No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Commerce Faculty, 2000 / This study traces the history of the programmes to electrify white-owned commercial farms on South Africa's borders and black households, schools and clinics in the period 1980-1995 by Eskom, South Africa's public electric utility. In particular the study investigates why Eskom undertook these programmes and their macro- and micro-economic impact on the South African economy. The history of Eskom's attempt to assume responsibility for the management of Greater Soweto' s electricity supply in the late eighties is also documented. Greater Soweto is South Africa's largest and most important black township, and is situated to the south-west of Johannesburg. The reasons for this initiative and its connection to Eskom's black household electrification programmes is exposed. The methodological approach to the study involves analysing political, economic and institutional intelligence concerning Eskom's electrification programmes gathered from primary and secondary literature sources and interviews with senior Eskom staff, and others, in qualitative, and, where appropriate, quantitative terms. The results of this analysis suggest that politics played a crucial role in Eskom's decision to undertake these electrification programmes and that Eskom was an autonomous entity and lacked adequate regulatory oversight. With respect to the macro- and micro-economic benefits (GDP growth and job creation) arising from the progranune to electrify black households between 1990 and 1995 these are shown to be very much smaller than those claimed by Eskom. The reasons for this difference are explored and explained in detail. It was also found that large scale cross-subsidisation was required to sustain both the farm and black household electrification programmes. These findings required that matters of energy policy with respect to the sustainability of the programme to electrify black households be addressed. These policy issues are dealt with under three headings, financial issues, economic efficiency and equity. Finally suggestions are made for the way forward so that the electrification of black households in South Africa may be sustained. / AC2017

Nos últimos vinte anos, alguns programas voltados ao atendimento de populações de baixa renda foram implementados por órgãos governamentais, inclusive empresas estatais fornecedoras de serviços públicos. No caso da empresa responsável pela distribuição de energia elétrica na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, esses programas atuaram em um largo espectro de atividades, indo da implementação de redes de distribuição de eletricidade em favelas à administração de circos-escola. Devido às características de funcionamento da empresa e do contexto em que ela estava inserida, os chamados programas sociais não foram objetos de avaliações sistemáticas, o que possibilitou o predomínio de opiniões preconceituosas e não permitiu a definição de regras claras, que garantissem a continuidade dos seus benefícios. Com a transferência do controle das empresas distribuidoras para o setor privado, passa a ser ainda mais necessário o estabelecimento de normas para esse atendimento, dado o volume de pessoas atendidas por eles e a importância da energia elétrica no cotidiano. A Avaliação sistêmica dos programas da Eletropaulo voltados ao fornecimento de energia elétrica a núcleos residenciais de baixa renda aponta na direção de que esse tipo de atendimento pode ser viável para a concessionária e para a sociedade, se operados dentro de limites de uma regulamentação adequada, que garanta o equilíbrio entre todos os interesses. / During last twenty years, government, as well as state-owned companies, implemented many public programs in order to assist low income populations. In the specific case of Eletropaulo, the company responsible for the distribution of energy in the Metropolitan region of São Paulo, there was a large selection of activities, ranging from the implantation of electric grid in slums to the management of school-circuses. Due to particular operational conditions and the context of Eletropaulos situation, the so called social programs were not systematically evaluated. As a result, prejudice against these programs arouse and clear rules were not defined to guarantee continuous benefits. With the privatization of electrical energy distribution companies, it is even more necessary a clear regulation of these programs, given the volume of people served by them in addition to the importance of electrical power to all kinds of activities. Systematical evaluation of the program of electrical energy distribution in poor areas proves that it can be feasible both to the company and the society if the regulation guarantees the balance between all interests.

ABSTRACT Electrostatic discharge (ESD) influences a lot in the industries of petrochemistry, semiconductor, and electronics. ESD is one of the reasons for the deterioration of the lubricant in the lubrication system. In this study, to understand the performance of the frictional electrification of the lubricant, the circumrotating frictional electrification tester with the measurement systems is employed to investigate the friction electrification under the dry and lubricated conditions. The materials of the specimens are made of Fe and PTFE, and the paraffin base oil is used as the lubricant. Furthermore, the effects of the load, the sliding speed, and the sliding distance on the friction electrification are investigated. Results show that the electrification voltage and the surface voltage in the lubricated condition is much lower than in the dry condition for the pair of Fe/PTFE. Because the capacitance effect is almost disappears in the lubricated condition for the pair of Fe/PTFE. When two conductors become a capacitor by inserting an insulator, such as Fe/PTFE in the dry condition, the surface voltage is about 3~4 times higher than in the lubricated condition, and the frictional voltage is about 10 times higher than in the lubricated condition because of the isolator capacitance. Moreover, the oil, the PTFE and the Fe have different polarities. The surface voltage of PTFE and output voltages of Fe are negative, and surface voltage of oil are positive. The normal load, the sliding speed, and the sliding distance also affect the surface voltage of PTFE and output voltage of Fe. Among them, the load is the most significant parameter for surface voltage of PTFE, the sliding speed is the most significant parameter for output voltage of Fe.

ABSTRACT Electrostatic discharge (ESD) influences a lot in the industries of petrochemistry, semiconductor, and electronics. ESD is one of the reasons for the deterioration of the lubricant in the lubrication system. In this study, to understand the performance of the frictional electrification of the lubricant, the reciprocating frictional electrification tester with the measurement systems is employed to investigate the friction electrification under the dry and lubricated conditions. The materials of the specimens are made of Fe and PTFE, and the paraffin base oil is used as the lubricant. Furthermore, the effects of the load, the sliding speed, and the duration of the friction on the friction electrification are investigated. Results show that the electrification voltage in the lubricated condition is much higher than that in the dry condition for the all-material pairs, but the surface voltage is reverse. The measured voltage is lower for the pair of Fe/PTFE and PTFE/Fe because the capacitance effect of the isolator disappears. When two conductors become a capacitor by inserting an insulator, such as Fe/PTFE-Fe, the frictional voltage is about 2~3 times higher than the other pairs because of the isolator capacitance. Moreover, the rotational speed, the normal load, and the duration also affect the output voltage. Among them, the rotational speed is the most significant parameter. At a certain normal load, the oil and the iron have different polarities, and their voltages increase with increasing rotational speed for Fe/Fe pair. In the polarity study; the tribo-electrification mechanism is proposed for Fe/PTFE, PTFE/Fe and Fe/PTFE-Fe pairs. The output voltages are negative at the lower and the upper specimens for Fe/PTFE and PTFE/Fe pairs, but negative and positive for Fe/PTFE-Fe pairs, respectively. After the surfaces of Fe and PTFE slide together, since the high residual negative voltage appears on PTFE, which causes the separation of induced charge on Fe, the surface residual voltage of PTFE dominates the polarity of output voltage. At Fe/PTFE-Fe pair, the polarity at the upper specimen of Fe is negative. However, the polarity at the lower specimen of Fe is positive, because the lower specimen is also influenced by the surface residual voltage of PTFE.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State College, 1955. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-67). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M. Ec.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Economics, 1981. / Typescript (photocopy).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.