Following the introduction of the microprocessor into the power system protection field, modern microprocessor based numeric relays have developed very rapidly in the last 20 years, and modern power system protection schemes are virtually all based on microcomputers technology. The International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) recently launched the standard IEC61850, “Communication Networks and System in Substation”, which is having a major impact on the structure of new protection systems and schemes. In itself it describes the concepts for sub-station communications covering protection, control and metering functions. However, although it is going to have a major impact on the power systems communications, it will also influence the design of future protection systems. There will also be a host of other opportunities and advantages that can be realised. These include easier upgrading, refurbishment and replacement of sub-station protection. They also provide for greater use of general purpose Intelligent Electronics Devices (IEDs), self-healing systems, and plug and play type facilities. The Ethernet based communication network for data transfer between process level switchyard equipment and bay level IEDs, the process bus, is defined in IEC61850 Section 9-2. This process bus facilitates the communication of two types of real-time, peer-to-peer communication messages. Generic object-oriented substation event messages, the GOOSE messages and the data sample values, SVs which include the measured currents and voltages. Although this standard describes the message structures and the timing requirements, it does not describe the process bus topology. This work describes different LAN topologies that can be used in the design of process bus for protection systems. It considers the implications of the different structures on the operation of the protection scheme and how these relate to the operational strategy of different operators. It provides an assessment of the data handling capabilities of the system and how the demands of the protection system can be met. Several potential problem areas are identified and analyzed. The probabilistic nature of these systems is discussed and the implications explained. It also provides an insight into the implementation of the alternative topologies and their performance when applied to a transmission line feeder protection and transformer protection. The digital substation and the implementation of IEC61850 are fundamental to the future of protection ‘relays’. There are many pointers to the potential directions that these systems will develop and the skills required for the protection engineers of the future. This project is seeking to overcome some of the ownership challenges presented by modern protection and control (P&C) devices, which have an inherent short life due to their dependence on modern electronics and software.

In recent years, reliability evaluation of substation automation systems has received a significant attention from the research community. With the advent of the concept of smart grid, there is a growing trend to integrate more computation and communication technology into power systems. This thesis focuses on the reliability evaluation of modern substation automation systems. Such systems include both physical devices (current carrying) such as lines, circuit breakers, and transformers, as well as cyber devices (Ethernet switches, intelligent electronic devices, and cables) and belong to a broader class of cyber-physical systems. We assume that the substation utilizes IEC 61850 standard, which is a dominant standard for substation automation. Focusing on IEC 61850 standard, we discuss the failure modes and analyze their effects on the system. We utilize reliability block diagrams for analyzing the reliability of substation components (bay units) and then use the state space approach to study the effects at the substation level. Case study is based on an actual IEC 61850 substation automation system, with different network topologies consideration concluded. Our analysis provides a starting point for evaluating the reliability of the substation and the effects of substation failures to the rest of the power system. By using the state space methods, the steady state probability of each failure effects were calculated in different bay units. These probabilities can be further used in the modeling of the composite power system to analyze the loss of load probabilities.

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre alívio de cargas aplicado em indústrias que apresentam sistema misto para geração de energia, na qual uma parte da energia elétrica é gerada através de processo próprio (co-geração) e outra parte é suprida pela alimentação fornecida pelo sistema elétrico regional (concessionária). O alívio de cargas consiste em uma técnica de desligamento rápido e seletivo de algumas cargas, visando manter o sistema em equilíbrio durante interrupção emergencial do fornecimento de energia pela concessionária. Este trabalho efetua uma revisão bibliográfica sobre redes de comunicação, norma IEC 61850, sistemas de supervisão e técnicas de alívio de cargas, as quais se tornam ferramentas que viabilizam o alcance do seu objetivo, que é a proposição de um sistema baseado em um software de supervisão de mercado, que executa seu algoritmo adaptativo de alívio de cargas e pré-sensibiliza equipamentos inteligentes de campo (IEDs), conectados conforme padrões estabelecidos pela norma IEC 61850, para efetuarem o desligamento de algumas cargas de uma indústria com sistema misto de geração, em caso de distúrbio no fornecimento pela concessionária. O diferencial do sistema proposto neste trabalho consiste na capacidade do algoritmo, executado pelo software de supervisão, em simular a ocorrência de eventos que caracterizam perdas na geração de energia e transferir ordens para os IEDs efetuarem os desligamentos de determinadas cargas antes da ocorrência dos desequilíbrios. Dessa forma, a principal contribuição do trabalho é apresentar um sistema preditivo contra possíveis emergências ocorridas na concessionária, ou seja, como o sistema possui ação conjunta entre o algoritmo adaptativo executado pelo software de supervisão e os IEDs, conectados segundo padronizações da norma IEC 61850, oferece capacidade para pré-sensibilizar os desligamentos de cargas antes que ocorram os reais eventos de perda de geração de energia elétrica. / This work consists on a study about load shedding applied to industries that use mixed systems on energy generation, where part of the electrical energy is generated by own process (co-generation) and the other part is supplied by the regional electrical system (concessionaire). The load shedding consists in a rapid and selective shut-off technique aiming to maintain the system under balance during power interruption events from the concessionaire. This work provides a literature survey over communication networks, the IEC 61850 standard, supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA) and load shedding techniques, which become tools that make possible to reach the works goal: to propose a system based on a market SCADA software that runs its load shedding adaptive algorithm and pre-sensitize Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), connected according to preestablished standards by the IEC 6180 norm for shutting off some loads in a company with a mixed generation system in case of some supplying disturb from the concessionaire. The differential of the proposed system in this work consists in the capacity of the algorithm, run by the SCADA software, of simulating the occurrence of events that characterize losses in energy generation and sending commands to the IEDs to shut off specific loads before an unbalance occurs. This way, the main contribution of this work is to present a predictor system against possible emergencies happening in the concessionaire, that is, as the system provides a joint approach between the SCADA systems algorithm and the properly connected IEDs, it provides the capacity of pre-sensitizing the load shedding before real events of electrical energy generation loss occur.

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre alívio de cargas aplicado em indústrias que apresentam sistema misto para geração de energia, na qual uma parte da energia elétrica é gerada através de processo próprio (co-geração) e outra parte é suprida pela alimentação fornecida pelo sistema elétrico regional (concessionária). O alívio de cargas consiste em uma técnica de desligamento rápido e seletivo de algumas cargas, visando manter o sistema em equilíbrio durante interrupção emergencial do fornecimento de energia pela concessionária. Este trabalho efetua uma revisão bibliográfica sobre redes de comunicação, norma IEC 61850, sistemas de supervisão e técnicas de alívio de cargas, as quais se tornam ferramentas que viabilizam o alcance do seu objetivo, que é a proposição de um sistema baseado em um software de supervisão de mercado, que executa seu algoritmo adaptativo de alívio de cargas e pré-sensibiliza equipamentos inteligentes de campo (IEDs), conectados conforme padrões estabelecidos pela norma IEC 61850, para efetuarem o desligamento de algumas cargas de uma indústria com sistema misto de geração, em caso de distúrbio no fornecimento pela concessionária. O diferencial do sistema proposto neste trabalho consiste na capacidade do algoritmo, executado pelo software de supervisão, em simular a ocorrência de eventos que caracterizam perdas na geração de energia e transferir ordens para os IEDs efetuarem os desligamentos de determinadas cargas antes da ocorrência dos desequilíbrios. Dessa forma, a principal contribuição do trabalho é apresentar um sistema preditivo contra possíveis emergências ocorridas na concessionária, ou seja, como o sistema possui ação conjunta entre o algoritmo adaptativo executado pelo software de supervisão e os IEDs, conectados segundo padronizações da norma IEC 61850, oferece capacidade para pré-sensibilizar os desligamentos de cargas antes que ocorram os reais eventos de perda de geração de energia elétrica. / This work consists on a study about load shedding applied to industries that use mixed systems on energy generation, where part of the electrical energy is generated by own process (co-generation) and the other part is supplied by the regional electrical system (concessionaire). The load shedding consists in a rapid and selective shut-off technique aiming to maintain the system under balance during power interruption events from the concessionaire. This work provides a literature survey over communication networks, the IEC 61850 standard, supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA) and load shedding techniques, which become tools that make possible to reach the works goal: to propose a system based on a market SCADA software that runs its load shedding adaptive algorithm and pre-sensitize Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), connected according to preestablished standards by the IEC 6180 norm for shutting off some loads in a company with a mixed generation system in case of some supplying disturb from the concessionaire. The differential of the proposed system in this work consists in the capacity of the algorithm, run by the SCADA software, of simulating the occurrence of events that characterize losses in energy generation and sending commands to the IEDs to shut off specific loads before an unbalance occurs. This way, the main contribution of this work is to present a predictor system against possible emergencies happening in the concessionaire, that is, as the system provides a joint approach between the SCADA systems algorithm and the properly connected IEDs, it provides the capacity of pre-sensitizing the load shedding before real events of electrical energy generation loss occur.

ABB s r.o. is one of the most important companies that are concerned with setting of trends in electro-energetic field. One of these trends is digitalization of medium voltage substations that leads to simplified of internal connection and easier connection of substation to the control system. This thesis deals possibilities of connection of communication, methods of controlling logical operations by centralized or distributed system and compares potential of these systems.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Transmission lines are a vital part of the electrical distribution system, as they provide the path to transfer power between generation and load. Factors like de-regulated market environment, economics, etc. have pushed utilities to operate transmission lines close to their operating limits. Any fault, if not detected and isolated quickly will cascade into a system wide disturbance causing widespread outages for a tightly interconnected system operating close to its limits. Current differential criterion is used with success to protect various elements in power systems, i.e. transmission lines, power transformers, generators and busbars. The alpha plane differential relaying system provides sensitive protection for transmission lines, security and dependability for external faults. This thesis focuses on three terminal alpha plane differential protection with the aim to develop a complete test method using OMICRON test universe software essentially defining security, dependability and sensitivity of the alpha plane characteristic. The research analyses the three terminal alpha plane characteristic and existing primitive test methods and develops an improved test method using IEC 61850 standard. The primitive methods are time consuming and result in unnecessary prolonged outages. These methods have been discussed and improved in the thesis by implementing IEC 61850 standard. First the standard IED Capability Description (ICD) file is modified by developing new logical nodes using AcSELerator Architect and XML Maker software. Then the developed logical nodes, three terminal differential protection alpha plane characteristic with its additional infeed/outfeed check logic, and the developed test method are tested simultaneously using Test Universe software. A laboratory test bench is built using three SEL311L relays, two CMC 356 Omicron injection devices, PC, MOXA switch, CMIRIG-B time synchronising unit, SEL 2407 satellite synchronised clock, and a DC power supplier. The test method developed in this research vindicates benefits of IEC 61850 standard over hard wired systems. Prolonged outage times due to test set preparation using hard wires are drastically reduced. The thesis findings and deliverables will be used as a solution to industrial problems, postgraduate studies of other students and research project.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-27T17:25:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelDaCostaFontes_DISSERT.pdf: 24166205 bytes, checksum: dc84b30bbe4441f94166cb1d9f5fb0b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monica Paiva (monicalpaiva@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-27T17:33:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelDaCostaFontes_DISSERT.pdf: 24166205 bytes, checksum: dc84b30bbe4441f94166cb1d9f5fb0b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T17:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelDaCostaFontes_DISSERT.pdf: 24166205 bytes, checksum: dc84b30bbe4441f94166cb1d9f5fb0b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-23 / O estabelecimento da norma IEC61850 e a sua imers?o no setor de energia el?trica nacional, na ?ltima d?cada, revelou uma tend?ncia real de mercado. A necessidade de padroniza??o dos sistemas de prote??o & automa??o das subesta??es e a preocupa??o com a seguran?a da informa??o estimularam essa transi??o. Os dispositivos microprocessados agora s?o denominados de dispositivos inteligentes IED (Intelligent Eletronic Device). Eles executam fun??es de prote??o & controle integradas, tendem a assumir um car?ter multifuncional agregando v?rias funcionalidades (controle, prote??o, medi??o e comunica??o), utilizam e executam algoritmos de prote??o consagrados pelas normas ANSI e IEC. Sua comunica??o ? baseada em protocolos de alta velocidade como GOOSE(Generic Substation Events), MMS(Manufacturing Message Specification) e SMV(Sample Measure Value) executados atrav?s de redes TCP/IP Ethernet e definidos por linguagem SCL (linguagem de configura??o de sistemas), apresentam capacidade para aquisi??o de dados anal?gicos e digitais e placa de rede ethernet. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma plataforma de testes prot?tipo, LabProt, e seus materiais did?ticos, com prop?sito de disseminar conhecimentos das aplica??es de Prote??o em IEC61850 para cursos de gradua??o, p?s-gradua??o e profissionais do mercado, contribuindo assim para qualifica??o dos profissionais de engenharia el?trica das pr?ximas gera??es. Esta plataforma proporcionar? uma infraestrutura para configurar, testar e comissionar sistemas de prote??o e automa??o de subesta??es regidas pela norma IEC61850. A metodologia utilizada ser? o estudo de m?ltiplos casos, com testes em bancada de aplica??es pr?ticas, em n?vel de subesta??o. Ser?o discutidas neste trabalho as arquiteturas de comunica??o, especifica??es dos equipamentos, testes de conformidade, testes funcionais de prote??o em bancada com o aux?lio de caixa de teste de prote??o, rel?s de prote??o Micom Schneider, switch gerenci?vel Ruggedcom e da infraestrutura de rede da UFRN. / O estabelecimento da norma IEC61850 e a sua imers?o no setor de energia el?trica nacional, na ?ltima d?cada, revelou uma tend?ncia real de mercado. A necessidade de padroniza??o dos sistemas de prote??o & automa??o das subesta??es e a preocupa??o com a seguran?a da informa??o estimularam essa transi??o. Os dispositivos microprocessados agora s?o denominados de dispositivos inteligentes IED (Intelligent Eletronic Device). Eles executam fun??es de prote??o & controle integradas, tendem a assumir um car?ter multifuncional agregando v?rias funcionalidades (controle, prote??o, medi??o e comunica??o), utilizam e executam algoritmos de prote??o consagrados pelas normas ANSI e IEC. Sua comunica??o ? baseada em protocolos de alta velocidade como GOOSE(Generic Substation Events), MMS(Manufacturing Message Specification) e SMV(Sample Measure Value) executados atrav?s de redes TCP/IP Ethernet e definidos por linguagem SCL (linguagem de configura??o de sistemas), apresentam capacidade para aquisi??o de dados anal?gicos e digitais e placa de rede ethernet. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma plataforma de testes prot?tipo, LabProt, e seus materiais did?ticos, com prop?sito de disseminar conhecimentos das aplica??es de Prote??o em IEC61850 para cursos de gradua??o, p?s-gradua??o e profissionais do mercado, contribuindo assim para qualifica??o dos profissionais de engenharia el?trica das pr?ximas gera??es. Esta plataforma proporcionar? uma infraestrutura para configurar, testar e comissionar sistemas de prote??o e automa??o de subesta??es regidas pela norma IEC61850. A metodologia utilizada ser? o estudo de m?ltiplos casos, com testes em bancada de aplica??es pr?ticas, em n?vel de subesta??o. Ser?o discutidas neste trabalho as arquiteturas de comunica??o, especifica??es dos equipamentos, testes de conformidade, testes funcionais de prote??o em bancada com o aux?lio de caixa de teste de prote??o, rel?s de prote??o Micom Schneider, switch gerenci?vel Ruggedcom e da infraestrutura de rede da UFRN.

This Diploma thesis deals with the system for protection and remote control for MV switchgear by using protection relays with communication protocols PROFIBUS and IEC61850. The first part represents a theoretical introduction to points at issue. In the first part, the reader will get conceived with the communication standard IEC61850 and its typical architecture for MV switchgear, and also with data model based on this standard. Second part discusses the PROFIBUS communication protocol. In this part, the reader can acquire information about transmit technology and communication protocol for PROFIBUS. Last part of this theoretical chapter contains an overview on the MODBUS communication. The second part deals with the description of protection relays, which were used for the purposes of this thesis. In the first subchapter, the reader can learn about the REM620 from ABB Company, its configuration and cooperation with IEC61850 standard. Second subchapter describes the HMS Anybus communication converter. The reader will get further knowledge about description of this device and how to configure the communication protocols. In last subchapter, a description of protection relay SIPROTEC 7SJ64 produced by Siemens company is explained. With the third part starts the practical work within this thesis with protection relays. This chapter is divided into two parts; each describes different system with using the protection relays. First system contains ABB REM620 relay and HMS Anybus converter. By converting MODBUS protocol with the Anybus converter, the REM620 can be connected to PROFIBUS network. This part includes the configuration of REM620 and Anybus converter, the engineering of MODBUS and PROFIBUS protocols and testing various signals in those networks. The second system contains Siemens SIPROTEC 7SJ64 and ethernet switch. This subchapter deals with the preparation of configuration for SIPROTEC 7SJ64 and the engineering for IEC61850 communication. This part finishes with the comparing of both systems on the engineering bases. The last part of this thesis is about working with the LabVIEW instrument. Within this part, the software emulation of protection relay was made. The program offers to the user the possibility of setting input parameters as the effective values of current and voltage, the frequency and the current phase shift. Also the user can set the thresholds for protection functions, such as the Overcurrent, the Voltage and the Frequency protection. As last one, the Phase unbalance protection for the current phases is present.

Distributed generation is transforming the power system grid to decentralized system where separate units like wind power generators or solar panel shall coexist and operate in tandem in order to supplement each other and make one extensive system as a whole so called smart grid. It is utmost important to have a control ability over such units not only on a field level but on a system level as well. To be able to communicate with numerous devices and maintain interoperability universal standard is a must. Therefore, one of the core standards relevant to smart grids is IEC 61850 – Power Utility Automation which comes into assistance and tackles aforementioned challenges. This project uses IEC61850 architecture to implement client/server windows applications for on-load tap changer remote control. The proposed solution and designed applications are tested together with a real time simulator where simple power system is modelled to emulate the system response to control signals in a real time. In this way, the implemented applications can be tried and assessed as if performing in real environment. Consequently, a user of the client application is able to remotely control voltage on the power transformer's secondary side and manipulate the switching equipment simulated in the model. / Distribuerad generation håller på att förändra transmissionsnätet till decentraliserat system där separata enheter som vindkraftverk eller solpanel skall samexistera och fungera tillsammans för att komplettera varandra och att göra ett omfattande system som helhet så kallade smarta elnät. Det är ytterst viktigt att ha en kontroll förmåga över sådana enheter inte bara på ett fältnivå utan även på systemnivå. För att kunna kommunicera med många enheter och bibehålla interoperabiliten som universell standard är ett måste. En av de grundläggande normer som är relevanta för smarta nät är IEC 61850 - Skydd & Automation, som kommer in i bistånd och möter ovan nämnda utmaningar. Detta projekt använder IEC61850-struktur för att implementera klient/server windows applikation för lindningskopplarens fjärrkontroll. Den föreslagna lösningen och utformade applikationer testas tillsammans med en realtidssimulator där enkelt kraftsystem modelleras för att emulera systemets svar på de givna styrsignalerna i realtid. På detta sätt kan de implementerade programmen prövas och bedömas hur de utföras i verklig miljö. Följaktligen kan användare av klientapplikationen fjärrstyra spänningen på transformatorns sekundärsida och manipulera ställverk som simuleras i modellen.

This thesis explore the possibility to automate a process for configuration of secondary substations monitoring and control. By using a network information system (NIS), information of secondary substations can be extracted, such as feeder naming, primary equipment type, rating and model. From this information an automated process of configuring the secondary substation is possible, which open up the possibility to cost-efficiently digitalise the distribution grid. In the project, the standard IEC 61850 for configuration of communications of intelligent electrical devices was used to automate and standardize the process. The process starts with a extracted IEC 61970 CIM file from the NIS. The IEC 61970 CIM file is converted into a IEC 61850 SCL file through an system engineering tool. The configuration is based of information from the NIS, where the models and types of the equipments decides what type of functionality that is needed for the secondary substation. With help of the created SCL file hardware and human-machine interface (HMI) was configured, creating a full functional system for the secondary substation monitoring and control equipment. The usage of 400V capable input module together with bus couplers, configured in IEC 61850, lowers the configuration needed for the hardware. The usage of SCL files also helps automate the creation of HMI for the secondary substation through IEC 61850 based tools in SCADA software. Creating views of both single-line diagrams as well as digital representation of the secondary substation outgoing feeders with measured values on display. The result of the project helps show NIS information is sufficient and standards mature enough to allow an almost fully automated system. Lowering the total time spent on each stations configuration to around two hours. Leading the way for future development of automating software for configurations of the secondary substations.