The society is striving to tackle the over-extraction of Earth’s resources due to the ongoing population rise. The increased needs of energy and material resources leads to a growing volume of materials waste, which include a variety of dangerous pollutants among them. Waste of electrical and electronic equipment poses a universal problem due to its vast quantities, responsible for environmental pollution and numerous diseases to humans and animals. The high demand in electrical and electronic equipment along with its short-life time due to its obsolescence, leads to the expansion of WEEE waste stream. Energy and material recovery from WEEE can minimize significantly the over extraction of precious metals and minerals along with fuels towards a more sustainable future. Currently, there are several ways to treat WEEE and recover material fractions along with energy, such as incineration and landfilling. Thermochemical treatment of WEEE offers the possibility to convert waste into energy and material simultaneously, in an environmentally friendlier way, resulting in a more sustainable waste management. In this research, pyrolysis is examined as a method for energy and material recovery from WEEE. Brominated plastics along with Polyethylene plastic mixtures have been acquired from Stena and Boliden AB separation processes respectively. Both materials are subjected to pyrolysis in a fixed bed and an auger reactor. The pyrolysis products show their strong relation to the pyrolysis temperature, the type of the reactor and the initial composition of the feedstock material. The carried-out experiments depict the upward trend of the gaseous products in favor of the oils as the pyrolysis temperature increase. The amount of solid residue remained almost at the same levels throughout the temperature range, meaning that no higher temperatures are needed in order to achieve higher decomposition rates of the tested material. Unreacted carbon and inorganic compounds end up in the solid residue that could be used as fuel in a combustion process. The metal fraction can be separated and recycled, as it possesses commercial value. Main oil compounds listed were, styrene, toluene, ethylbenzene, alpha methylstyrene benzene, phenol. Compounds such as benzene, indene and p-xylene were produced as the organic compounds were further decomposed during the experiments at the highest temperatures. Chlorine and bromine content must be separated in order to be a formidable fuel. The amount of combustible gases was increasing and their energy potential with the temperature rise. The gaseous fraction consists mainly of: H2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8. Both the gaseous and oil compounds can be used as fuels in a combustion process. The amount of halogens was measured at low levels within the product range, though their separation is important. Pyrolysis of WEEE is a promising method for energy and material recovery that can boost the sustainability of our society. / Samhället strävar efter att ta itu med överutvinningen av jordens resurser på grund av den pågåendebefolkningsökningen. De ökade behoven hos energi och materiella resurser leder till en ökandemängd materialavfall, vilket inkluderar en mängd farliga föroreningar bland dem. Avfall av elektriskoch elektronisk utrustning utgör ett universellt problem på grund av sin stora mängd, ansvarig förmiljöföroreningar och många sjukdomar hos människor och djur. Den stora efterfrågan på elektriskoch elektronisk utrustning tillsammans med den korta livslängden på grund av dess föryngring ledertill utvidgningen av WEEE-avfallsströmmen. Energi och materialåtervinning från WEEE kanbetydligt minska över-extraktion av ädelmetaller och mineraler tillsammans med bränslen mot en merhållbar framtid. För närvarande finns det flera sätt att behandla WEEE och återvinna materialfraktioner tillsammansmed energi, såsom förbränning och deponering. Termokemisk behandling av WEEE erbjudermöjlighet att omvandla avfall till energi och material samtidigt, på ett miljövänligare sätt, vilketresulterar i en mer hållbar avfallshantering.I denna forskning undersöks pyrolys som en metod för energi och materialåtervinning från WEEE.Bromerad plast tillsammans med polyetylenplastblandningar har förvärvats från Stena och BolidenAB separationsprocesser. Båda materialen utsätts för pyrolys i en fast bädd och en skruvreaktor.Pyrolysprodukterna visar deras starka förhållande till pyrolys-temperaturen, reaktortypen och denursprungliga sammansättningen av råmaterialet. De utförda experimenten visar den uppåtgåendetrenden hos de gasformiga produkterna till förmån för oljorna som pyrolystemperaturökningen.Mängden fast substans förblev nästan vid samma nivåer genom temperaturintervallet, vilket innebäratt inga högre temperaturer behövs för att uppnå högre sönderdelningshastigheter för det testadematerialet. Oreagerat kol och oorganiska föreningar hamnar i den fasta återstoden som kan användassom bränsle vid förbränningsprocessen. Metallfraktionen kan separeras och återvinnas, eftersom denhar kommersiellt värde. De angivna huvudolja-föreningarna var styren, toluen, etylbensen, alfa-metylstyrenbensen, fenol.Föreningar såsom bensen, inden och p-xylen framställdes när de organiska föreningarnasönderdelades vidare under försöken vid de högsta temperaturerna. Klor och brominnehåll måstesepareras för att vara ett formidabelt bränsle.Mängden brännbara gaser ökade och deras energipotential med temperaturökningen. Den gasformigafraktionen består huvudsakligen av: H2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8. Bådegasformiga och oljeföreningar kan användas som bränslen i en förbränningsprocess. Mängdenhalogener mättes vid låga halter inom produktsortimentet, fastän deras separation är viktig.Pyrolys av WEEE är en lovande metod för energi och materialåtervinning som kan öka vårt samhälleshållbarhet.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-27T14:26:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaSSAC_DISSERT.pdf: 1958050 bytes, checksum: 5fa8dfd01d1e0c3d9328eaedaea71cd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T14:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaSSAC_DISSERT.pdf: 1958050 bytes, checksum: 5fa8dfd01d1e0c3d9328eaedaea71cd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research examines together with students from the state public school Lauro Rebouças de Oliveira de Limoeiro do Norte-Ce, the changes in the coordinations of actions in an environmental education experience focused on the disposal and treatment of electronic and electronic garbage in school. Electrical and electronic waste grows disorderly every day as a consequence of the changes in our society, when the relations human being - technical object happen amid the integration of increasingly powerful digital technologies in the various daily actions. It is a particularly dangerous, toxic waste and therefore harmful to the environment and human health, so it is crucial to focus the research intervention on environmental education in the e-waste issue, because it involves the relationship man-nature that is Essential for the well-being of all humanity. (SOUSA, 2009) This differentiated look that we are launching for this reality makes us perceive the world as an integrated whole, where the subjects recognize themselves as part of the environment. The theoretical support network of research is supported by the studies of Tundisi (1997) and Carvalho (1991), constructions on the problem of garbage and environmental education; And Simondon (1989), philosopher and physicist, a classic that helps us to situate the relation between the processes of human, technical and physical individuation in the configuration of the set we call society. The main objective of the research is to analyze the coordinations of the actions of students of a public high school about an experience of gathering the electroelectronic and to deepen the study on the destination of this garbage in the municipality of Limoeiro do Norte.The methodology chosen for development is the intervention research of a qualitative nature and we will use the Jean Paul Thibaud (2004) commented path method to distinguish and evaluate the actions and transformations carried out by the collective of students engaged in the research during the course. This methodology Allows to analyze the environment through the observation and recurrences and / or differences identified in excerpts from the workshops and the transcripts of comments of the course, referring to the direct experience of the students in the moments in which they dedicate themselves to the project in progress in the school of collection and forwarding of the trash Electro-electronic. As a result of the research, we were able to distinguish changes in the ways of perceiving the problem of electro-electronic waste in the students' experience, knowledge and knowledge that can contribute with advances in the experience of Environmental Education focused on contemporary problems, produce changes in actions directed to the treatment of electronic and electronic waste The students' experience in school and the strengthening of public policies aimed at the treatment of electronic waste, based on the experience of a group of students from a secondary school in Limoeiro do Norte / Essa pesquisa examina juntamente com estudantes da escola pública estadual Lauro Rebouças de Oliveira de Limoeiro do Norte-Ce, as mudanças nas coordenações de ações em uma experiência de educação ambiental focada no descarte e tratamento do lixo eletroeletrônico na escola. O lixo eletroeletrônico cresce desordenadamente a cada dia como consequência das mudanças em nossa sociedade, quando as relações ser humano – objeto técnico acontecem em meio à integração de tecnologias digitais cada vez mais potentes nas diversas ações cotidianas. Trata-se de um lixo especialmente perigoso, tóxico e, portanto, nocivo ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana, por isso é crucial focarmos a pesquisa intervenção em educação ambiental na questão do e-lixo, porque envolve a relação homem-natureza que é essencial para o bem-estar de toda humanidade. (SOUSA, 2009). Esse olhar diferenciado que ora lançamos para essa realidade nos faz perceber o mundo como um todo integrado, onde os sujeitos reconhecem-se como parte do meio ambiente. A rede teórica de sustentação da pesquisa encontra apoio nos estudos de Tundisi (1997) e Carvalho (1991), construções sobre a problemática do lixo e da educação ambiental; e Simondon (1989), filósofo e físico, um clássico que nos ajuda a situar como acontece a relação entre os processos de individuação humana, técnica e física na configuração do conjunto que designamos como sociedade. O objetivo central da pesquisa é analisar as coordenações de ações de estudantes de uma escola pública de ensino médio sobre uma experiência de recolhimento do eletroeletrônico e aprofundamento do estudo sobre a destinação desse lixo no município de Limoeiro do Norte. A metodologia escolhida para o desenvolvimento é a pesquisa-intervenção de natureza qualitativa e empregaremos o método do percurso comentado Jean Paul Thibaud (2004) para distinguir e avaliar as ações e transformações realizadas pelo coletivo dos estudantes engajados na pesquisa no decorrer do percurso. Esta metodologia permite analisar o ambiente através da observação e recorrências e/ou diferenças identificadas em excertos das oficinas e as transcrições de comentários do percurso, referidos à experiência direta dos estudantes nos momentos em que se dedicam ao projeto em andamento na escola de coleta e encaminhamento do lixo eletroeletrônico. Como resultado da pesquisa, pudemos distinguir mudanças nos modos de perceber a problemática do lixo eletroeletrônico na experiência dos estudantes, saberes e conhecimentos que podem contribuir com avanços na experiência da Educação Ambiental voltada a problemas contemporâneos, produzir mudanças nas ações dirigidas ao tratamento do lixo eletroeletrônico na experiência dos estudantes na escola e, ainda, no fortalecimento de políticas públicas direcionadas ao tratamento de resíduos eletrônicos, a partir da experiência de um grupo de estudantes de uma escola de ensino médio de Limoeiro do Norte / 2017-07-27

This thesis is focused on the analysis of the global lighting market and the assessment of the current position of the Czech Republic in this market. The first part is devoted to the theoretical introduction in the field of lighting technology. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the relation between lighting market and energy sector, especially with regard to energy efficiency policy. The market analysis is concentrated primarily on general lighting, which forms the largest and the most important lighting market segment. The development of the Czech lighting market is then discussed in the context of the global as well as the European market. Additionally, the thesis includes analysis of current trends in lighting technology and research conducted among manufacturers of lighting.

aaaaaRare earth elements (Sc, Y and group 15 lanthanides) and their compounds currently have significant practical use in metallurgy, glass industry, as highly active catalysts for the production of so-called. NiMH batteries, alloys for the manufacture of permanent magnets and e.g. moderators rods in the nuclear energy, but above all they have an irreplaceable role in modern electronics for phosphors TV screens, CRT earlier today, PDP and LCD monitors and displays, tablets, mobile phones etc., which give them a high-quality picture and sound. Unlike most base and precious metals are concentrated in the conquerable ore deposits, occur in the form of compounds as part of mixed minerals in the rarely economically exploitable concentrations, a mining and processing is costly and negative impacts on the environment, paradoxically towards the title but their overall content in the crust is relatively high, the average concentration in the range of about 150 to 220 ppm. The main world producer of REE, China, in 2010, significantly reduced exports by 40 %, making prices of some REE increased up to 1500 % during the month. Demand for REE is growing, so often talks about the recycling of valuable materials back into production, as called. "Urban mining", ie "urban mining", thereby reducing the amount of...