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The Power Electronics Research group at Aberdeen University is working towards providing a complete time domain model of an electrical drive for marine applications. Effects such as vibration, shaft and propeller induced oscillations and noise in ships due to the use of cycloconverters will be studied in this way. This thesis therefore reports the investigation of machine vibrations resulting from electromagnetic forces. The machines of primary interest are ac induction machines, but much of the work reported in this thesis has broader significance. To assess the vibration problems of propulsion motors, the exciting force and the vibration behaviour of the motor must be modelled. The investigation has therefore been carried out in five principal areas. The development and use of a new time domain magnetic force model. The development of a method to calculate machine stator natural frequencies. A laboratory investigation of system parameters of both a stator and also an entire motor, which draws important conclusions not previously reported. A machine vibration prediction method based on analysis of interactions between the magnetic forces and the motor system parameters. Vibration measurements on a machine to provide data for correlation with predicted results. The Saber simulator has been used throughout to develop the force calculation model. The force model is used to calculate the time and space dependent magnetic force wave, in particular, when the motor is loaded and fed from a nonsinusoidal converter, which makes this model particularly useful for machine vibration calculations. The computer model can be readily used with previously developed cycloconverter models to achieve a complete cycloconverter propulsion simulation.

No description available.

A functioning prototype test motor with Hall-sensor feedback has been built, and the test results show that the motor performance in terms of speed ripple is well within the specified demands. The temperature demands however, have not been fully met. The minimum operating temperature of the sensor was specified to -55◦C by Saab, and the sensors found on the market has a minimum operating temperature of -40◦C. There was also an operation error, the reason of which could either be failure of the drive unit to deliver enough current, or the stator magnetic field strength being too strong for the sensors to reliably detect the rotor magnets when a sufficiently strong current is run through the stator windings. For the purpose of investigating this error it is proposed to conduct tests with a drive unit that can deliver currents over 5 A. / SWE Demo

A crescente utilização de técnicas de manutenção preditiva pela indústria exige cada vez mais o aprimoramento dos procedimentos capazes de fornecer informações sobre o estado de um equipamento. Torna-se imperativo, desta forma, não apenas saber quando um equipamento ou componente mecânico irá falhar, mas também, entender o comportamento deste, diante de diferentes regimes de operação. Dentre os procedimentos de análise preditiva existentes para máquinas rotativas, a análise de vibração é um dos mais utilizados e está presente em grande parte das principais indústrias do país. Muito importante na detecção de vazamentos em tubulações industriais, o técnica de detecção de ruído ultrassônico é, entretanto, ainda pouco explorada para avaliação de falhas em componentes mecânicos. Utilizou-se uma metodologia experimental que permitiu avaliar dois motores elétricos por seis horas ininterruptas. Durante este período, variou-se a quantidade de graxa lubrificante aplicada nos respectivos mancais de rolamento e adquiriram-se respostas a estas variações com acelerômetros vibracionais, sensores de ruído ultrassônico e com um pirômetro ótico. Os resultados mostraram que não existe uma correlação entre as técnicas de análise de vibração e detecção de ruído ultrassônico para os motores testados no experimento. Além disso, foi possível definir quais eram as quantidades ótimas de graxa lubrificante para cada mancal de rolamento. Pôde-se concluir que a técnica de detecção de ruído ultrassônico se mostrou robusta na definição destas quantidades e também na determinação dos intervalos de relubrificação para cada rolamento. / The crescent utilization by Brazilian industry of predictive maintenance techniques demands, from predictive procedures, more capability for supplying information on the state of equipment. It becomes extremely important not just to know when a machine is going to fail, but also, to understand how it will be, considering several different conditions. Among the existent analysis procedures for rotating machines, the vibration analysis is the most usual, being nowadays, largely used in national industries. Very important for detecting leakage problems on industrial piping, the ultrasound analysis is still not applied to check mechanical components. It was used an experimental methodology which allowed to analyze two electrical motors for six hours. During this period, the quantity of grease applied on the rolling bearings was changed and new responses were acquired using vibration accelerometers, ultrasound sensors and a optical pyrometer. The results showed that there is not a correlation between vibration analysis and ultrasound detection technique for those electrical motors. Furthermore, it was possible to define the ideal quantities of grease for each rolling bearing. It was concluded that the ultrasound detection technique is robust for the definition of these quantities and also in determining the lubrication intervals for them.

A crescente utilização de técnicas de manutenção preditiva pela indústria exige cada vez mais o aprimoramento dos procedimentos capazes de fornecer informações sobre o estado de um equipamento. Torna-se imperativo, desta forma, não apenas saber quando um equipamento ou componente mecânico irá falhar, mas também, entender o comportamento deste, diante de diferentes regimes de operação. Dentre os procedimentos de análise preditiva existentes para máquinas rotativas, a análise de vibração é um dos mais utilizados e está presente em grande parte das principais indústrias do país. Muito importante na detecção de vazamentos em tubulações industriais, o técnica de detecção de ruído ultrassônico é, entretanto, ainda pouco explorada para avaliação de falhas em componentes mecânicos. Utilizou-se uma metodologia experimental que permitiu avaliar dois motores elétricos por seis horas ininterruptas. Durante este período, variou-se a quantidade de graxa lubrificante aplicada nos respectivos mancais de rolamento e adquiriram-se respostas a estas variações com acelerômetros vibracionais, sensores de ruído ultrassônico e com um pirômetro ótico. Os resultados mostraram que não existe uma correlação entre as técnicas de análise de vibração e detecção de ruído ultrassônico para os motores testados no experimento. Além disso, foi possível definir quais eram as quantidades ótimas de graxa lubrificante para cada mancal de rolamento. Pôde-se concluir que a técnica de detecção de ruído ultrassônico se mostrou robusta na definição destas quantidades e também na determinação dos intervalos de relubrificação para cada rolamento. / The crescent utilization by Brazilian industry of predictive maintenance techniques demands, from predictive procedures, more capability for supplying information on the state of equipment. It becomes extremely important not just to know when a machine is going to fail, but also, to understand how it will be, considering several different conditions. Among the existent analysis procedures for rotating machines, the vibration analysis is the most usual, being nowadays, largely used in national industries. Very important for detecting leakage problems on industrial piping, the ultrasound analysis is still not applied to check mechanical components. It was used an experimental methodology which allowed to analyze two electrical motors for six hours. During this period, the quantity of grease applied on the rolling bearings was changed and new responses were acquired using vibration accelerometers, ultrasound sensors and a optical pyrometer. The results showed that there is not a correlation between vibration analysis and ultrasound detection technique for those electrical motors. Furthermore, it was possible to define the ideal quantities of grease for each rolling bearing. It was concluded that the ultrasound detection technique is robust for the definition of these quantities and also in determining the lubrication intervals for them.

A crescente utilização de técnicas de manutenção preditiva pela indústria exige cada vez mais o aprimoramento dos procedimentos capazes de fornecer informações sobre o estado de um equipamento. Torna-se imperativo, desta forma, não apenas saber quando um equipamento ou componente mecânico irá falhar, mas também, entender o comportamento deste, diante de diferentes regimes de operação. Dentre os procedimentos de análise preditiva existentes para máquinas rotativas, a análise de vibração é um dos mais utilizados e está presente em grande parte das principais indústrias do país. Muito importante na detecção de vazamentos em tubulações industriais, o técnica de detecção de ruído ultrassônico é, entretanto, ainda pouco explorada para avaliação de falhas em componentes mecânicos. Utilizou-se uma metodologia experimental que permitiu avaliar dois motores elétricos por seis horas ininterruptas. Durante este período, variou-se a quantidade de graxa lubrificante aplicada nos respectivos mancais de rolamento e adquiriram-se respostas a estas variações com acelerômetros vibracionais, sensores de ruído ultrassônico e com um pirômetro ótico. Os resultados mostraram que não existe uma correlação entre as técnicas de análise de vibração e detecção de ruído ultrassônico para os motores testados no experimento. Além disso, foi possível definir quais eram as quantidades ótimas de graxa lubrificante para cada mancal de rolamento. Pôde-se concluir que a técnica de detecção de ruído ultrassônico se mostrou robusta na definição destas quantidades e também na determinação dos intervalos de relubrificação para cada rolamento. / The crescent utilization by Brazilian industry of predictive maintenance techniques demands, from predictive procedures, more capability for supplying information on the state of equipment. It becomes extremely important not just to know when a machine is going to fail, but also, to understand how it will be, considering several different conditions. Among the existent analysis procedures for rotating machines, the vibration analysis is the most usual, being nowadays, largely used in national industries. Very important for detecting leakage problems on industrial piping, the ultrasound analysis is still not applied to check mechanical components. It was used an experimental methodology which allowed to analyze two electrical motors for six hours. During this period, the quantity of grease applied on the rolling bearings was changed and new responses were acquired using vibration accelerometers, ultrasound sensors and a optical pyrometer. The results showed that there is not a correlation between vibration analysis and ultrasound detection technique for those electrical motors. Furthermore, it was possible to define the ideal quantities of grease for each rolling bearing. It was concluded that the ultrasound detection technique is robust for the definition of these quantities and also in determining the lubrication intervals for them.

Due to the goals made by the European Union as well as the country of Sweden regarding the desired decrease of the ongoing greenhouse gas emissions, electrical alternatives have increased enormously in the industry and the automotive areas in recent years. By going from petrol-powered vehicles to electrical vehicles, the transport sector has the potential to produce zero direct emissions. To be able to develop electrical vehicles with the highest efficiency possible, it is of great importance to understand what losses occurs in the vehicle. By lowering these losses, we create a vehicle which both become cheaper and better for the climate. The aim of his thesis is to study the performance of the motors with different combinations of angular velocity and torque, analyse what losses occur with the combinations and also how the result is affected by the resolution of the drive cycles. Produced drive cycles, with a purpose to represent the velocity and acceleration of a vehicle in a realistic way, was used during the study to obtain a drive pattern. MATLAB was used during the whole thesis for analysis, simulation and plotting. Firstly, a method to obtain the probability of certain combinations of torques and angular velocities for a specific drive cycle was created. With this probability, a method to be able to adjust and choose the resolution of the torques and angular velocities was created. It was later concluded that these two methods functioned as desired. With the obtained combinations, the mechanical power as well as the most common losses in the electrical motor could be calculated. With this, an efficiency could be calculated and analysed. The energy demand of the different combinations was also obtained. One conclusion that could be made with this thesis was that the average efficiency did not depend on the resolution of the torque and angular velocity much at all. With a resolution going from 0.5 Nm to 20 Nm, the average efficiency only changed by below 0.3 percent units. At the end of the thesis, a continued work is proposed to implement different magnetic properties that are not accounted for in this thesis. Another suggestion made is to include scenarios where the battery is charged when a negative torque is applied to the motor shaft.

Avec l’avènement des nouvelles générations d’avions civils et militaires, la démarche d’électrification des fonctions de commande de vol est aujourd’hui pleinement engagée, depuis les interfaces homme-machine jusqu’aux actionneurs de puissance. En vue de s’affranchir définitivement des inconvénients propres à l’utilisation de l’énergie hydraulique, l’utilisation d’actionneurs purement électromécaniques (EMA) constitue en toute logique une étape clef des évolutions technologiques à venir. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif de développer l'une des briques technologiques majeures du système d’actionnement - le moteur électrique - pour pouvoir effectuer demain le saut technologique vers l'avion plus électrique, qui est l'électrification complète des systèmes d'actionnement des commandes de vol. Une première partie permet de se familiariser avec le domaine des actionneurs électromécaniques destinés aux applications aéronautiques et plus particulièrement aux commandes de vols. Après avoir rappelé le rôle et les évolutions qu’ont connues les commandes de vol durant la dernière décennie, les technologies hydrauliques et électriques usuelles sont présentées. L’environnement sévère associé au domaine aéronautique implique des contraintes de sûreté de fonctionnement qui sont alors définies plus précisément au niveau des systèmes électromécaniques. Une analyse des défauts électriques susceptibles de se produire au sein des actionneurs électromagnétiques est dans un dernier temps effectuée. Une seconde partie se focalise sur la définition de critères de dimensionnement des actionneurs électromagnétiques qui lui permettent de supporter les défauts électriques précédemment mis en avant. Profitant de l’émergence de matériaux magnétiques composites qui facilitent la définition de pièces magnétiques compressées à structure géométrique complexe, un concept d’actionneur à aimants permanents et stator modulaire est défini et baptisé Aximag. Une troisième partie se concentre sur la réalisation d’un démonstrateur qui réponde à un cahier des charges du type commande de vol. Une étude analytique est réalisée dans le but d’observer les axes de dimensionnement et les possibilités de la machine Aximag. Enfin dans une quatrième et dernière partie sont présentés et analysés les simulations numériques ainsi que les essais de caractérisation des démonstrateurs. Au travers du couple statique, du couple dynamique et aussi de paramètres électriques comme les inductances propres et mutuelles, les démonstrateurs sont étudiés. Une analyse critique de la technologie proposée ainsi que les perspectives d’évolution viennent alors conclure l’ensemble des travaux réalisés. / With the rise up of new civil and military aircraft generations, an electrification process concerning the flight control systems, from the human machine interface to the actuation power, has been engaged. In order to finally suppress faults linked to the hydraulic power use, the development of full electromechanical actuators (EMA) is a critical step concerning next technological evolutions. The purpose of this research project is the development of a major technological element of actuation systems, the electrical motor, in order to enable tomorrow, the technological gap leading to a more electrical aircraft, that is to say the complete electrification of flight control actuation systems. A first part presents generals concerning the electromechanical actuators dedicated to aircraft applications and especially to flying control systems. Once the aim and evolutions that flight control systems have known during the last decade has been reminded, the hydraulic and electric technologies are presented. The drastic environment combined to aircraft field leads to safety and security requirements that are more precisely defined around electromechanical systems. A last step analises electrical faults that can occur within electromagnetic actuators. A second part focuses on the definition of sizing criteria that will enable the actuator to support the previous electrical faults pointed out. With the mergence of magnetic composite materials that make easier the definition of sintered magnetic pieces with complex geometry, a permanent magnet actuator with modular stator has been defined and named Aximag. A third part deals with the realisation of demonstrators that answer specifications associated to a flight control actuation systems. The different parts of the fabrication process are presented. An analytical study is leaded in order to point out the axes for the design and the possibilities of the machine Aximag. Finally, in a fourth and last part numerical analysis and characterisation tests of demonstrators are presented and analysed. Through the static torque, the dynamic torque and electrical parameters like self inductance and mutual inductance, demonstrators are studied. A critical analysis of the proposed technology and the perspectives come to conclude this work.

This thesis project will evaluate which kind of electrical motor is best suited for aircraft propulsion and which parameters effect the efficiency. An economic analysis was conducted, comparing the fuel price (Jet A1) for a gas turbine and the electricity price for an electric motor of 1MW. The study was conducted by using analytical methods in MATLAB. Excel was used to compile and present the data. The data used in this thesis project were assumed with regards to similar studies or pre-determined values. The main losses for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) were calculated to achieve a deeper understanding of the most important parameters and how these parameters need to improve to allow for future electric propulsion systems. The crucial parameters for the losses were concluded to be the temperature, voltage level, electrical frequency, magnetic flux density, size of the rotor and rotational speed. The three main losses of a PMSM was illustrated through the analytical equations used in MATLAB. The calculations present how the ohmic losses depend on the temperature (0-230°C) at different voltages (700V and 1000V), how the core losses depend on frequency (0-1000Hz) at different magnetic flux densities and how the windage losses depend on rotational speed (7000-10000 rpm). It could be concluded that at 8500 rpm an efficiency of 91,26% could be achieved at 700V, 1.5T and 90.4% at 1000V, 1.65T. The decrease in efficiency is a result of the increase in magnetic flux density. When looking at the economic viability of electrical integration the power to weight ratio and energy price was compared for the gas turbine and electrical motor including an inverter and battery. This resulted in a conclusion that a pure electrical system may not compete with a gas turbine in 30 years of time due to the low energy density of the battery. It was also concluded that the emissions during cruise could be lowered significantly. If the batteries were charged in Sweden the emissions would decrease from ~937 kg CO2 to ~31 kg CO2. If the batteries were charged in the Nordic region the emissions would decrease to ~119kg CO2. However, if the batteries were to be charged in the US the carbon dioxide emission would be ~1084 kg CO2, which is an increase in CO2 emission compared to the gas turbine.