La propagation sismique dans les milieux poreux est classiquement associée à des phénomènes de dispersion et d’atténuation des ondes sous l’effet des mouvements fluides. Dans certaines conditions, celle-ci peut également être associée à une conversion d’énergie sismique en énergie électromagnétique dite « sismoélectrique ». La théorie des phénomènes sismoélectriques combinant la théorie de l’électrocinétique à la poroélasticité de Biot, repose en grande partie sur les développements de Pride (1994). Sur la base de ces développements théoriques, Pride et Haartsen (1996) relient le champ électrique cosismique à l’accélération sismique qui le génère par une fonction de transfert. Nous proposons une étude quantitative des couplages sismoélectriques en vue de valider la théorie de Pride et sa généralisation en milieu non saturé. Dans ce but, nous avons développé une expérience en laboratoire sur un sable de quartz non-consolidé, menée dans la gamme du kilohertz sur la base d’un dispositif d’acquisition électrique modulable. Deux méthodes de traitement des signaux sont proposées, l’une temporelle, l’autre spectrale, permettant d’obtenir une analyse complète des vitesses de phase, atténuations et fonctions de transfert. Les expériences réalisées se sont focalisées sur l’étude du rôle de la conductivité du fluide et de la saturation en eau dans le phénomène sismoélectrique cosismique. Une étude time-lapse a ainsi pu être réalisée dans des situations de changements de salinité et de teneur en eau. Dans tous les contextes, l’étude quantitative des rapports d’amplitudes des champs sismoélectriques et sismiques E/ü montre une bonne corrélation avec les prédictions théoriques. Par ailleurs, l’étude des variations de saturation dans une gamme allant de la saturation résiduelle en eau (Sw = 0.3) à la saturation totale, montre que: i) les atténuations et fonctions de transfert ont des comportements reliés à la distribution des fluides qui influencent fortement les propriétés mécaniques du milieu ; ii) une inversion de polarité du champ sismoélectrique peut être observée dans le cas très particulier des milieux non consolidés. / Seismic propagation within porous media is usually associated with wave attenuation and dispersion phenomena related to fluid flow. Under certain circumstances, it may also be correlated to a conversion of seismic into electromagnetic energy known as “seismoelectric”. The understanding of seismoelectric phenomena, combining the theory of electrokinetic to Biot’s poroelasticity, relies mainly on the formulation by Pride (1994). On basis of these theoretical developments, Pride and Haartsen (1996) defined a transfer function expressing the link between the coseismic seismoelectric field and the seismic acceleration at its origin. We propose a quantitative analysis of coseismic seismoelectric couplings with the purpose of validating Pride’s theory and generalizing it to partially saturated media. With this aim in view we developed a laboratory experiment involving an adjustable device for electric acquisitions, conducted within the kilohertz range on unconsolidated quartz sand. Experimental data were subsequently processed in both time and frequency domains, enabling a full analysis that embraces phase velocities, attenuations and transfer functions. The conducted experiments focused on the impact of fluid conductivity and water saturation with regard to the coseismic seismoelectric phenomenon. Time-lapse monitoring were accordingly run under varying salinity or water content. In all scenarios, the quantitative analysis of the electric-to-seismic amplitude ratio E/ü appeared in good agreement with theoretical projections. Moreover, investigations of saturation variations, ranging from the residual water saturation (Sw = 0.3) to full saturation, showed that: i) the behavior of attenuations and transfer functions are directly related to fluid distribution, that greatly impacts the mechanical properties of the medium; ii) in the very peculiar case of unconsolidated media, polarity inversion of the coseismic seismoelectric field may be experienced.

Les premières centaines de mètres du sous-sol sont au coeur d'enjeux sociétaux importants liés aux fluides auxquels la société doit encore affronter, tels que la détéction et la surveillance des ressources en eau et de la pollution, ainsi que le rôle des fluides dans les différents types d'évaluation des risques ou en géotechnique. Cette gamme de profondeur est marquée par une forte complexité et une forte hétérogénéité aussi bien structurale et lithologique qu'en termes de mélanges de phases fluides. Parmi les méthodes géophysique disponibles, le phénomène de couplage sismo-électrique (et électro-sismique) a le potentiel d'émerger comme une nouvelle technique d'imagerie haute résolution, naturellement sensible aux contrastes des fluides. Deux signaux sismo-électrique ont été prédits et parfois observés: les signaux co-sismique éléctrique à forte amplitude et les faibles perturbations électromagnétiques générées en profondeur lorque des ondes sismiques traversent une interface. Ce deuxième phénomène est le plus prometteur, en termes d'imagerie en raison de sa sensibilité aux contrastes originaux par rapport à la réflexion sismique. L'émergence d'une méthode sismo-électrique a cependant été ralentie en raison des difficultés dans l'enregistrement de ces faibles signaux sismo-électrique. Cette thèse, basée sur la combinaison d'approches expérimentales et numériques, vise à aborder des questions pratiques concernant l'acquisition et le traitement de données sismo-électrique et électro-sismique.Dans la première partie, afin d'augmenter le rapport signal-sur-bruit (S/N) des signaux sismo-électriques, nous étudions théoriquement et expérimentalement leur sensibilité à différents arrangements d'électrodes. Pour cela, nous avons développé une théorie des filtres conçue pour évaluer l'influence d'ensemble d'électrodes pour l'acquisition des signaux sismo-électriques. Cette théorie a été confrontée avec succès à des données expérimentales sismo-électriques acquises en utilisant diverses dispositions d'électrodes (c'est-à-dire l'espacement entre les électrodes, le nombre des électrodes et la vitesse sismique apparente) et à des simulations numériques des formes d'onde complète. En particulier, cette approche explique la difficulté d'enregistrement des ondes converties sismo-électromagnétique générées en profondeur converties à une interface, lorsque la configuration dipôle classique est utilisé comme récepteur. Nous encourageons ensuite l'utilisation d'une configuration de multi-électrodes dans des mesures sismo-électriques, puisque: 1) il réduit le bruit électrique omniprésent causé par l'homme, et 2) ses propriétés de filtrage amplifient les ondes électromagnétiques provenant des interfaces en profondeur par rapport aux événements co-sismiques dominants.Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous concentrons sur les phénomènes réciproques électro-osmotique, c'est-à-dire la génération de signaux sismiques par une source électrique dans des milieux saturés poroélastiques. Nous avons d'abord effectué des études numériques pour évaluer la nature et les propriétés des différentes arrivées sismiques générées par une source électrique dans un matériau homogène et hétérogène, à l'échelle du terrain. Ensuite, nous avons essayé d'acquérir des données de laboratoire électro-sismique dans un matériau homogène, données que nous avons de nouveau confrontées à des calculs numériques de forme d'onde complète. Les résultats montrent que les ondes électro-sismiques peuvent être observées et qu'elles sont générées localement autour de la source électrique. Nous montrons enfin que ces signaux électro-sismiques sont influencés par la conductivité des fluides. / The first few hundred meters of the subsurface is the seat of important issues related to fluids which society still has to face, such as the detection and monitoring of water ressources and pollution as well as the role of fluids in various types of hazard assessment or in geotechnics. This depth scale is highly complex and heterogeneous in terms of lithology and fluid content. Among the available geophysical methods, seismo-electric (or electro-seismic) coupling phenomena have the potential to emerge as a new high-resolution imaging technique, naturally sensitive to fluid contrasts. Two seismo-electric signals have been predicted and sometimes observed: co-seismic electric signals (high amplitude) and weak electromagnetic (EM) disturbances generated at depth when seismic waves cross an interface. This second phenomenon is the most promising in terms of imaging due to its sensitivity to original contrasts compared to seismic reflection. The emergence of the seismo-electric method was however slowed down due to difficulties in recording these weak seismo-electric signals. Based on the combination of experimental and numerical approaches, this PhD thesis aims at addressing practical questions concerning the acquisition and processing of seismo-electric and electro-seismic data.In the first part, in order to increase the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of seismo-electric signals, we theoretically and experimentally study their sensitivity to various electrode arrangements. For this, we developed a filter theory designed to assess the influence of complex electrode arrays for seismo-electric signals acquisition. This theory was successfully confronted to experimental seismo-electric data acquired using various electrode arrangements (namely the spacing between the electrodes, the number of the electrodes and the apparent seismic velocity) and to full waveform numerical simulations. This combined analysis shows that electrode configuration properties strongly influence seismo-electric amplitudes and waveforms. In particular, this approach explains the difficulty in recording depth-generated seismo-electromagnetic waves converted at an interface, when the conventional dipole configuration is used as receivers. We then promote the use of a 3-electrode configuration in seismo-electric measurements, since: 1) it reduces ubiquitous man-made electric noise, and 2) its filtering properties do amplify the EM waves originating from interfaces at depth with respect to dominant coseismic events.In the second part, we focus on the reciprocal electro-osmotic phenomena, i.e. the generation of seismic signals by an electric source in poroelastic saturated media. We first performed numerical investigations to assess the nature and properties of the different seismic arrivals generated by an electrical source in a homogeneous and an heterogeneous material, at the field scale. Then we tried to acquire electro-seismic laboratory data in a homogeneous material, data that we again confronted with numerical full waveform computations. The results show that electro-seismic waves can be observed and that they are locally generated around the electric source. We finally show that these electro-seismic signals are influenced by the fluid conductivity.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:27:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1452427 bytes, checksum: ad89ed1f2acb1864018bdd4b54b3fc9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research addressed the application of electrokinetic phenomena in soil remediation, considering the application of electroosmosis in the decontamination of three soils from the Zona da Mata Norte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, contaminated with the element-trace cadmium. This work followed a line of research previously developed at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, including the evaluation of the electroosmotic process in the chemical and mineralogical parameters of a larger gamma of soils, as well as evaluating the effect of testing parameters in the efficiency of the decontamination process. The tested soils were residual products from gneiss, as follow: (i) soil 1, a mature residual soil, pedologically classified as Red Yellow Latosol, presenting lateritic geotechnical behavior and silty-sandy-clayey texture; (ii) soil 2, saprolitic, presenting non lateritic geotechnical behavior and clayey-silty-sandy texture; e (iii) soil 3, also a mature residual soil, pedologically classified as Red yellow Podzol (Argisol), presenting non- lateritic geotechnical behavior and sandy-siltyclayey texture. Cadmium was the element- trace used in the experiment because it is a usual polluting source in daily use objects and presents adsorption-desorption intermediate behavior. The study program was directed to the analysis of soil behavior before and after their contamination with cadmium, encompassing the following steps: (i) X-rays analysis; (ii) physical and chemical routine tests; (iii) determination of CEC and ZPC; (iv) evaluation of the influence of the applied compaction effort and, therefore, of structure, in the soils eletrosmotic conductivity coefficient; (v) evaluation of the influence of the applied electrical potential difference (ddp) of 5, 15 and 30 V in the electrokinetic decontamination process; (vi) analysis of the influence of the contaminant incubation time (periods of 1, 10 and 20 days) and of ddp (5, 15 and 30 V) in the decontamination process. The results had shown that: (i) quartz predominated in the soils sand fraction, whereas kaolinite predominated in the soils silt and clay fractions; however, it was observed significant presence of hematite and gibbsite in the clay fraction of soil 1 and of goethite in the clay fraction of soil 3; (ii) electrochemically, soils 1 and 3 revealed more active behavior, presenting higher specific cation adsorption capacity; (iii) the parameter ZPC was a determinant factor in all the analyzed soils chemical properties, as well as in the electrokinetic decontamination process, governing the direction of the eletrosmotic flow and influencing in the results of the decontamination applied technique; (iv) the addition of the contaminant to soils was responsible for significant changes in the routine analysis and in the CEC and ZPC parameters, specially regarding soils 1 and 3, which are the most active ones; (v) except for soil 3, the values of the electroosmotic conductivity coefficient of soil was not significantly influenced by the application of different electric potentials and different compaction efforts; (vi) for all tested soils, cadmium soils removal through electrokinetic phenomena increased significantly with the increase of the incubation time and with the increase of the applied electric potential difference. / O presente trabalho abordou a aplicação de fenômenos eletrocinéticos na remediação de solos, com um direcionamento ao emprego da eletrosmose na descontaminação de três solos da Zona da Mata Norte, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, contaminados com o elemento- traço cádmio. Buscou-se ampliar o horizonte de pesquisas já desenvolvidas na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, com a inclusão da avaliação do processo eletrosmótico em parâmetros químicos e mineralógicos de uma gama maior de solos, bem como avaliar o efeito de diferentes vairáveis na eficiência do processo de descontaminação. Trabalhou-se com solos residuais de gnaisse, como se segue: (i) solo 1, um residual maduro, pedologicamente classificado como Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, de comportamento geotécnico laterítico e textura argilo-areno-siltosa; (ii) solo 2, saprolítico, de comportamento geotécnico não laterítico e textura areno- silto-argilosa; e (iii) solo 3, também, residual maduro, pedologicamente classificado como Argissolo Vermelho- Amarelo, de comportamento geotécnico não laterítico e textura argilo-areno-siltosa. O elemento-traço empregado foi o cádmio, fonte poluidora presente em objetos de uso diário e que apresenta comportamento adsorção-dessorção intermediário. O programa de estudo foi dirigido aos solos antes e após contaminação com cádmio e abrangeu a realização de: (i) análises de difração de raios-X; (ii) análises de laboratório para determinação de propriedades física e química; (iii) determinações de CTC e PCZ; (iv) avaliação da influência da energia de compactação e, portanto, da estrutura, no coeficiente de condutividade eletrosmótica dos solos; (v) avaliação da influência da diferença de potencial elétrico aplicado (ddp) no processo de descontaminação eletrocinética, trabalhando-se com valores de 5, 15 e 30 V; (vi) análise da influência do tempo de incubação do contaminante (períodos de 1, 10 e 20 dias) e da ddp (5, 15 e 30 V) na descontaminação dos solos. Os resultados mostraram que: (i) na fração areia dos solos estudados, havia predomínio de quartzo, enquanto que nas frações argila e silte, havia dominância de caulinita; no entanto, observou-se presença expressiva de hematita e gibbsita, no solo 1, e de goethita, no solo 3; (ii) os solos 1 e 3, do ponto de vista eletroquímico e ambiental, mostraram-se mais ativos, podendo apresentar alta adsorção específica de cátions; (iii) o PCZ foi um fator determinante em todas as propriedades dos solos estudados, bem como no processo de descontaminação eletrocinética, mostrando-se associado o sentido do fluxo eletrosmótico aos resultados dos ensaios de descontaminação; (iv) a adição do contaminante aos solos produziu variações significativas nos seus parâmetros químicos obtidos via análises de rotina, CTC e PCZ, em especial no caso dos solos 1 e 3, mais ativos; (v) os valores do coeficiente de condutividade eletrosmótica não variaram significativamente com a aplicação de diferentes potenciais elétricos e de diferentes energias de compactação, exceto para o solo 3, provavelmente devido a fatores mineralógicos dos solos; (vi) a remoção de cádmio dos solos, através dos fenômenos eletrocinéticos, aumentou significativamente com o aumento do período de incubação e com o aumento da diferença de potencial elétrico aplicado, para todos os solos estudados.