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Thesis (LL. M.)--University of Toronto, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

In the modern world, electronic communications play a significant role in national and international electronic transactions. This issue has forced all legal systems to face up to many emerging legal problems in the context of electronic communications, such as the time and the place of formation of electronic contracts, the validation of e-contracts made by the interaction with e-agents, the legal validity of electronic documents and signatures, consumer protection in contracting electronically in particular in cross-border e-transactions, and the Internet jurisdiction and choice of law. One issue to determine is the place of formation of contracts when contracting electronically, either through email, websites or chat-rooms to see how the notion of 'place' is perceivable in cyberspace; and the way of application of the four traditional theories of information, dispatch, receipt and awareness relating to the time and place of conclusion of contracts in contracting by electronic means should be examined. Regarding the legal validity of e-contracts made through interactive websites, the legal status of electronic agents which play an important role in this process is questionable to see whether they are akin to real agents in the physical world or they are only a mere tool of communication. The responsible person for any mistakes that an electronic agent makes and causes losses or damages to the contracting parties should also be examined. There are also questions regarding meeting the formalities in the formation of some specific contracts in contracting electronically to see whether the electronic documents and signatures legally valid and admissible at the courts of law or not. Their legal weight should also be measured. Moving on the jurisdiction and choice of law issue, some argumentative questions raise. For instance, where the rule of private international law provides that the competent court is the court within which jurisdiction the contract is performed, it is necessary to see that where the place of performance of the contract in which the subject matter is digital goods such as e-books or computer software delivered online is. This is also an important question in providing electronic services such as e-teaching. Regarding the choice of law issue the same questions of jurisdiction are posed. Furthermore, as consumer protection issue in B2C contracts is important in developing electronic commerce worldwide, it should be considered that whether the consumer party is able to bring an action against the business party in his own place of domicile or habitual residence or not. These are only a sample of questions that the current research tries to analyse based on the traditional legal rules and principles and the statues on electronic commerce. Discussing the above legal doubts in the context of Iranian law shows that there are a number of legal uncertainties in the Iranian legal system hindering, or at least putting in doubt, the development of electronic commerce in both national and cross-border electronic transactions. Despite the fact that some of them have been addressed by the Iranian Electronic Commerce Act 2004 indirectly, however a detailed legal work is still definitely needed to elaborate the questions and provide solutions developing and modernizing Iranian law in the context of electronic contracts. The author in the current research tries to analyse the questions by a horizontal comparative study of the UNCITRAL Model Laws, the Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 2005, the EU law, English law, American law and Iranian law. Also, a four-stage roadmap that acts as the guiding principle of this research is employed to develop the Iranian legal system in the context of e-commerce. The first stage focuses on whether the exact application of Iranian traditional law can address the emerging legal doubts; the second stage expands and develops traditional rules; the third introduces legal presumptions; and the fourth theorizes new rules. The research concludes that the Iranian legal system may be modernized and developed in the context of electronic contracts by adopting the legal policy and solutions of other legal systems by both scholarly legal doctrines and legislation.

Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the conclusion of contracts on the Internet in English and South African law on the one hand, and German law on the other. Because these legal systems have not developed specific rules for the formation of contracts by way of this medium of communication, the question is whether the traditional doctrines are adequate to the demands of tecnological innovation. The study accordingly proceeds from a detailed discussion of the traditional rules of offer and acceptance developed in each of the systems. To this end, the leading cases and of English and South African law are considered with an emphasis on the points of difference between the approach of the courts in these systems. Where there is uncertainty or different points of view, regard is had to the critical points of view of English and South African commentators. In respect of the codified German civil law, the authoritative provisions of the general part of the civil code are discussed against the background of the commentary of academic authors. An investigation of the technical structure of the Internet and the various methods of communication afforded by it, provides a foundation for an examination of the application of the general principles of the various legal systems to contract formation on the Internet. It is concluded that despite fundamental differences in the of approach of the systems under consideration, the general principles of each system are capable of application in the context of electronic contracting. The dissertation endeavours to develop proposals regarding adequate solutions to the problems typical of the process of contract formation on the Internet. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is afgestem op die hantering van kontraksluiting op die Internet in die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse Reg aan die een kant, en die Duitse Reg aan die ander kant. Omrede geeneen van hierdie stelsels tot op hede spesifieke maatreëls daargestel het vir kontraksluiting deur middel van hierdie kommunikasiemiddel nie, is die vraag of tradisionele beginsels afdoende is met die oog op eise van die nuwe tegnologie. Die ondersoek gaan derhalwe uit van 'n behandeling van die tradisionele reëls van aanbod en aanname soos wat dit in elkeen van die stelsels ontwikkel het. Met die oog hierop, word sleutelvonnisse van die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg ontleed, veral dan ook met klem op verskille in die benadering van die howe in hierdie twee stelsels. In geval van onsekerheid en verskille van mening, word verwys na die kritiese standpunte van Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse kommentatore. Met verwysing na die gekodifiseerde Duitse stelsel word die gesaghebbende bepalings van die Burgerlike Wetboek behandel teen die agtergrond van die kommentaar van Duitse akademiese skrywers. 'n Ontleding van die tegniese struktuur van die Internet en die verskillende kommunikasiemetodes wat dit bied, verskaf die grondslag vir 'n ondersoek na die toepaslikheid van die algemene beginsels aangaande kontraksluiting van die onderskeie regstelsels in die konteks van elektroniese kontraktering. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ten spyte van fundamentele verskille in benadering, die algemene beginsels van die verkillende stelsels wel aanwendbaar is in die nuwe omgewing. Die verhandeling poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van aanvaarbare oplossings tot die probleme wat tipies is aan kontraksluiting deur middel van die Internet.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-16T11:50:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Terreiro Fachada.pdf: 1517135 bytes, checksum: 23227d32b992d0d463b745627d5a9693 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-16T11:50:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Terreiro Fachada.pdf: 1517135 bytes, checksum: 23227d32b992d0d463b745627d5a9693 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-22 / Internet development was responsible for the creation of an electronically internationalized and connected market, encompassing millions of companies and individuals, which benefit from the quick and practical contact provided by electronic means. In the beginning, the electronic contract was simple, however, with the increasing volume; complexity has become one of the e-commerce characteristics. Such contracts, of electronically partial or integral execution, have started to regulate the juridical relationship of parties situated in different states, due to Internet and globalization transnationality, resulting in electronic international contracts, object of the present study. Interested in delineating the main aspects of the subject of electronic international contracts in international scenario, some rules elaborated by states and International Organizations are analysed, seeking to ensure rights and obligations similar to those existing in material documents, in paper. After the described investigation, the study is concluded with the analysis of the most important law regarding the theme, passed in 2014: The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which even being innovative, does not mention the electronic contract, but can be easily adapted to this contracting fashion / O desenvolvimento da internet foi responsável pela criação de um mercado internacionalizado e conectado eletronicamente, englobando milhões de empresas e indivíduos que se beneficiam do contato ágil e prático proporcionado pelos meios eletrônicos. No início, o contato eletrônico era simples, porém com o volume cada vez maior, a complexidade torna-se uma das características do comércio eletrônico. Tais contratos, de execução parcial ou integral eletronicamente, passaram a regular o relacionamento jurídico de partes situadas em Estados diversos, em razão da transnacionalidade da internet e da globalização, resultando em contratos internacionais eletrônicos, objeto do presente estudo. No interesse de delinear os principais aspectos da disciplina dos contratos internacionais eletrônicos no cenário internacional, são analisadas normas elaboradas por Estados e Organizações Internacionais, que visam garantir direitos e obrigações semelhantes àqueles existentes nos documentos físicos, em papel. Após a investigação descrita, o estudo é concluído com a análise da Lei mais importante sobre o tema, aprovada em 2014: A Convenção Internacional de Viena sobre Compra e Venda, que apesar de inovadora não traz ainda menção ao contrato eletrônico, mas que pode ser facilmente adaptada a essa forma de contratação

Thesis supervisor: Timothy Lowe. Thesis supervisor: Renato de Matta. Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-137).

Orientador: Maria Beatriz Felgar de Toledo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:57:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LeonardoLuisdos_M.pdf: 1839851 bytes, checksum: 25ffc6acebe146f90d038cfcd48b96f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Muitas organizações estão atuando de forma cooperativa para atingir objetivos comuns de negócio por meio da realização de processos de negócio interorganizacionais. As empresas estão cada vez mais se concentrando nas atividades chaves de sua área de negócio e subcontratando a realização das atividades secundárias. Nesse contexto, Sistemas de Gerência de Processos de Negócio (SGPN) podem oferecer apoio automatizado à realização de processos de negócio envolvendo uma ou mais empresas. Eles são responsáveis principalmente pela definição, execução e monitoramento de processos de negócio. Os SGPNs devem oferecer a infra-estrutura tecnológica necessária para a integração dos aplicativos utilizados pelas organizações envolvidas. Organizações interessadas em parcerias de negócio na Internet precisam definir os detalhes a respeito do processo de negócio interorganizacional a ser realizado. Isso pode ser feito com o uso de contratos eletrônicos. Um contrato eletrônico é um documento eletrônico com as informações necessárias para que um processo de negócio possa ser realizado por várias organizações de forma colaborativa. No caso em que os serviços negociados são serviços Web, os contratos eletrônicos precisam conter detalhes sobre quais serviços Web podem ser invocados, como e em quais condições. Esta dissertação enfoca o monitoramento de contratos eletrônicos como um meio de verificar se as regras do contrato estão sendo seguidas. A abordagem para descrição de serviços e contratos eletrônicos usa modelos de características e conceitos de linha de produto de software. Os atributos de QoS (Quality of Service), associados aos serviços eletrônicos disponíveis, são representados por características de um modelo de características. O modelo de características elaborado serve de base para as fases de negociação, monitoramento, estabelecimento e renegociação de contrato eletrônico / Abstract: Many organizations are working cooperatively to achieve common business goals through the implementation of inter-organizational business processes. Organizations are increasingly focusing on key activities of their business area and subcontracting secondary activities. In this context Business Process Management (BPM) may provide support to the implementation of automated business processes involving one or more organizations. They are primarily responsible for defining, implementing and monitoring business processes. The BPMSs should provide the technological infrastructure necessary for the integration of applications used by the involved organizations. Organizations interested in business partnerships in the Internet need to define the details about the process of between companies business being conducted. This can be done with the use of electronic contracts. An electronic contract is an electronic document containing the information necessary for a business process can be performed by various organizations in a collaborative manner. In the case in which services are web services, electronic contracts must contain details about how Web services can be invoked, and under what conditions. This dissertation focuses on the monitoring of electronic contracts as a means to check if the rules in the contract are being obeyed. The approach for description of services, their QoS and electronic contracts uses feature modeling and concepts of software product line. The feature model for electronic contracts provides the basis for the negotiation stages, monitoring, establishment and renegotiation of the contract electronically / Mestrado / Sistemas de Informação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat, Saarbrücken, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 285-305).

The central task in this study is to discover and analyse the legal framework applicable to input errors in electronic contracts. The study analyses the law of South Africa, the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (hereinafter referred to as the ECT Act) to be more specific, and the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (2005) (hereinafter referred to as the UNECIC). The ECT Act is the statute regulating electronic communications and transactions in South Africa. It was passed by the South African parliament in 2002. Almost all provisions of the ECT Act are based on the United Nations Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) .However, section 20 thereof, which deals with input errors, was not based on the Model law, but on provisions from statutes of leading jurisdictions.1 The UNECIC is a new international convention by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (hereinafter referred to as UNCITRAL). The Convention came into operation on the 1st of March 2013,2 and is the first United Nations convention that deals with electronic communications. Article 12 thereof deals with automated transactions, and section 14 with input errors. These are the two provisions that shall be analysed in relation to the UNECIC in this work. With the UNECIC having come into full operation, there is a real need to harmonise domestic laws with it. In various jurisdictions, including Singapore3 and Australia,4 the statutes governing electronic communications have been amended with some provisions of the UNECIC. Article 14 is one of the provisions of the UNECIC which have been domesticated in both jurisdictions. Judged against the UNECIC, a number of issues relating to input errors in the ECT Act are inconsistent with the new international standards embodied in the UNECIC. This work recommends that South Africa must adopt the UNECIC, and secondly that some of the provisions dealing with input errors in the ECT Act must be aligned with the UNECIC by amendment. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The central task in this study is to discover and analyse the legal framework applicable to input errors in electronic contracts. The study analyses the law of South Africa, the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (hereinafter referred to as the ECT Act) to be more specific, and the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (2005) (hereinafter referred to as the UNECIC). The ECT Act is the statute regulating electronic communications and transactions in South Africa. It was passed by the South African parliament in 2002. Almost all provisions of the ECT Act are based on the United Nations Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) .However, section 20 thereof, which deals with input errors, was not based on the Model law, but on provisions from statutes of leading jurisdictions.1 The UNECIC is a new international convention by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (hereinafter referred to as UNCITRAL). The Convention came into operation on the 1st of March 2013,2 and is the first United Nations convention that deals with electronic communications. Article 12 thereof deals with automated transactions, and section 14 with input errors. These are the two provisions that shall be analysed in relation to the UNECIC in this work. With the UNECIC having come into full operation, there is a real need to harmonise domestic laws with it. In various jurisdictions, including Singapore3 and Australia,4 the statutes governing electronic communications have been amended with some provisions of the UNECIC. Article 14 is one of the provisions of the UNECIC which have been domesticated in both jurisdictions. Judged against the UNECIC, a number of issues relating to input errors in the ECT Act are inconsistent with the new international standards embodied in the UNECIC. This work recommends that South Africa must adopt the UNECIC, and secondly that some of the provisions dealing with input errors in the ECT Act must be aligned with the UNECIC by amendment. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014