villages in the district: Mtoni, Fukayosi and Kongo. The resultshave been grouped into three categories of limitation: 1) money, time & material resources; 2)knowledge & skills; 3) organization & leadership. Although most actors found the lack offinancial capacity and availability of funds as well as knowledge and skills to be a greatlimitation to the improvement of the water supply, the most important conclusion this studydraws concerns limitations in the organizational structure of the water sector. Due to a recentdecentralization reform, more responsibility has been given to local government andcommunity, but without enough capacity building measures these actors have had difficultiesrealizing their new roles. In addition, when external actors do not seem to have adapted to thedecentralized structure of the reformed water sector, there is confusion as to who ought to beleading the way in the development of the rural water supply.</p>

<p>In this thesis the Dublin City Development Plan 2005-2011 has been critically assessed in order to establish how well sustainability aspects have been considered. For this purpose, policy documents of sustainable development at international, national, regional, and local levels have been studied in order to compare their objectives with the objectives set out in the Dublin City Development Plan 2005-2011. It was found that the Dublin City Development Plan 2005-2011 contains serious, highly positive intentions regarding sustainable development. The Dublin City Development Plan 2005-2011 has shown that it understands the importance of sustainability and it is in agreement with the policy objectives set out by the policy documents at international, national, regional, and local level. However, it was concluded that the Dublin City Development Plan 2005-2011 is not delving into the subject deep enough. Specificplans, strategies and targets for how to reach sustainable development are for the most part missing. In conclusion, the thesis has provided recommendations for the next version of the Dublin City Development Plan.</p>

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Bagamoyo District, in the Pwani region in Tanzania, supplies a large part of Tanzania'sbiggest city, Dar es Salaam, with water. At the same time many people in rural villages in thedistrict do not have access to clean and safe water. This thesis aims to explore what limitationsthere are to improvement of the rural water supply in Bagamoyo District. Specific attention ispaid to the organizational structure of the water sector and how roles and responsibilities aredivided, defined and communicated among the actors. A field study in the area was conductedto gather information on the water supply of today, the organization of the water sector andperceived limitations to improvement, from end users and actors working with water in thedistrict. The field study included meeting actors on national, district and community level. Amore in depth account of the present rural water supply situation was appraised with casestudies performed in three villages in the district: Mtoni, Fukayosi and Kongo. The resultshave been grouped into three categories of limitation: 1) money, time &amp; material resources; 2)knowledge &amp; skills; 3) organization &amp; leadership. Although most actors found the lack offinancial capacity and availability of funds as well as knowledge and skills to be a greatlimitation to the improvement of the water supply, the most important conclusion this studydraws concerns limitations in the organizational structure of the water sector. Due to a recentdecentralization reform, more responsibility has been given to local government andcommunity, but without enough capacity building measures these actors have had difficultiesrealizing their new roles. In addition, when external actors do not seem to have adapted to thedecentralized structure of the reformed water sector, there is confusion as to who ought to beleading the way in the development of the rural water supply.