Este trabalho desenvolve um novo método de controle de eficiência energética no acionamento de motores de indução. Esta técnica utiliza um modelo de perdas e uma estrutura de controle baseada no mínimo consumo de energia elétrica. Em um primeiro momento, são apresentados os estudos com os principais controladores de eficiência energética da última década. Depois, são apresentados os modelos elétricos e mecânicos do motor de indução trifásico, a partir do modelo clássico, com o eixo de referência qd0. O controlador utilizado, é o controle por campo orientado indireto (IFOC - Indirect Field Oriented Control), composto por uma malha externa de controle de velocidade e fluxo, e uma malha interna de controle de correntes, que demonstram um bom desempenho de torque e velocidade. Por se tratar de um controlador IFOC, onde os parâmetros do motor são fundamentais para obter bons resultados, o ensaio do motor de indução é realizado e apresentado. Sabendo-se das principais fontes de perdas do motor, o controlador de eficiência energética pode ser elaborado. O controlador baseado no modelo de perdas (LMC -Loss-Model-Based Control) é descrito, assim como o controlador de busca recursiva (SC - Search Control), ambos muito utilizados na literatura. O LMC proposto é implementado através de curvas padrão de fluxo ótimo baseado na potência absorvida, dependendo da carga no eixo do motor, uma nova curva padrão é utilizada. O controlador de eficiência proposto chamado de (MBC - Model Based Control), utiliza o método LMC com um controlador IFOC, este é simulado via software Matlab e verificado experimentalmente através de uma plataforma de acionamento projetada e montada, conforme o projeto descrito. O controlador de eficiência proposto, é comparado com o acionamento de fluxo constante e com o controlador SC, para diferentes perfis de carga no eixo. Para todos os casos o controlador proposto, apresentou o melhor rendimento da máquina. / This paper develops a new method of controlling the drive energy efficiency of induction motors . This technique uses a model of losses and a control structure based on minimum energy consumption . At first , studies with the main drivers of energy efficiency in the last decade are presented . Then the electrical and mechanical models of three-phase induction motor are presented , from the classic model , with the reference axis qd0 . The controller used is an indirect field-oriented control (IFOC), composed of an outer control loop speed and flow , and an inner current control loop , showing a good performance of torque and speed. Because it is a IFOC controller, where the engine parameters are critical to obtain good results , the testing of induction motor is carried out and presented . Knowing the main sources of losses of the engine, the controller of energy efficiency can be drawn . The loss model based (LMC) controller is described , as well as the controller recursive search (SC), both widely used in the literature . The LMC proposed is implemented through optimum standard curves of flow based on power absorbed. Depending on the load on the motor shaft , a new standard curve is used . The proposed controller called efficiency ( MBC - Model Based Control ) uses the LMC method with a IFOC controller , this is simulated via textit software emph Matlab and verified experimentally through a platform drive designed and assembled , as the project described . The controller proposed efficiency is compared with the drive and the constant flow controller SC to different profiles of the axle. For all cases, the proposed controller showed the best performance of the machine.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo efetuar uma investigação acerca da eficiência energética nas indústrias, com foco na identificação dos potenciais de conservação de energia e possíveis barreiras para se implantar um sistema de gestão de energia, tendo como principais motivações o lançamento do Plano Nacional de Eficiência Energética (PNEf), que prevê uma grande economia de energia para os próximos anos, e da norma ABNT NBR ISO 50001- Sistema de gestão de energia. Num primeiro instante, fez-se um estudo dos principais métodos de gestão e eficiência energética que estão sendo empregados nas indústrias. Após o desenvolvimento de estudos preliminares, realizou-se uma auditoria energética em um frigorífico de abate de aves situado na região Sudoeste do Paraná. Nesta auditoria foram estabelecidos os centros de maior consumo, as linhas de base dos principais insumos energéticos e potenciais de conservação de energia dos principais módulos temáticos. Verificou-se que o sistema de refrigeração representa aproximadamente 81% do consumo de energia elétrica da planta e que do total de 11 módulos temáticos existentes, três deles representam aproximadamente 97% do consumo de energia elétrica da planta, sendo motores, sistema de refrigeração e sistema de ar comprimido. Constatou-se também, com uma análise econômica de perdas, que há potenciais de conservação de energia, principalmente em motores. Por fim, identificaram-se as principais barreiras para se implantar um sistema de gestão de energia em uma planta, principalmente no que se refere à elaboração de linhas de base e indicadores de desempenho energético. Tais barreiras demonstram uma falsa expectativa do PNEf para alcançar as atuais metas se não houver maior impacto dos progressos induzidos (por políticas públicas). / This research has an objective to investigate the electrical power efficiency in industries, aiming to identify potential energy saving and possible barriers to deploy an energy management system, having as one of its priorities the main motivations to the release of a National Plan of Electrical Efficiency (NPEE), in which forecast a great power saving for the following years and the norm ABNT NBR ISO 50001-Energy management system. At a first moment, a study was made about the main methods of electrical efficiency management, in which are being introduced in industries. After the development of preliminary studies, an electrical audit was carried out in a poultry slaughter cooler on the southwest region of Paraná. On the audit were established the centers of greater consumption and the baselines of the main energetic imputs and potential ways of electrical energy saving from the main thematic modules.It has been verified that the cooling system represents approximately 81% of electrical energy consumption of the plant and of the total of eleven modules; three of them represent approximately 97% of the power consumption of the entire plant, as engines, cooling system and compressed air system. It has been also found out, with an economic analysis of losses, there are potentials means of power saving, especially when it comes to engines. At last, was identified the main barriers to deploy an energy management system in a plant, mainly as regards the elaboration of baselines and indicators of electrical performance. These barriers have shown a fake expectation of the NPEE to reach the present goals if there's no impact on the progresses prompted (by public politics.)

Orientador: Daniel Joseph Hogan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T19:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Burian_PauloProcopio_D.pdf: 1645822 bytes, checksum: dc51872df58655d0a18c1e5211137371 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, dois movimentos aparentemente antagônicos influenciaram diretamente a absorção da temática socioambiental no nível institucional. Se por um lado ocorreu o processo de globalização com a integração da economia mundial reduzindo a atuação do Estado nacional em setores estratégicos, por outro lado houve uma consolidação dos processos de licenciamento ambiental, conseqüência das pressões exercidas tanto pelos movimentos sociais, quanto pelas agências multilaterais de financiamento. Tomando como ponto de partida a confluência desses dois aspectos distintos que se confrontam e dialogam, o presente estudo visa verificar até que ponto os processos de licenciamento têm desempenhado um papel importante para que as questões socioambientais sejam devidamente incorporadas no setor elétrico brasileiro. Embora esses processos tenham representado um passo importante em direção à sustentabilidade, ainda precisam ser aprimorados de modo a incluir outros aspectos como a consulta pública, que não se encontram plenamente equacionados. A partir da constatação, por meio de estudos de caso, de que os Estudos de Impacto Ambiental - EIAs - têm se mostrado insuficientes na medida em que são elaborados apenas na etapa de projeto, recentemente tem sido introduzida a Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica ¿ AAE, um novo instrumento que tem como objetivo inserir a variável socioambiental na etapa de planejamento para influenciar no processo de tomada de decisão em seu estágio inicial. Embora reconhecidamente a introdução de AAE represente um avanço, não pode ser considerada, de modo algum, como uma solução definitiva para essa questão. Desse modo, sem ter a pretensão de dar respostas definitivas, este trabalho busca levantar diversos aspectos que permeiam a relação entre o setor elétrico e o meio ambiente, demonstrando como as incertezas da era pós-moderna também se refletem nos mecanismos de licenciamento ambiental. Trata-se, portanto, de um processo em permanente construção e fundamentalmente dependente do diálogo para seu aprimoramento / Abstract: In the last decades, two movements apparently opposed have influenced the way of incorporation of environmental debates on the level of the institutions. On the one hand, there is the globalization process which conveys the integration of the capitalist world, weakening the power of the National State in strategic sectors. On the other hand, the license process has been consolidated, due to the pressure of social movements and multi-lateral agencies. Based on this particular context, the present study seeks to verify to which extent the license process has played an important role for the environmental debates to be incorporated in the Brazilian electric sector agenda. Yet the environmental license process is an important step in the direction of sustainability, it needs to be improved, even including issues like public consultation. Case studies about Environmental Impact Assessments - EIAs show that they are insufficient, for they are carried out only during the Project stage. That's why the Strategic Environmental Assessment ¿ SEA has been recently developed. The objective of this new instrument is to incorporate the environmental issues in the Planning stage, then any important decision will be taken in the very beginning. Even though the introduction of SEA has been important, case studies prove that it cannot be considered a final solution to these problems. Yet this study does not bring definitive answers, it intends to identify several pertinent questions regarding the relationship between the electric sector and the environment, suggesting that the uncertainties of the post-modern age are also present in the environmental license instruments. Finally, this process is in permanent construction and it depends fundamentally on constant dialogue to be refined. / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

M.Phil. (Energy Studies) / In recent years, the costs of electricity in South Africa have increased enormously, thus, most institutions of higher education are seeking ways to manage their utility costs by reducing consumption rates. Hampering their initiatives, however, is the fact that South Africa in general, and buildings in particular, lag the world in knowledge and implementation of demand side management strategies. This case study outlines the efforts of a large metropolitan university in Gauteng to examine the implementation of energy efficiency within the context of the green or sustainable campus movement. The study comprises three core parts: analysis of electricity consumption data; identification of institutional barriers inhibiting implementation of energy efficiency projects, and, lastly establishing key role players responsible for effective implementation. The study found that seasonality and the campus academic calendar both have profound effects on energy consumption. High demand coincides with winter and a distinct correlation was found between peak consumption and core working hours. Consumption peaked at an average of 2 500 kWh during active ‘in-session’ periods. Less active, ‘out-of-session periods’ recorded an average peak of 2 250 kWh. The lowest average peak consumption of 2 100 kWh occurred during ‘recess’ periods. Similar patterns were evident for the maximum demand. It was evident that the university had a high base load (between 1 300 kWh and 1 650 kWh). This high base load could be attributed mainly to the heating and cooling system. To stimulate decision making towards improved options, an energy savings financial model was developed to provide a tool for calculating the return on investment period for energy efficiency projects. Interviews conducted with key role players (in the university’s operations, academic and management divisions) and a staff questionnaire were used to establish the main barriers to energy efficiency implementation: a) the absence of an energy policy; b) a general low level of awareness of institutional energy efficiency activities and (c) the shortage of dedicated, skilled staff to implement energy efficiency projects. The managerial, operational, and financial divisions are arguably the key role players in energy efficiency projects. Lastly, leadership commitment from the highest levels of the university is required. The novel contribution of this thesis is through combining technological and behavioural approaches to energy efficiency at a tertiary institution through a mixed method study design. Key recommendations are presented to stimulate energy efficiency implementation.

Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. / Electrical energy is an important resource for human and economic development. On the demand side, electrical energy management is needed because of the tendency of manufacturing industries to consume large amount of energy and as a result lead them to spend more money in paying bills for the consumed electrical energy. In addition, the amount of electrical energy generated in Sub-Saharan Africa is incomparable with demand requirements. The predominant sources of electrical energy generation are fossil fuels and hydro. Generation of electricity by fossil fuel needs high capital investments and high running costs. Concurrently, the process of burning fossil fuels has an adverse effect on the environment. In order to minimize these effects, electrical energy management in manufacturing industries has to be instituted and implemented. In this research, a study has been undertaken to develop methods and strategies to be used as tools for electrical energy management in manufacturing industries and it is aimed at reducing electrical energy consumption. The research method adopted/used includes: survey of several cement industries in order to obtain current and historical electrical energy consumption, production data and to be acquainted with the methods used for energy management, measurement of electrical parameters, investigation of the use of electrical power in cement industries, analysis of power factor and power factor correction methods, analysis of energy efficiency potentials and technology used for energy saving. From the data gathered, the following were developed: strategies for the overall electrical energy management for cement plant, strategies for energy efficiency potential and technology used for energy saving, an algorithm for assessing the potential options of DSM, an algorithm for performing industrial load scheduling, an industrial energy consumption model using regression analysis technique and a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for industrial power factor improvement. Also, a numerical analysis and computer simulation using MATLAB/Simulink were implemented. Moreover PSIM and Excel software were used in the developed energy consumption model and for the power factor improvement method. Numerical analysis and computer simulation showed that the developed STATCOM has the capability of improving and varying of power factor in accordance with the variation of plant loads, it improves power factor and reduces harmonics of the respective industries. Using the developed algorithm for assessing potentials of DSM options, it was found that, most of the energy management techniques used in manufacturing industries worldwide are not implemented in the visited industries. The developed methods and strategies can be used in improving power factor, prediction of electrical energy consumption and also for development of energy consumption benchmarking in cement industries. They can be also extended and used in mining and other manufacturing industries such as paper, textiles and this can create condition for sustainable energy management program in manufacturing industries.

Thesis (Dtech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. / Electrical energy is an important resource for human and economic development. On the demand side, electrical energy management is needed because of the tendency of manufacturing industries to consume large amount of energy and as a result lead them to spend more money in paying bills for the consumed electrical energy. In addition, the amount of electrical energy generated in Sub-Saharan Africa is incomparable with demand requirements. The predominant sources of electrical energy generation are fossil fuels and hydro. Generation of electricity by fossil fuel needs high capital investments and high running costs. Concurrently, the process of burning fossil fuels has an adverse effect on the environment. In order to minimize these effects, electrical energy management in manufacturing industries has to be instituted and implemented.

Orientador: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T12:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_HeriveltoTiagoMarcondesdos_M.pdf: 831089 bytes, checksum: 0c9db7d62f8e506686cc6b9059f1eb4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação dos investimentos feitos pelas empresas brasileiras de eletricidade em programas de P&D e em eficiência energética, segundo a imposição da lei federal 9.991/00. Conforme esta lei, as empresas de eletricidade são obrigadas a investirem nesses programas, no mínimo, 1% de suas receitas operacionais líquidas anuais. Com isso, essas empresas foram avaliadas segundo as suas participações no mercado de eletricidade sobre os investimentos em tipos de projetos (eficiência energética) ou tópicos tecnológicos (P&D). A avaliação foi feita usando um índice de concentração de mercado e, nesse caso, utilizou-se o índice Herfindahl ¿ Hirschman, como também por meio de estatísticas descritivas dos programas desenvolvidos. Como parte das conclusões observou-se que as empresas de eletricidade apresentaram alguns padrões de investimentos os quais podem ser utilizados como referência aos futuros programas de P&D e de eficiência energética / Abstract: This work presents one assessment of investments to carry out on research and technological development (R&D) and energy efficiency programs according to impose of federal act 9.991/00. It is to determine that the electricity utilities to invest 1% of annual utilities revenues on those programs. Thus electricity utilities were evaluated according to its market quota on the investments in project type (energy efficiency) or technological topic (R&D). The assessment was realized through of concentration market index and it was utilized the Herfindahl ¿ Hirschman index and the Descriptives Statistics of programs. As part of conclusions was to verify that electricity utilities is to present some investment standard that to be reference to the futures programs in R&D and energy efficiency / Mestrado / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Mariotoni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T15:15:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomazako_MarconeSusumo_D.pdf: 5293277 bytes, checksum: 54ecece1926586b33b8eb4664a564549 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho vem apresentar um panorama do sistema elétrico geralmente encontrado em construções comerciais de grande porte, com cerca de trinta anos de funcionamento, que operam de forma pouco eficiente para os parâmetros atuais, principalmente no seu sistema de ar condicionado central. Nessa construção (estudo), seu sistema de condicionamento ambiental representa um acréscimo na demanda energética de cerca de 60%, passando de 450.000 kWh/mês para 750.000 kWh/mês, e a troca desses equipamentos por mais modernos e eficientes, significaria grandes investimentos, tornando-se inviável no curto prazo. Com isso, elaborou-se um protótipo contendo dispositivos de automação, que podem ser incorporados ao sistema existente, sem grandes dificuldades, e minimizando os custos operacionais com o sistema. Esses dispositivos permitem um monitoramento mais eficiente, sem a necessidade desses investimentos, como a substituição de grandes equipamentos (compressores, chillers, etc.) que fazem parte do sistema de ar condicionado central. Esse protótipo permitiu demonstrar que com a aplicação desses dispositivos incorporados nesses sistemas, podem gerar uma economia de cerca de 20% no consumo de energia elétrica, que representa uma economia bastante significativa de 60.000 kWh/mês (neste caso) quando operado o sistema de ar condicionado, além de aliviar os recursos humanos disponibilizados para esse tipo de monitoramento / Abstract: This work comes to present a panorama of the electric system found usually in commercial constructions of great load, with about thirty years of operation, that operate in way a little efficient for the current parameters, mainly in her air conditioning system. In that construction (in study), her system of environmental conditioning represents an increment in the energy demand of about 60%, passing to the 450.000 kWh/month for 750.000 kWh/month, and the change of those equipments for more modern and efficient, it would mean great investments, becoming unviable in the short period. With that, a prototype was elaborated containing automation devices, that can be incorporate to the existent system, without great difficulties, and minimizing the operational costs with the system. Those devices allow a more efficient monitoring, without the need of those investments, as the substitution of great equipments (compressors, chillers, etc.) that they part of the system of air conditioned central. That prototype allowed to demonstrate that with the application of those incorporate devices in those systems, they can generate an economy of about 20% in the electric power consumption, that represents a quite significant economy of 60.000 kWh/month, (this case) when operated the system of conditioned air, besides relieving the human resources made available for that monitoring type / Doutorado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

M.Ing. (Engineering Management) / South African power demand has been increasing over the past years due to increase in energy consumption from industrial, commercial and residential sectors. In order to meet the growing power demand Eskom Holdings Limited SOC (Eskom) has implemented a number of initiatives such as the energy efficiency programme, power generating capacity increase and refurbishment of the operational coal fired power stations. Energy efficiency initiatives have been designed to encourage residential, commercial and industrial customers to use energy efficient technologies which consume less energy compare to conventional technologies. Power generating capacity increase programme includes construction of new base and peaking generating power plants (such as Medupi, Kusile and Ingula) and return to service of the old generating plants (such as Camden, Komati and Grootvlei). The refurbishment programme or coal refurbishment involves upgrading of operational coal fired power stations with the objective of extending their life expectancy, improve performance and to ensure compliance to latest safety standards...

O presente trabalho procura sistematizar o estudo sobre aproveitamento máximo da luz natural por meio do uso de um elemento da arquitetura passiva, a prateleira de luz (lightshelf), visando à redução do consumo de energia elétrica em iluminação artificial de salas de aula. Este tipo de elemento de proteção solar, colocado na parte superior da janela, favorece a distribuição e o controle da luz diurna e da luminância excessiva, proporcionando uma melhor percepção visual, quando houver quantidade e qualidade de luz suficiente. A partir do modelo reduzido de uma sala de aula pré-determinada do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Paraná, Unidade de Curitiba, foram testadas experimentalmente várias situações com as prateleiras de luz. A metodologia utilizada abrange as seguintes etapas: medições dos níveis de iluminamento com luxímetros digitais, em pontos pré-fixados no interior do modelo em escala reduzida da sala de aula; simulação das condições de exposição ao Sol, considerando diversos períodos do dia e épocas do ano por meio do uso de Relógio de Sol; análise de situações diversas do uso das prateleiras de luz; tabulação e análise dos resultados. Estas medições foram realizadas em três fases: (1) um pré-teste, com a finalidade de testar a maquete e o método proposto; (2) medições com as prateleiras de luz planas, cujos resultados foram comparados com algumas situações simuladas pelo computador, realizadas com a ajuda dos softwares ECOTECT e RADIANCE; (3) foram propostos novos tipos de prateleiras - côncava, convexa, côncava/convexa, e prateleiras planas com inclinação de 25°. As melhores configurações para estes novos tipos de prateleiras foram estudadas com o auxílio do software AUTOCAD 2002. Como resultado, observou-se que a prateleira de luz pode proporcionar iluminação natural mais uniforme, diminuindo o ofuscamento existente próximo às janelas, contribuindo para o melhoramento do balanço do brilho do espaço. Observou-se também que, com os tipos de prateleiras estudados no AUTOCAD 2002, houve um aumento da iluminação nos pontos mais distantes da janela. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se comprovar que o Sol pode ser usado como fonte de luz, desde que seja controlado por sistemas de iluminação natural bem projetados. / The purpose of the present dissertation is to organize systematically the study of adequate use of daylight by means of an element of passive architecture, the lightshelf, aiming at reducing electric energy consumption for artificial lighting in classrooms. This kind of solar shading element, placed at the upper part of a window, provides daylight control and its distribution, promoting a better visual perception, once there is sufficient daylight, qualitatively and quantitatively. Using a scale-model of a chosen classroom of the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Paraná, Curitiba, different situations were tested with a lightshelf. The used method comprehends following steps: illuminance measurements with digital luxmeters, in prefixed points inside the scale-model; simulation of solar exposition conditions, considering different periods of the day and of the year using sundials; analysis of different situations of lightshelves; data tabulation and analysis. These measurements were carried out in three phases: (1) a pre-test, aiming at testing the procedure; (2) measurements with horizontal lightshelves, comparing results with computer simulations with ECOTECT and RADIANCE; (3) innovative lightshelf types were proposed – concave, convex, concave/convex, and horizontal lightshelves with 25° tilt. Best configurations were studied graphically, with AUTOCAD 2002. As a result, it was noticed that the lightshelf might provide daylight more uniformly, reducing glare close to the window. Also, it was observed that with the innovative lightshelves, from the AUTOCAD study, there was even a daylight increase in the most distant points from the windows. According to the results, it can be proved that the direct sunlight may be used as a light source, once it is controlled by well-projected daylight systems.