South African medium voltage underground electrical networks consist mainly of cables of paper insulated lead covered construction. This construction is still the standard used for most utilities in South Africa. While the in-service performance history of these cables has been excellent, global manufacture of this cable type is decreasing. Internationally, the use of polymeric cables is increasing, resulting in the security of the supply chain for paper cable becoming an increasingly important issue. The most widely used polymeric construction is cross-linked polyethylene. Modern distribution switchgear, which is increasingly used in South Africa, is designed for the newer polymeric technology as this enables more compact construction and reduced equipment footprint. The reduced clearances present installation and operational issues when using modern switchgear with paper insulated cables. Although a comprehensive literature review was conducted, not much academic work has been done on the process of migrating from one cable platform to another. Manufacturer data, academic reference sources, industry experts and software modelling tools are used to demonstrate that the use of polymeric technology is viable for South African utilities. This dissertation focuses on the difference between paper and polymeric technologies, and explores the advantages and disadvantages of each. Integration issues are examined along with the methods used to overcome the challenges of hybrid or mixed dielectric networks. Economic comparisons between paper and polymeric cables with respect to purchase and operating costs (including the cost of losses) as well as steady state, cyclic, distribution and emergency current ratings are made. The dissertation concludes that it makes economic and engineering sense for users of paper cable in South Africa to change to polymeric technology, taking the recommendations given into consideration in order to choose an optimised cable design and gain maximum benefit from the change. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Thèse (D.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2007. / La p. de t. porte en outre: Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle du doctorat en ingénierie. Bibliogr.: f. 150-155. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQQUQ

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Victoria University (Melbourne, Vic.), 2009.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis describes the development of a GPS Based Time Stamping and Scheduling System for power system applications. These applications include Wide Area Measurements (WAMs) of electrical power system quantities and high-voltage transmission line fault location. The developed system employs a microcontrolIer and a GPS receiver to synchronise an onboard microsecond-accurate clock to a global time standard. The system is therefore able to provide an accurate GPS-synchronised time stamp of a received trigger signal for use in highvoltage transmission line fault location. The system is also able to generate a trigger signal at a pre-programmed time for initiation of data acquisition runs on electrical power systems. The system was constructed and tested in a laboratory environment. Although the system is designed to operate in stand-alone mode, a host computer software program was also developed for system control and data downloading. The software program was used to time stamp a number of trigger signals and data was downloaded to a host computer. Trigger signals were also generated at predefined times. The acquired data was validated and presented. In conclusion, the low system cost, relative to existing commercial systems, accuracy and programmability of the developed system makes it suitable for a wide variety of time-critical data acquisition applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis beskryf die ontwikkeling van 'n GPS gebaseerde tyd stempel en skedulerings sisteem met die oog op kragstelsel toepassings. Ingesluit by hierdie toepassings is wye area metings op elektriese kragstelsels, asook foutopsporing op hoogspanning transmissielyne. Die ontwikkelde sisteem gebruik 'n mikrobeheerder en 'n GPS ontvanger om 'n aanboord mikrosekonde-akkurate horlosie te sinkroniseer met 'n internasionale tyd standaard. Dus kan die ontwikkelde sisteem 'n akkurate GPS gesinkroniseerde tyd stempel aan 'n snellersein heg. Hierdie tyd stempel kan gebruik word in hoogspanning transmissielyn foutopsporing. Die sisteem kan ook 'n snellersein genereer op 'n vooraf geprogrammeerde tyd. Hierdie snellersein kan gebruik word om belangrike data van elektriese kragstelsels te versamel, deur gebruik te maak van bestaande dataversamelingstelsels. Die sisteem was ontwerp en getoets in laboratorium toestande. Alhoewel die stelselontwerp is om alleenstaande te funksioneer, is 'n beheer rekenaar gebruik om, met die hulp van ontwikkelde sagteware, die sisteem te beheer en data af te laai. 'n Tyd stempel is aan 'n aantal snellerseine geheg en hierdie data is afgelaai na 'n beheer rekenaar. Die sisteem is ook geprogrammeer om 'n aantal snellerseine te genereer op vooraf gedefinieerde tye. Die data wat uit hierdie toetse versamel is, is bespreek. In vergelyking met bestaande kommersiële stelsels is die ontwikkelde stelsel se lae koste, akkuraatheid en programmeerbaarheid eienskappe wat die stelsel geskik maak vir 'n wye verskeidenheid van tyd-kritieke dataversameling toepassings.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Transmission lines are a vital part of the electrical distribution system, as they provide the path to transfer power between generation and load. Factors like de-regulated market environment, economics, etc. have pushed utilities to operate transmission lines close to their operating limits. Any fault, if not detected and isolated quickly will cascade into a system wide disturbance causing widespread outages for a tightly interconnected system operating close to its limits. Current differential criterion is used with success to protect various elements in power systems, i.e. transmission lines, power transformers, generators and busbars. The alpha plane differential relaying system provides sensitive protection for transmission lines, security and dependability for external faults. This thesis focuses on three terminal alpha plane differential protection with the aim to develop a complete test method using OMICRON test universe software essentially defining security, dependability and sensitivity of the alpha plane characteristic. The research analyses the three terminal alpha plane characteristic and existing primitive test methods and develops an improved test method using IEC 61850 standard. The primitive methods are time consuming and result in unnecessary prolonged outages. These methods have been discussed and improved in the thesis by implementing IEC 61850 standard. First the standard IED Capability Description (ICD) file is modified by developing new logical nodes using AcSELerator Architect and XML Maker software. Then the developed logical nodes, three terminal differential protection alpha plane characteristic with its additional infeed/outfeed check logic, and the developed test method are tested simultaneously using Test Universe software. A laboratory test bench is built using three SEL311L relays, two CMC 356 Omicron injection devices, PC, MOXA switch, CMIRIG-B time synchronising unit, SEL 2407 satellite synchronised clock, and a DC power supplier. The test method developed in this research vindicates benefits of IEC 61850 standard over hard wired systems. Prolonged outage times due to test set preparation using hard wires are drastically reduced. The thesis findings and deliverables will be used as a solution to industrial problems, postgraduate studies of other students and research project.

Os cerca de 107.000 km de linhas de transmissão existentes no Brasil, nas tensões de 138/230/345/440/500/750 kV (corrente alternada), e 600 kV (corrente continua), atravessam parques nacionais ou estaduais, estradas, rios e parte se encontra com sobrecarga. O aumento da capacidade de carregamento das linhas de transmissão, se feito da forma tradicional, com a substituição ou reforço nas estruturas e fundações, em faixas que cruzam áreas consideradas de preservação ambiental permanente, exige obras adicionais que alteram o meio ambiente e desta forma, com os rigores da atual legislação ambiental, torna inviável tais alterações ou substituição. Uma das formas encontradas é a utilização de novas tecnologias em cabos condutores aéreos. Este trabalho tem a finalidade de pesquisar as necessidades do recondutoramento da linha de transmissão, com a minimização/eliminação dos danos ao meio ambiente. Uma das alternativas encontradas é a utilização de cabos especiais, que por se tratar de nova tecnologia em cabos, e considerando o desconhecimento de seu desempenho efetivo em condições reais, surge a necessidade da verificação de seu comportamento. Este trabalho apresenta a análise de casos no Brasil e o desenvolvimento piloto de um sistema de monitoramento em tempo real, através de medições diretas e indiretas, no trecho de linha de transmissão onde foi instalado um condutor de nova tecnologia, a fim de acompanhar o desempenho das características elétricas e mecânicas do novo condutor. Como resultado final foram validados os valores de projeto da ampliação da capacidade da linha de transmissão, sem impactos ao meio ambiente. / The approximately 107,000 km of transmission lines existing in Brazil, operating at 138 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV, 440 kV, 500 kV, 750 kV(ac) and 600 kV(dc), regularly encounter and cross state or national parks as well as highways, rivers and parks. Due to the ever increasing demand of power most of these transmission lines are at present overloaded. Increasing the loading capacity of these transmission lines in the traditional way (i.e. by substituting or reinforcing the structures and foundations in areas of permanent preservation) require additional works that may alter the environment; thus, making unfeasible the application of such alterations in view of the current strict environmental regulations. One way to cope with such a problem is through the utilization of new technologies applied to cables. Therefore, the objective of this work is to investigate the alternative of reconductoring a transmission line causing a minimum damage (and if possible eliminating this damage) to the environment. One of the alternatives found is the use of special cables which due to its relatively new introduction and technology to the power industry demands a thorough study on issues like the performance and verification of its behavior under real conditions. This work presents the development of a real-time monitoring system through direct and indirect measurements performed on a transmission line segment where a special conductor was installed. During the course of the research the performance of the new conductor regarding its electrical and mechanical characteristics was monitored. The measurements performed showed to be coherent with those obtained during the design of the transmission line.

Os cerca de 107.000 km de linhas de transmissão existentes no Brasil, nas tensões de 138/230/345/440/500/750 kV (corrente alternada), e 600 kV (corrente continua), atravessam parques nacionais ou estaduais, estradas, rios e parte se encontra com sobrecarga. O aumento da capacidade de carregamento das linhas de transmissão, se feito da forma tradicional, com a substituição ou reforço nas estruturas e fundações, em faixas que cruzam áreas consideradas de preservação ambiental permanente, exige obras adicionais que alteram o meio ambiente e desta forma, com os rigores da atual legislação ambiental, torna inviável tais alterações ou substituição. Uma das formas encontradas é a utilização de novas tecnologias em cabos condutores aéreos. Este trabalho tem a finalidade de pesquisar as necessidades do recondutoramento da linha de transmissão, com a minimização/eliminação dos danos ao meio ambiente. Uma das alternativas encontradas é a utilização de cabos especiais, que por se tratar de nova tecnologia em cabos, e considerando o desconhecimento de seu desempenho efetivo em condições reais, surge a necessidade da verificação de seu comportamento. Este trabalho apresenta a análise de casos no Brasil e o desenvolvimento piloto de um sistema de monitoramento em tempo real, através de medições diretas e indiretas, no trecho de linha de transmissão onde foi instalado um condutor de nova tecnologia, a fim de acompanhar o desempenho das características elétricas e mecânicas do novo condutor. Como resultado final foram validados os valores de projeto da ampliação da capacidade da linha de transmissão, sem impactos ao meio ambiente. / The approximately 107,000 km of transmission lines existing in Brazil, operating at 138 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV, 440 kV, 500 kV, 750 kV(ac) and 600 kV(dc), regularly encounter and cross state or national parks as well as highways, rivers and parks. Due to the ever increasing demand of power most of these transmission lines are at present overloaded. Increasing the loading capacity of these transmission lines in the traditional way (i.e. by substituting or reinforcing the structures and foundations in areas of permanent preservation) require additional works that may alter the environment; thus, making unfeasible the application of such alterations in view of the current strict environmental regulations. One way to cope with such a problem is through the utilization of new technologies applied to cables. Therefore, the objective of this work is to investigate the alternative of reconductoring a transmission line causing a minimum damage (and if possible eliminating this damage) to the environment. One of the alternatives found is the use of special cables which due to its relatively new introduction and technology to the power industry demands a thorough study on issues like the performance and verification of its behavior under real conditions. This work presents the development of a real-time monitoring system through direct and indirect measurements performed on a transmission line segment where a special conductor was installed. During the course of the research the performance of the new conductor regarding its electrical and mechanical characteristics was monitored. The measurements performed showed to be coherent with those obtained during the design of the transmission line.

No description available.