This thesis deals with scanning electron microscope working at higher pressure in the specimen chamber. The main goal was to study the voltage contrast on the PN junction of the transistor under suitable working conditions for using environmental scanning microscope. The observation of sample was enabled by a scintillation detector designed for observation of high pressure.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / PURPOSE: To assess the influence of simulated oral erosive/abrasive challenges on the bond strength of an etch-and-rinse two-step bonding system to enamel using an in situ/ex vivo protocol. METHODS: Bovine enamel blocks were prepared and randomly assigned to four groups: CONT - control (no challenge), ABR - 3x/day-1 minute toothbrushing; ERO - 3x/day - 5 minutes extraoral immersion into regular Coca Cola; and ERO+ABR - erosive protocol followed by a 1-minute toothbrushing. Eight blocks were placed into an acrylic palatal appliance for each volunteer (n = 13), who wore the appliance for 5 days. Two blocks were subjected to each of the four challenges. Subsequently, all the blocks were washed with tap water and Adper Single Bond 2/Filtek Z350 were placed. After 24 hours, 1 mm2 beams were obtained from each block to be tested with the microtensile bond strength test (50 N load at 0.5 mm/minute). The data were statistically analyzed by one-way RM-ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: No difference was detected among the ABR, ERO, and CONT groups (P > 0.05). ERO+ABR group yielded lower bond strengths than either the ABR and ERO groups (P < 0.0113). / Revisión por pares

This diploma thesis is focused on composition and processing of cellulose fibers and their usage in cementitious composites. It describes key attributes of cellulose fibers, which has to be acquired for effective use in cement composites. There are stated effects of cellulose fibers on concrete properties, such as workability, physical and mechanic attributes and freeze-thaw resistance. In experimental part is designed a mixture with portion of cellulose fibers. There has been performed various tests to define the effect of cellulose fibers. There was designed experiment to determine its alkali resistance for fibers itself, and possible changes in microstructure of fibers were analyzed by optic and electron scanning microscope.

<p>Već izvesno vreme u stručnoj literaturi vodi se rasprava o biokompatibilnosti materijala koji se koriste u periapikalnoj hirurgiji. Pored biokompatibilnosti, od materijala za retrogradnu opturaciju kanala korena zuba se očekuje da spreči prodor bakterija iz kanalnog sistema u okolna tkiva. Kvalitetno rubno zaptivanje, odnosno adekvatna marginalna adaptacija su među najznačajnijim faktorima za dugoročan uspeh tretmana. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio ispitati biokompatibilnost i utvrditi da li postoji razlika u biokompatibilnosti između mineral-trioksid agregata, trikalcijum-silikatnog cementa i amalgama na osnovu tri standadna testa citotoksičnosti, kao i utvrditi marginalnu adaptaciju ispitivanih materijala za retrogradno zatvaranje kanala korena zuba. Materijali i metode: Eksperimentalni deo istraživanja je podeljen na dva dela. U prvom delu istraživanja je vr&scaron;eno ispitivanje biokompatibilnosti materijala, dok je u drugom delu vr&scaron;eno ispitivanje marginalne adaptacije na osnovu mikrofotografija dobijenih skening elektronskim mikroskopom. Ispitivanje biokompatibilnosti je izvr&scaron;eno na dve ćelijske linije, liniji mi&scaron;jih fibroblasta (L929) i liniji humanih fibroblasta (MRC-5). U eksperimentima su kori&scaron;ćene samo žive (vijabilne) ćelije. Broj ćelija i njihova vijabilnost je određena testom odbacivanja boje sa 0,1% tripan plavim. Vijabilnost ćelija kori&scaron;ćenih u eksperimentu je bila veća od 90%. Biokompatibilnost sve tri vrste materijala je ispitana na osnovu standardnih testova biokompatibilnosti: DET test, MTT test, Agar difuzioni test. Ispitivanje marginalne adaptacije je sprovedeno na 90 ekstrahovanih jednokorenih zuba interkaninog sektora gornje vilice sa intaktnom pulpom, zavr&scaron;enim rastom korena, bez frakture i resorpcije korena zuba. Izvr&scaron;ena je endodontska obrada svih zuba i nakon toga su zubi ostavljeni u vlažnoj sredini na 48h, da bi se sprečile frakture prilikom sečenja. Nakon mehaničko medikamentozne obrade i opturacije kanala korena zuba je vr&scaron;ena resekcija vrha korena zuba 3mm, a nakon toga su svi zubi preparisani do dubine od 3 mm unutar kanala, ultrazvučnim nastavcima (EMS, miniMaster Piezon scaler). Zubi su naizmenično podeljeni u 3 grupe (30 zuba po grupi). Prvu grupu čine zubi kojima je apikalni kavitet biti ispunjen amalgamom, u drugoj grupi, apikalni kavitet je ispunjen MTA, a u trećoj trikalcijum-silikatnim cementom. Nakon retrogradne opturacije, zubi su ostavljeni u vlažnoj sredini 48h, do potpunog vezivanja ispitivanih materijala. Nakon vezivanja ispitivanih materijala, zubi su sečeni longitudinalno, finom dijamantskom &scaron;ajbnom. Marginalna adaptacija ispitivanih materijala je procenjena skening elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM). Pripremljeni uzorci su posmatrani pod uvećanjima 30x, 40x, 80x i 100x. Uvećanje 30x je rađeno radi prikaza celokoupnog retrogradnog punjenja na jednom snimku, tj. spoja materijal-zub. Nakon toga je napravljeno vi&scaron;e uzastopnih snimaka sauvećanjem 80x do pune dužine materijala. Na taj način je utvrđeno postojanje i izvr&scaron;eno merenje marginalne pukotine u mikrometrima. Merenja ukupne dužine marginalne pukotine u mikrometrima u 5 tačaka sa obe strane preparata su vr&scaron;ena u softverskoj aplikaciji Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). Tačke su izabrane tako da tačka 1a i tačka 5a predstavljaju gornju i donju ivicu preparata. Tačka 3a predstavlja sredinu rastojanja između tačke 1a i tačke 5a. Tačka 2a i tačka 4a predstavljaju sredinu razmaka između tačke 1a i 3a, odnosno 3a i a5. Tačke 1b-5b su naspramne tačke. Rezultati biokompatibilnosti ukazuju na visok stepen ćelijske kompatibilnosti svih ispitivanih materijala. Međutim, DET testomnije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u citotoksičnosti između istovetnih ispitivanih materijala u obe ćelijske linije, niti između sva tri ispitivana materijala u obe ćelijske kulture.Poređenjem rezultata MTT testa nakon 24h i 48h, kao i nakon 48h i 72h uočava se da su dobijene srednje vrednosti indeksa citotoksičnosti kod sva tri ispitivana materijala i na obe ćelijske linije manje nakon 48h, odnosno nakon 72h, &scaron;to ukazuje na oporavak ćelijskog metabolizma. Poređenjem rezultata nakon 24h i nakon 72h, uočava se znatno veći pad vrednosti indeksa citotoksičnosti nakon 72h kod sva tri ispitivana materijala i na obe ćelijske linije. U kulturi ćelija MRC5, kod sva tri ispitivana materijala postoji statistički značajna razlika između indeksa citotoksičnosti izmerenog nakon 24h i nakon 72h, kao i u kulturi ćelija L929. Agar difuzionim testom nije uočena dekolorizacija, niti liza ćelija ispod ispitivanih materijala. Ćelijski odgovor je 0/0 &scaron;to ukazuje da ovim testom nije utvrđeno postojanje citotoksičnog efekta ispitivanih materijala na ćelijske linije L929 i MRC-5. Ispitivanje marginalne adaptacije materijala je vr&scaron;eno na osnovu mikrofotografija dobijenih skening elektronskim mikroskopom.. Najpre su testirane razlike na prvoj tački merenja. Rezultati ovog testa pokazuju da postoje značajne razlike između materijala i da amalgam ima značajno vi&scaron;e vrednosti izmerenih pukotina u odnosu na preostala dva materijala, dok se vrednosti za MTA i biodentin međusobno značajno ne razlikuju. Kao jo&scaron; jedna referentna tačka uzeta je tačka merenja 5. I u odnosu na vrednosti u ovoj tački merenja zabeležene su značajne razlike između materijala. Post hoc Mann-Whitney test pokazuje da se amalgam značajno razlikuje od preostala dva materijala, dok nema značajnih razlika između MTA i biodentina. Na osnovu medijane može se videti da amalgam ima niže vrednosi u ovoj tački merenja u odnosu na preostala dva materijala. U tačkama 2-4, kao i u tačkama 1-5 (ukupno), ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u marginalnoj adaptaciji ispitivanih materijala. Rezultati biokompatibilnosti ukazuju na visok stepen ćelijske kompatibilnosti svih ispitivanih materijala. Rezultati sva tri testa pokazuju da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u citotoksičnosti između ispitivanih materijala. MTT test pokazuje da u obe ćelijske kulture, kod istovetnih ispitivanih materijala postoji statistički značajna razlika između indeksa citotoksičnosti izmerenog nakon 24h i nakon 72h. Rezultati ispitivanja marginalne adaptacije pokazuju da u tački 1 najgore zaptiva amalgam, dok izmedju MTA i biodentina nema razlike. U tački 5 najbolje zaptiva amalgam.</p> / <p>Biocompatibility of materials, deployed in periapical surgery, has been a subject of debate in referential literature for some time now. Apart from biocompabillity, root end filling materials are expected to prevent bacteria from entering the surrounding tissue from canal system. The most important factors for successful long term treatment include marginal seal, i.e. adequate marginal adaptation. The aim of this research was to examine biocompatibility and establish the potential difference in biocompatibility between mineral trioxide aggregate, tricalcium silicate cement and dental amalgam according to three cytotoxicity tests, but also to corroborate marginal adaptation of the materials in question for retrograde seal of a root canal. Materials and methods: The experimental part of the research is divided in two parts. In the first part of the research biocompatibility of the materials was examined, while the examination of the marginal adaptation based on the micro images from scanning electron microscope was conducted in the second part. The examination of biocompatibility was executed on two cell lines, mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) and human cell line (MRC-5).Biocompatibility of all three types of material was examined based on three standard biocompatibility tests: DET test, MTT test, Agar diffusion test.The examination of marginal adaptation was carried out on 90 single-rooted tooth extractied human teeth of the intercanine sector of maxilla with intact pulp, mature apices, without root fractures or resorption. All teeth were endodontically treated. After the extirpation, irrigation and opturation, the resection of 3mm of root apex and retrograde preparation with ultrasonic instruments up to 3 mm depth inside the canal was done. Teeth were divided in three groups alternately. The First group include teeth which apical cavitation was filled with amalgam, in the Second group apical cavitation was filled with MTA, and in the Third group with tricalcium silicate cement. After the complete setting of the materials, teeth were cut in longitudinal manner, with fine, diamond tool. Marginal adaptation of the materials was assessed through scanning electron microscope (SEM). Software application Image J software was deployed to measure the total length of marginal fissure in micrometers in 5 pointson both sides of the preparation . The results of biocompatibility indicate high degree of cell compatibility of all tested materials. DET test did not assert any statistically significant difference in cytotoxicity between the same tested materials in both cell lines, nor between all three tested materials in both cell cultures. Comparing the results of MTT test after 24h and 48h, and 48h and 72h, it is noted that middle value of cytotoxicity index with all three tested materials and on both cell lines is lower after 48h, and after 72h, indicating the recovery of cell metabolism. In both cell cultures, with all three tested materials there is statistically significant difference between measured cytotoxicity indices after 24h and after 72h. Agar diffusion test did not show decolorization, nor cell lysis underneath the tested materials, which means that cytotoxic effect was not asserted on cell lines L929 i MRC-5. The examination of marginal adaptation was conducted according to micro images gained by scanning electron microscope. The results in the measure point 1 indicate there are significant differences between materials, and amalgam has significantly higher values of the measured fissures in relation to remaining two materials, whereas values for MTA and biodentine do not differ significantly. In measure point 5 significant differences were noted. Post hoc Mann-Whitney test shows that amalgam has lower values of the tested fissures in this measure point in relation to two other materials, while there were no significant differences between MTA i biodentine. In points 2-4, as well as points 1-5 (in total), there were no statistically significant differences in marginal adaptation of the examined materials. The results of all three tests show that there is no statistically significant difference in cytotoxicity between examined materials. MTT test shows that there is, in both cell cultures, with the same examined materials , statistically significant difference between cytotoxicity indices measured after 24h and after 72h. The results of the examination of marginal adaptation show that in point 1 amalgam has the worst seal, whereas between MTA and biodentine there is no difference. In point 5 amalgam has the best seal.</p>