A utilização de um modelo computacional para simular o consumo energético de edificações para diferentes fins tornou-se prática comum. Entretanto, para que suas finalidades sejam válidas para prédios em fase de operação é necessário que a simulação passe por uma fase denominada calibração, ou seja, ajuste de seus parâmetros de entrada para verificar que seu resultado esteja coerente com a realidade. Dado esta necessidade, este trabalho tem como objetivo a calibração da energia elétrica simulada por um modelo EnergyPlus do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP). Na busca por este objetivo, faz-se a revisão do estado da arte sobre metodologias de calibração baseadas em evidência, ou seja, no qual os ajustes nos parâmetros de entradas baseiam-se em informações coletadas acerca do edifício real. Pela comparação destas metodologias, selecionou-se aquela proposta por Raftery, Keane e O donnell (2011) cuja aplicação mostrou-se mais generalizada para diferentes tipologias de edifícios. As medições disponíveis do HU-USP contra o qual as simulações foram confrontadas foram: consumo de prédio, consumo de uma das duas centrais de água gelada do prédio e medição de 16 equipamentos modulares do tipo split. Os indicadores estatísticos resultantes da comparação destas medições revelaram que, ao final do processo de calibração, apenas o consumo do prédio pôde ser considerado calibrado. A partir da simulação calibrada foram avaliadas quatro alternativas de eficiência energética, duas no sistema de iluminação e duas no sistema de climatização. As experiências acumuladas na calibração da simulação do HU-USP e a identificação de melhores práticas na literatura permitiram, ao final, a elaboração de uma nova metodologia que engloba a abordagem de um prédio com as características de edificações públicas brasileiras. / The use of a computational model for simulation of the energy consumption of buildings for different goals has become common practice. However, in order to use it to simulate operating buildings, it is necessary that the simulation undergoes a process called calibration. This means adjusting simulation input to certify that its output consistently represents the reality. This work objective is to calibrate the electric energy simulated by an energy model of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo (HU-USP). The state of the art is reviewed in search of evidence-based calibration methodologies. This type of methodologies uses data collected from the real building to change the simulation input. It was selected the methodology proposed by Raftery, Keane and O donnell (2011) which was evaluated as the most generalized approach between the methodologies reviewed. The available measurements of HU-USP against which the simulations were confronted were: building electricity consumption, one (of the two) chilled water plant electricity consumption and the electricity measurement of 16 split type air conditioner. The statistical indicators resulted in comparisons of the measurements revealed, at the end of the calibration process, that only the consumption of the building could be considered calibrated. From the calibrated calibration, four energy efficiency alternatives were simulated, two concerning the lighting system and two concerning the air conditioning system. From the experience accumulated through the calibration of HU-USP electric energy consumption simulation and the identification of the best practices in the literature, it was elaborated a new methodology that includes an approach that deal with brazilian public buildings features.

<p>As the world population continues to grow, it will be challenging to manage resources, reduce environmental pollution and maintain growing demand for food production. Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is a novel solution to reduce freshwater use in agriculture, minimize environmental pollution from agriculture sector, and meet the growing food demand. CEA allows for the year-round cultivation in inhospitable climatic conditions. Hydroponics is a common method of growing crops in CEA, where plants grow in a solution enriched with nutrients and oxygen. The technique significantly reduces water use and fertilizer run-off during production. In the United States, lettuce is one of the most important crops grown using hydroponics.</p> <p> Hydroponic production uses several methods to grow lettuce including nutrient film technique (NFT) and constant flood table (CFT). Moreover, several cultivars of lettuce are grown in the Midwest. There is a lack of knowledge on whether optimal fertilizer concentrations change depending on the cultivar or hydroponic production system. Little information is known about the suitability of a cultivar to a specific method of hydroponic production. For year-round lettuce production in hydroponics, supplemental lighting (SL) and heating are required in the Midwestern regions of the U.S. The energy requirements for SL and heating can be too costly in winter for some growers to produce crop year-round. In addition to light quantity, spectral composition of light can impact growth. Heating the root zone to produce a micro-climate may be more efficient than heating the entire greenhouse and possibly reduce overall heating costs. However, information on spectral composition of light and the efficacy of root zone heating is unclear, at best. Certain cultivars that can tolerate cold stress can be more suitable in the U.S. Midwest during winter. Lettuce cultivar screening for yield under cooler environments is limited. </p> <p> A completely customizable hydroponic production system that can aid in conducting research related to above-mentioned issues was built as a part of my Master of Science program. Using this system, 24 popular cultivars from four lettuce groups were evaluated for productivity during summer/fall under different concentrations of fertilizer solution, and in two production methods including NFT and CFT during spring. In addition, yield of all 24 cultivars were evaluated under 10, 15.5 and 21.1 °C in a growth chamber. The eight best performing cultivars from the summer/fall trial were evaluated during the winter in a greenhouse with the addition of SL and root zone heating with minimal ambient air heating. </p> <p> Results indicated that the lowest level of electrical conductivity (EC) of the fertilizer solution used (1.3 dS·m^-1) resulted in highest yield, regardless of cultivar or method of production. Among the 24 cultivars; Red Sails (Leaf), Salvius (Romaine), Cedar (Oakleaf), and Adriana (Butterhead) had the highest yields among each group during summer. Growth chamber study indicated that Dragoon, Adriana, New Fire Red and Red Sails cultivars had higher yields than other cultivars under cooler (10 and 15.5 °C) air temperature conditions. In the winter study, lettuce cultivars did not reach harvestable size even after 40 days of growth without SL and root zone heating. Supplemental light composition significantly affected lettuce growth with higher yield under Purple (with higher proportion of red) than White LED lighting. Commercially acceptable lettuce could be produced using root zone heating. In general, plants grown under CFT yielded higher than those grown under NFT in the winter trial. Among the cultivars, Salvius, Black Seeded Simpson, Cedar, and Red Sails performed better under SL and root zone heating during winter.</p>