Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O marketing social tem vindo a assumir cada vez mais um papel importante para a imagem das empresas ou instituições públicas ou privadas. A aposta neste conceito tem sido evidenciada através de diversas campanhas com as quais nos defrontamos diariamente (Zenone, 2006: 68). Embora “não sendo totalmente clara a atuação do marketing social, é importante compreender a evolução dos conceitos, buscando uma purificação destes, elucidando as confusões, banalizações e até deturpações na atualidade” (Araújo, 2005: 5). A revisão da literatura efetuada revelou a existência de um grande número de conceitos associados ao marketing social e às variáveis da marca em estudo, nomeadamente aos fatores de perceção: notoriedade, qualidade percebida, imagem de marca e ao fator comportamental: mudança de comportamento, sendo este último fundamental no contexto de marketing social (Kotler e Roberto, 1992: 25). Nesta vertente, a Câmara Municipal do Porto lidera um consórcio local no âmbito da mobilidade sustentável, o Projeto Europeu Civitas Elan (PECE), o qual visa, essencialmente, a implementação de medidas inovadoras na área dos transportes que têm como principal objetivo a mudança de hábitos e comportamentos dos indivíduos, nomeadamente a redução do uso do veículo particular em detrimento de outros modos de transporte mais ecológicos. Parte da comunidade científica considera a presença dos intangíveis, nomeadamente a marca, como um dos principais meios ao alcance das instituições para a obtenção de uma diferenciação do produto e como um fator de inibição face à concorrência (Kerin e Sethuraman, 1998: 260; Perez, 2004: 31; Keller et. al, 2002: 120; Côrte-Real, 2010). A sociedade é composta por clientes cada vez mais exigentes, com preferências e gostos em constante transformação, muitas vezes pouco previsíveis, constituindo um desafio adicional para as empresas na conquista do seu espaço.[...]

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Cette thèse propose un parcours biographique et littéraire autour de la vie et de l’oeuvre de Nikos Kazantzaki (1883-1957), ses contacts avec la langue et la culture françaises et leur influence sur sa vision du monde. C’est une recherche des éléments de la culture française dans l’oeuvre de Kazantzaki et plus précisément dans les deux ouvrages écrits directement en français, Toda-Raba et Le Jardin des Rochers. Kazantzaki, tel un Ulysse contemporain, voyage émerveillé dans l’oecoumène, afin de découvrir les richesses de la réalité humaine, pour agir au lieu d’être agité par elle! Ouvrier insatiable de l’esprit, il ne cesse de proclamer, jusqu’à la fin de ses jours, les belles vertus universelles: Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, Dignité Humaine! Sa préoccupation primordiale : transformer la chair en esprit, transmettre la semence de ses écrits, riche héritage d’amour, à la postérité, ne rien laisser à Charon si ce n’est quelques os! Il tisse le cocon de sa poésie, pareil à un ver de soie, laissant la semence d’une création immortelle, trait d’union entre le passé et le futur. La joie d’apprendre, l’amour des langues, la beauté, l’art, la grâce, la tendresse, se rejoignent dans ce bijou multiculturel kazantzakien, pour danser au rythme du souffle de la vie! Bergson est la colonne dorsale de la création kazantzakienne. Ses théories de la durée réelle, de la matière et de l’esprit, de l’évolution créatrice et de l'élan vital, du langage, de l'art comme moyen de communication entre la nature et Dieu, forment le fleuve de la culture française qui traverse l’oeuvre kazantzakienne pour la conduire à la liberté : à Dieu! Le dieu de Kazantzaki évolue et est réinventé dans les fables humaines. C’est un Dieu qui attend l'homme pour le sauver, afin qu’ensemble ils puissent créer la vie ! / This thesis proposes a bibliographic and literary journey in the life and work of Nikos Kazantzaki (1883-1957), his relation to the French language and culture, their influence on his vision of the world and his creation. It is a research on the elements of French culture in the work of Nikos Kazantzaki and more specifically in the two novels written directly in French, Toda-Raba and The Rock Garden. Kazantzaki, a contemporary Ulysses, travels in the world with amazement, discovering the richness of the human reality, acting instead of being acted by it! An insatiable worker of the spirit, he does not stop proclaiming the beautiful universal virtues: Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood, and Human Dignity! His essential concern: to transform the flesh into spirit; to transmit the seed of his writings, that rich inheritance of love, to the posterity, leaving nothing to Charon, except a few bones! He weaves his cocoon of poetry, similar to a silk worm, and leaves the seed of its immortal creation as a link between past and future. The joy of learning, the passion for languages, beauty, art, grace and tenderness, join in that multicultural jewel , Kazantzaki’s work, to dance on the rhythm and breath of life! Bergson is the central figure of the French culture in Kazantzaki’s creation. His theories on real duration, on matter and spirit, on creative evolution and the élan vital, on language and art as a means of communication between nature and god, a god who changes and is reinvented in the human fables, a god who waits for men in order to save them, to create life together with them, will be the river of French culture crossing Kazantzaki’s work and leading him to freedom, to God!

No description available.

The thesis discusses in detail some concepts of speech and prosody that can contribute to build a speech corpus for the speaker segmentation purpose. Moreover, the Elan multimedia annotator used for labeling is described. The theoretical part highlights some frequently used speech features such as MFCC, PLP and LPC and deals with currently most popular speech segmentation methods. Some classification algorithms are also mentioned. The practical part describes implementation of Bayesian information criterium algorithm in system for automatic speaker segmentation. For classification of speaker change point in speech, were used different speech features. The results of tests were evaluated by the graphic method of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and his quantitative indices. As the best speech features for this system were provided MFCC and HFCC.

The purpose of this study was to compare event-related potential (ERP) effects of speech processing and effects in sentence reading elicited by sentences containing gapping structures, or a "missing" verb. N400 and P600 waveforms were collected in 20 adults between 18 and 30 years of age. Two experiments were conducted with each participant. In the two experiments ERP recordings were collected as sentences, some containing gapping structures, were presented to the subjects. In one experiment sentences were presented through headphones in sentences spoken at normal rate and with normal intonation. In the second experiment sentences with the same gapping structures were presented on a computer screen word by word at a rate of four words per second. Results suggest that all gapping structures are processed at approximately the same time. Amplitude and topography differences were seen between stimuli types and modalities.

The examination of Event Related Potentials during language processing tasks provides valuable information of how the brain processes language over time. In the current study, the development of the early left anterior negativity (ELAN) was analyzed in young children. Previous research has described the ELAN as a negative waveform elicited during syntactic processing between 200 and 500 ms post linguistic stimuli. Thirty children from 5 to 12 years of age listened to sentences that were linguistically correct, syntactically incorrect, or semantically incorrect. Sentences were presented for right monaural, left monaural, and binaural ear conditions to determine possible differences related to right ear advantage (REA). An ELAN-like component in regards to latency and amplitude was observed in children 8 years of age and older; however, comparison between linguistic conditions suggest that the ability to differentiate between linguistically correct, syntactically incorrect, and semantically incorrect stimuli is not established until 12 years of age. Results suggest that adult-like syntactic processing of morphosyntactic errors is not established until after 12 years of age. Comparison between ear conditions suggests that the REA effect may exist in older children, a finding that has not been reflected in previous behavioral research.

Event related potentials (ERPs) may provide specific information about how particular aspects of language are processed by the brain over time. This study investigated the electrophysiology of language processing in two children with language impairment (LI) when compared to five typically developing children. The N400, P600, and the early left anterior negativity (ELAN) were analyzed after participants listened to linguistically correct, syntactically incorrect, and semantically incorrect sentences. Participants were instructed to indicate whether the sentences were correct or incorrect. Latency and amplitude of the ERP components were compared between the two groups of participants and sentence types. Results from the current study concerning the typically developing children suggest that, at least by eight years of age, typically developing children may process linguistic information similarly to adults with regard to the areas of the brain that are activated during the processing of linguistic stimuli. When comparing results from participants with LI and their typically developing counterparts, results indicate that children with LI exhibit slower real-time language processing than typically developing children. Results also indicate that children with LI require more effort than typically developing children in processing linguistic information as indicated by the amplitude of the N400 and the ELAN. In analyzing the P600 in both groups of participants, results indicate that syntactic processing may be intact in children with LI as well as typical children. Results concerning the N400 and the ELAN were variable between the two participants with LI indicating that children with LI may be heterogeneous even in the presence of similar tasks. Results obtained from the ELAN may also indicate that the ELAN is not fully mature at eight years of age.

近十年高科技產業的發展，自iPod、iPhone至iPad等行動裝置的創新、問世，無疑是由Apple公司獨領風騷、引領潮流，而這些行動裝置的硬體型態或許不同，軟體、作業系統也不盡相同，但唯一的共通點就是大量採用「觸控」技術。在台灣企業中，義隆電子及禾瑞亞兩間公司均是相當專注於發展觸控偵測技術之公司，而此二間企業，面臨商場上白熱化的競爭，尤其是作為原告的義隆電子將如何以訴訟發動攻擊，而身為訴訟經驗淺薄的被告禾瑞亞公司又將如何應戰，均係本研究擬探討的問題。 透過蒐集文獻的方式，本研究對觸控面板產業的發展、各國際大廠在觸控專利的佈局做了基本的鋪墊。有鑑於義隆電子本身在專利侵權訴訟中有十多年豐富的經驗，故本文以義隆電子的訴訟經驗為藍本，歸納出若干訴訟發動及應訴策略，並將義隆電子與禾瑞亞訴訟中發生之具體問題納入各該策略章節一併討論，例如義隆電子起訴動機、訴訟標的價額之認定、定暫時狀態處分、以及企業普遍以發布重大訊息之方式公告起訴他企業，是否變相地違反公平交易委員會關於警告函之規定等。 本研究發現義隆電子因為歷經眾多國內外專利訴訟的洗禮，因此就訴訟各個階段的掌握及訊息處理較為嫻熟，主要亦由其掌握訴訟的節奏。然而，身為被告的企業應在訴訟中多採取積極的攻擊態勢，而非僅消極防守，包括接收到警告函時，應以適切的意見書及信函回應；若確遭起訴，應先為程序抗辯，尤其在起訴成本低廉的我國，盡可能的提高原告應付的裁判費實係被告方首先應嘗試爭取的戰場。此外，於訴訟中針對系爭專利提起舉發案、或是向公平交易委員會提出違反公平交易法之檢舉皆是被告最好的反制措施。然而，預防勝於治療，企業內部若能建立日常的專利監控機制，時時關注競爭對手動態，方為治標又治本的方法。