Orientadores: Flávio Caldas da Cruz, Paulo Clóvis Dainese Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T22:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SaquinaulaBrito_JoseLuis_M.pdf: 4387885 bytes, checksum: 7b7c41672acbabf5abc5b7c398df00c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Nos últimos 15 anos os pentes de frequências ópticas baseados em lasers de femtossegundos representaram uma revolução na área de metrología e medidas de precisão, permitindo medir diretamente frequências de várias centenas de THz assim como posibilitando o advento de relógios atômicos ópticos. Estes pentes também têm encontrado importantes aplicações em outras áreas da Física, tais como espectroscopia de alta resolução e precisão, geração de altos harmônicos na região da ultravioleta e raios X moles, ou até na procura de exoplanetas através da calibração de espectrômetros astrofísicos. Neste trabalho, estudamos a geração de pentes de frequências ópticas baseados em moduladores eletro-ópticos e fibras altamente não lineares, com o objetivo de implementar novas configurações, alternativas aos pentes baseados em lasers de femtossegundos. Um objetivo é implementar pentes com a maior largura de banda possível que ao mesmo tempo preservem alta coerência entre as frequências geradas, aproveitando componentes comercialmente disponíveis, desenvolvidos para comunicações ópticas na região espectral de 1550 nm. Buscamos implementar dois tipos de pentes de frequências ópticas. Um deles usa um modulador eletro-óptico e gera um pente com pequena largura de banda (10 nm) e espaçamento entre frequências de 25 GHz. O outro pente, gerado com base em fenômenos não lineares em fibras ópticas, fornece maior largura de banda (270 nm) com espaçamento entre frequências de 776 GHz. No caso do pente de frequências gerado pelo modulador (pente eletro-óptico), o processo é devido ao fenômeno eletro-óptico (efeito Pockels) dentro de um cristal de Niobato de Lítio que também forma uma cavidade óptica ressonante. Utilizamos um laser semicondutor contínuo e de frequência única em 1550 nm para gerar um pente (eletro-óptico) com largura espectral de 10 nm com espaçamento de 25 GHz entre as frequências. O outro pente de frequências ópticas é baseado na criação em cascata de produtos da mistura de quatro ondas produzidos a partir de dois lasers semicondutores contínuos, que foram utilizados tanto em onda contínua (cw) ou pulsados, i.e., com modulação de amplitude. Obtivemos espectros com largura de 269 nm (1431 nm ¿ 1700 nm) e espaçamento entre linhas de 6.3 nm (776 GHz). Finalmente, foi alargado o espectro do pente de frequências ópticas gerado pelo modulador eletro-óptico ao usar fibras altamente não lineares. O espectro obtido apresentaram um alargamento modesto, com largura de 23 nm e separação de 25 GHz entre as frequências / Abstract: In the last 15 years, optical frequency combs based on femtosecond lasers have represented a revolution in the area of metrology and precision measurements, making it possible to directly measure frequencies of several hundred terahertz, and affording the advent of optical atomic clocks. These frequency combs today are used in important applications in other areas of Physics, such as high resolution and accuracy spectroscopy, generation of high harmonics in the ultraviolet and soft X-rays region, or even in the search of exoplanets through calibration of Astrophysics spectrometers. In this work, we study the generation of optical frequency combs based on electro-optic modulators and highly nonlinear fibers, with the goal of implementing new configurations, which can be alternative to frequency combs based on femtosecond lasers. One particular goal is to implement frequency combs with the largest possible bandwidth, while still preserving the coherence between the generated frequencies, and taking advantage of commercially available components developed for optical communications, in the 1550 nm spectral region. We were interested in implement two types of optical frequency combs. One of them uses an electro-optical modulator and generates a frequency comb with small bandwidth (10 nm) and 25 GHz frequency spacing. The other comb, generated by nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers, provides greater bandwidth (270 nm) with a frequency spacing of 776 GHz. In the case of the frequency comb generated by the modulator (electro-optical comb), the process is due to the electro-optical phenomenon (Pockels effect) within a Lithium Niobate crystal which also forms a resonant optical cavity. We use a continuous-wave, single frequency semiconductor laser at 1550 nm to generate a frequency comb with a spectral width of 10 nm and 25 GHz frequency spacing. The other optical frequency comb is based on the creation of cascaded four-wave mixing products, produced from two continuous semiconductor lasers that were used both in continuous-wave (cw) or pulsed operation, i.e., with amplitude modulation.We obtained spectra with a width of 269 nm (1431 nm - 1700 nm) and line spacing of 6.3 nm (776 GHz). Finally, we combined both combs by using the highly nonlinear fiber to expand the optical comb spectrum generated by the electro-optical modulator. The resulting spectra showed a modest broadening, with a width of 23 nm and 25 GHz separation between frequencies / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 1186840 / 134295/2013-7 / CAPES / CNPQ

Thesis: B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1981 / Lacks leaf 38. / by Eric Brian Shain. / B.S. / B.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering

This dissertation includes two parallel topics: optical modeling of wavelength converters based on semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) and optical modeling for LEDs and solid state lighting. A steady-state numerical model of wavelength converters based on cross-gain SOAs is developed. In this model, a new model of the gain coefficient is applied. Each physical variable, such as the carrier density, gain coefficient, differential gain, and internal loss, spatially varies across the SOA cavity and is numerically calculated throughout the device. Increased accuracy over previous studies is achieved by including such spatial variations. This model predicts wavelength-dependent characteristics of a wavelength converter of the SOA in both large and small signal regimes. Some key performance factors of SOA wavelength converters. A hybrid method incorporating both guided wave optics and optical ray tracing is also developed to model LEDs and solid state lighting. This method can model either single wavelength or dual-wavelength LED structures with different die shapes and packages. The waveguide and diffraction optics are mainly used to model the near-field optics inside LED chips and its vicinity and to identify guided modes and leakage modes. Geometrical ray tracing is applied to model the far-field pattern and light interactions at different material interfaces, such as LED chip structures, LED package materials, and light scattering at those rough surfaces and textures. To improve LED light extraction efficiency, different LED die shapes and device structures can also be optimized using this method. New technologies for future research on SOAs and LEDs are also proposed.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis proposes an automated grid-based alignment system utilizing lasers and an array of light-detecting photodiodes. The intent is to create an inexpensive and scalable alignment system for pick-and-place robotic systems. The system utilizes the transformation matrix, geometry, and trigonometry to determine the movements to align the robot with a grid-based array of photodiodes. The alignment system consists of a sending unit utilizing lasers, a receiving module consisting of photodiodes, a data acquisition unit, a computer-based control system, and the robot being aligned. The control system computes the robot movements needed to position the lasers based on the laser positions detected by the photodiodes. A transformation matrix converts movements from the coordinate system of the grid formed by the photodiodes to the coordinate system of the robot. The photodiode grid can detect a single laser spot and move it to any part of the grid, or it can detect up to four laser spots and use their relative positions to determine rotational misalignment of the robot. Testing the alignment consists of detecting the position of a single laser at individual points in a distinct pattern on the grid array of photodiodes, and running the entire alignment process multiple times starting with different misalignment cases. The first test provides a measure of the position detection accuracy of the system, while the second test demonstrates the alignment accuracy and repeatability of the system. The system detects the position of a single laser or multiple lasers by using a method similar to a center-of-gravity calculation. The intensity of each photodiode is multiplied by the X-position of that photodiode. The summed result from each photodiode intensity and position product is divided by the summed value of all of the photodiode intensities to get the X-position of the laser. The same thing is done with the Y-values to get the Y-position of the laser. Results show that with this method the system can read a single laser position value with a resolution of 0.1mm, and with a maximum X-error of 2.9mm and Y-error of 2.0mm. It takes approximately 1.5 seconds to process the reading. The alignment procedure calculates the initial misalignment between the robot and the grid of photodiodes by moving the robot to two distinct points along the robot’s X-axis so that only one laser is over the grid. Using these two detected points, a movement trajectory is generated to move that laser to the X = 0, Y = 0 position on the grid. In the process, this moves the other three lasers over the grid, allowing the system to detect the positions of four lasers and uses the positions to determine the rotational and translational offset needed to align the lasers to the grid of photodiodes. This step is run in a feedback loop to update the adjustment until it is within a permissible error value. The desired result for the complete alignment is a robot manipulator positioning within ±0.5mm along the X and Y-axes. The system shows a maximum error of 0.2mm in the X-direction and 0.5mm in the Y-direction with a run-time of approximately 4 to 5 minutes per alignment. If the permissible error value of the final alignment is tripled the alignment time goes down to 1 to 1.5 minutes and the maximum error goes up to 1.4mm in both the X and Y-directions. The run time of the alignment decreases because the system runs fewer alignment iterations.