Li-ion batteries (LIB) are used in many applications because of their high-power/energy density, long life cycling, and low self-discharge rate. The use of LIB continues to grow every day, and the necessity for proper safety standards grows as well. A key aspect for safe utilization of LIB is determining their safety and remaining useful life (RUL). Battery characteristics degrade over time under normal and extreme operating conditions and modeling the electrochemical processes can improve RUL estimations. Extreme operating conditions such as abnormal temperatures and charge/discharge rates are believed to exacerbate the rate of degradation. Li-ion batteries are also susceptible to mechanical damage, which may lead to an electrical short. In severe cases, mechanical damage causes a thermal run away, and possibly explosions or fires. In the event of a car accident, battery packs can be damage without an electrical short or immediate thermal run away. Currently, there is no reliable batt / Mechanical Engineering

In this study, we propose a multi-walled carbon nanotube epoxy composite sensor for force and pressure sensing in the range of 50 N–2 kN. A manufacturing procedure, including material preparation and deposition techniques, is proposed. The electrode dimensions and the layer thickness were optimized by the finite element method. Temperature compensation is realized by four nanocomposites elements, where only two elements are exposed to the measurand. In order to investigate the influence of the filler contents, samples with different compositions were prepared and investigated. Additionally, the specimens are characterized by cyclical and stepped force/pressure loads or at defined temperatures. The results show that the choice of the filler content should meet a compromise between sensitivity, temperature influence and noise behavior. At constant temperature, a force of at least 50N can be resolved. The measurement error due to the temperature influence is 150N in a temperature range of –20°C–50°C.

In this study, we propose a multi-walled carbon nanotube epoxy composite sensor for force and pressure sensing in the range of 50 N–2 kN. A manufacturing procedure, including material preparation and deposition techniques, is proposed. The electrode dimensions and the layer thickness were optimized by the finite element method. Temperature compensation is realized by four nanocomposites elements, where only two elements are exposed to the measurand. In order to investigate the influence of the filler contents, samples with different compositions were prepared and investigated. Additionally, the specimens are characterized by cyclical and stepped force/pressure loads or at defined temperatures. The results show that the choice of the filler content should meet a compromise between sensitivity, temperature influence and noise behavior. At constant temperature, a force of at least 50N can be resolved. The measurement error due to the temperature influence is 150N in a temperature range of –20°C–50°C.